高中英语语法讲义——非谓语动词语法讲义（无答案）

非谓语动词

一、什么？

非谓语就是指不能做谓语的动词。

非谓语动词包括不定式，动名词，现在分词和过去分词。

一、不定式：

基本构成：    to+动词原形       否定： not/never+不定式

动词不定式的一些形式变化（以do为例）

用法：

A. 做主语

  1. 放句首

    To see is to believe. 眼见为实

    没有准时到哪里是我的错

  2.为使句子保持平衡，常用it做形式主语，将to do放在位于之后

B. 做宾语

1. 跟在动词后面：

wish（希望）hope（希望）plan（计划）expect（期待）等

2. 跟在形容词后面：

able, afraid, angry, anxious, careful, clever, content, cruel, determined, disappointed, eager等。

C. 做宾补

不定式可以在“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型中充当宾语补足语。在这一句型中，宾语是动词不定式的逻辑主语。

形式：

1. 谓语动词+sb/sth to do sth

advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, expect, encourage, force等。

我们决不允许这样的事情再发生。

2. 省略to

一、feel, see, watch,observe, hear, notice

    我昨天听到他们在唱歌。I heard them sing yesterday.

二、make, let, have

他希望做什么就让他做好了。

D. 做状语

不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。

1  表示目的
　　我省钱为了买一台电脑。I’m saving money to buy a computer.

2  表示结果 　　

    My grandmother lived to see the liberation of China.

    (Only to do sth) 表示出乎意料He got to the station only to find the train had gone.　

3  表示原因
I am very glad to see you.

4  表示条件
To have a talk with him, you would like him.

5:表程度

He was too excited to say a work.

He is old enough to go to school 

E. 做表语

他的愿望是做一个老师。

F：做定语

1: 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点，工具等，不定式后面需要相应的介词。

The Browns have a comfortable room to live in 

但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果的time, place或way时， 不定式后面的介词习惯省去。

He had no place to live (in)

2：当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者， 不定式既可以是主动语态，也可用被动语态，但是含义略有不同。

Have you got anything to send?

Have you got anything to be sent?

二、动词ing

构成：V-ing                         否定：not V-ing

用法：

1. 做主语

Seeing is believing.

2. 做宾语

   a. 只能-ing做宾语的

  b. -ing 和 不定式都可以做宾语的动词

★ 有些动词，如 hate,  love, prefer等，后面接动词-ing形式或不定式区别不是很大。

They prefer spending/to spend their summer vacation in Dalian.

★ 有些动词或词组后可带动名词或不定式作宾语，但意义上有所不同。

1. forget  forget to do　               　forget doing                   　 　　

典型例题 　—— The light in the office is still on. 　　—— Oh, I forgot ___.

A. turning it off　  B. turn it off　  C. to turn it off　   D. having turned it off

2 stop  stop to do                      stop doing                     

典型例题 She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path.

A. to have rested　 B. resting　    C. to rest　        D. rest

3 remember/forget/regret   remember to do                remember doing                  

　记着放学后去趟邮局。

　你不记得以前见过那个人吗?

典型例题 　　---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.

             ---Well, now I regret ___ that. 　

1. to do　      B. to be doing　    C.　to have done　  D.　having done 　　

5.try   try to do                       　try doing                                　　

　你可要多加小心。

　我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。

6.go on  go on to do　              　go on doing　　　

做完数学后，他接着去做物理

7 mean to doing/to do   mean to do　             　　mean doing　               　　

I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 　

To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 　　

8 begin(start) doing/to do　　

1. 谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing. 　　

你几岁时开始弹钢琴？how old were you when you first started playing the piano. 　

2. begin,start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式to do 　　

我开始生起气来。 　I was beginning to get angry.

3. 在begin,start 后接know, understand, realize这类动词时，常用不定式to do。 　　

我开始明白真相。 　I begin to understand the truth 　

9: can’t help (to) do sth 不能帮助做某事

   Can’t help doing sth 情不自禁做某事

c.介词后面加动词-ing

Jason aims at becoming an astronaut.

Please excuse me for being late.

We like his way of teaching English.

C. 做宾补

动词-ing形式可以在see, hear, notice, watch,  observe, find等表示感官和心理状态的动词后面作宾语补足语，和一个名词或代词一起构成复合宾语。

We heard the children shouting upstairs.

I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car.

D. 做状语

动词-ing形式可以作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。动词-ing形式作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。

1表示时间。

Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood.

2表示原因

Not knowing his address, I can't send this book to him.

Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday.

3表示结果。

His father died, leaving him a lot of money.

4表示条件。

Going straight down the road, you will find the department store.

5表示让步。

Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.

6表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明。

He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time.

E. 做表语Seeing is believing.

F. 做定语(动名词)

① 说明被修饰名词的用途和性能。

a reading room      阅览室         running shoes        跑鞋           a working method   工作方法

② 表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。

developing countries  发展中国家         an ordinary-looking house  看起来很普通的房子

三、动词-ed 构成：动词-ed                                        否定：not/never +动词-ed　　  

动词－ed形式只有一种形式，即传统语法中的过去分词。绝大部分的动词-ed形式由动词原形扣－ed构成，也有一些动词－ed形式是不规则的。

用法：

A. 做表语：

   动词－ed形式在系动词后作表语，说明主语的状态。

The students are fully prepared.

