高中英语语法讲义——独立主格结构

独立主格结构

独立主格结构是由名词或代词，加上一个分词、形容词、副词、介词短语或不定式构成的。该结构意思完整，但不能单独使用，可以在句中作状语，用来表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况等，一般都有逗号与主句分开。该结构中，being或having been有时可以省去，但在there be句型中或逻辑主语是代词时一般不省。

一、 时间：

The moon appearing, they went out for a walk. 月亮出来了，他们到外面去散步。

The meeting over, they all went home. 会议结束，他们都回家了。

Hello said, he reached out his hand. 打过招呼，他就把手伸了出来。

The test finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。

The meeting gone over, everyone tried to go home earlier. 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。

Goodbye said, the little boy as well as his classmates left school and went home happily. 告辞之后，小男孩和他的同学一起高高兴兴地回家了。

The decision having been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan. 决定已经做出，下个问题就是怎样制订好的计划。

   Their work done, the workers left the factory. 活干完之后，工人们离开了工厂。

   The meeting over, the officials came out. 会议结束之后，官员们出来了。

The speech having been delivered，a lively discussion started．演讲结束后，就开始了热烈的讨论。

So said, it was done. 这样说了，就这样做了。

二、 原因：

The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.  总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲痛之中。

It being Sunday, he got up very late. 这天是星期天，所以他起得很晚。

There being no one in the room, I didn’t go in. 看到房间里没人，我就没有进去。

Wednesday being so close upon us, we determined to go back to London that night. 星期三这么近了，我们决定当天晚上回到伦敦。

The driver seeing a rock on the road, the car was stopped. 看到路上有块石头，司机就把汽车停住了。

A teacher to visit, he can’t go and play football with you today.  由于老师要来，他今天不能和你一起去踢球了。

The day being hot, we went swimming. 由于天热，我们就去游泳了。

There being nothing to do, I went out for a walk. 因为没事可做，我就出去散散步。

The bus being late, they missed the train. 由于公交迟到，他们误了这班火车。

The driver seeing a boy on the road, the car was stopped. 司机看到路上有个小孩儿，就把车停住了。

Greatly surprised, I read diary after diary, each expressing a similar theme. 极度惊讶之中，我一篇接一篇地看着日记，每一篇表现的主题都很相似。

All flights having been canceled, we decided to take the train. 既然所有的航班都已取消，我们就决定乘火车。

Her mother having fallen ill, she had to stay at home and look after her.  因为母亲生了病，她不得不留在家里照顾母亲。

The window open while he slept , he caught a cold. 他睡觉时开着窗子，所以感冒了。

A new technique having been worked out, the output as a whole increased by 20 percent.  新技术出现后，总产量增加了20%.

There being no fresh drinking water and no good farm land, it was not a comfortable place in which to live. 既没有新鲜的饮用水又没有好的土地可以耕种，这儿住着不会舒心的。

The old man being unable to lift his half-frozen body from the ground, the horseman helped him onto the horse and took him not just across the river, but to his destination. 老人冻得半僵的身体已经不听使唤了，骑马人就扶他上马，不但驮他过了河，而且还把他送到了目的地。

Mr Li being a senior teacher, we all respect him. 因为李先生是高级教师，我们大家都尊敬他。

So many directors being absent，the board meeting had to be put off．  这么多董事长都不在，董事会只得推迟了。

The people putting up the new year’s decorations, the city took on a holiday appearance. 人们点缀上新年的装饰品，城市就披上了节日的盛装。

Food run out, the poor man suffered from hunger. 食物吃完了，这个可怜的人只好挨饿了。

The theory being that since this is a high-ticket item and she is “such a big girl”, it would be much better for her to pick it out. 理论上讲是这样，由于这是个极合适的东西，她也是“这么个大姑娘”了，所以她能够认识到这一点就谢天谢地了。

She walked throughout the garden smelling all the flowers and was lost in amazement at the differences in their aromas, each splendid in its own way.她走过花园闻遍所有的花，为它们不同的芳香所陶醉，因为每一种都有自己烂漫的方式。

Her hair done up in a strange way, many of her colleagues could not help making fun of her.由于她的发型非常奇怪，很多同事都禁不住取笑她。

It was truly a magnificent hill, its sand golden, its grass sparse but tall and green in summer.这座山真的很宏伟，沙粒金黄，青草稀疏，