When we got there, the shop was closed.

B. 做宾补

１　在感觉动词see, hear, feel, notice, watch, find等后作宾语补足语。
　　I heard the Ninth Symphony played last night.

２　在使役动词get, have, make, leave, keep等后作宾语补足语。

① 动词-ed形式作get的宾语补足语。
　　Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital.
② 动词-ed形式作make的宾语补足语。
　　He raised his voice in order to make himself heard.

③ 动词-ed形式作keep或leave的宾语补足语。
　　They all went home, leaving all the work undone.
　　The detective and his assistant kept themselves locked in the room all night.

C. 做定语

动词-ed形式作定语修饰名词分为前置和后置两类。                                

１　前置定语

  单个动词-ed形式作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前，作前置定语。

A broken window has been cleaned out.

２　后置定语
　作后置定语的动词-ed形式一般都带有修饰语或其他成分，在语法上相当于一个定语从句。

We have read many novels written by this author.　(= that are written by this author)

３　动词－ed形式作定语和－ing形式作定语的区别

动词-ed形式作定语表示动作已完成，而动词-ing形式作定语表示动词正在进行。

D. 做状语

　动词-ed形式作状语和动词-ing形式作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。

１　表示时间

　Seen from the tower, the city looks beautiful.

２　表示原因

  Moved by the heroic deeds, the children couldn't help crying.

3　表示条件

   Heated, water changes into steam.

4　表示让步

Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber.

5　表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明

The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students.

注： DOING(现在分词) : 1: doing 表示分词的动作的主动及正在进行或者与谓语的动词同时发生

Walking down the street, he hears someone calling him.

               2: having done 表示主动及先于谓语动作的动作行为， 有时间差。

Having worked hard all day, I went to bed early

               3: being done 表示被动而且是正在进行的被动

The area being studied is called a historical site 

                4: having been done 表示被动而且是已经完成的动作

Having been given a wrong telephone number, I could not ring him. 

DONE（过去分词） 1： 及物动词的过去分词，表示被动含义和动作的完成。

Confused by the new surroundings, I felt a bit desperate. 

TO DO （动词不定式）1：to do  表示主动以， 一般发生在其谓语动作之后。

To catch the plane, we’d better go to the airport by taxi. 

                       2: to be done 表示被动， 一般发生在其谓语动作之后。

It’s important for these doors to be updated. 

                         3: to have done 表示主动， 其动作发生在谓语动作之前。

I am sorry to have you given you so much trouble.   

                         4: to have been done 表示被动， 其动作发生在谓语动作之前。

The window is considered to have been broken by Ann.

非谓语练习题 

1. When he was a boy, he used to go there and watch _____.

A. to repair bicycles                  B. bicycles to be repaired

C. bicycles being repaired            D. repairing bicycles

2. --- Have you considered _____ your job as a teacher?

　--- Yes. I like the job because a teacher is often considered _____ a gardener.

A. to change; to be          B. to change; being       C. changing; being      D. changing; to be

3. The dog, _____, will be made a good watchdog.

A. to train properly       B. being trained properly    C. properly to train      D. trained properly

4. _____ the diamond, he had to look for a place to hide it.

 A. Having stolen         B. Having been stolen       C. Stolen                 D. Stealing

5. _____ the front door _____, he had to enter the room through the back door.

A. Seen; painted                  B. Seeing; painted

C. Being seen; being painted    D. Seeing; being painted

6. And there, almost _____ in the big chair, sat her little brother, who never had to be told to keep quiet.

A. having lost       B. losing              C. to be lost        D. lost

7. He looked around and caught a man _____ his hand into the pocket of a passenger.

A. put              B. to be putting         C. to put           D. putting

8. To answer correctly is more important than _____.

A. that you finish quickly      B. finishing quickly    C. to finish quickly           D. finish quickly

9. The old farmer, _____ the badly injured and burnt soldier, came out of the burning farmhouse, calling continuously for help.

 A. supporting                  B. having supported     C. being supported by          D. being supported

10. In January , 2004, the United States successfully launched “Spirit”, a Mars Exploration Rover, _____ a new milestone in the history of mankind.

A. it marked         B. marking      C. marked       D. to mark

11. It was getting dark; I found a car _____ in a pool by the side of the road.

A. to be stuck         B. stuck         C. sticking          D. stick

12. You can’t imagine what great trouble they have _____ the problem _____.

A. to solve; being talked about             B. solving; discussing

C. to solve; to talk about                  D. solving; being discussed

13. The monument was built in honor of the explorer who was believed _____ the river.

A. to have discovered                   B. to have been discovered 

C. to discover                            D. having been discovered

14. The thief fell to the ground, his left foot _____ and blood _____ down from his mouth.

A. breaking; running           B. broken; running      C. breaking; run               D. broken; run

15. The program was so exciting that the children kept their eyes _____ on the screen.

A. to fix           B. to be fixed           C. fixed           D. fixing

16. As I will be away for at least a year, I’d appreciate _____ from you now and then so that I can know how everyone is getting along.

A. having heard               B. to hear           C. hearing                    D. being heard

17. _____, the subject was always in my mind.

A. Walking or sleeping       B. Walking or slept      C. Having walked or slept    D. To walk and sleep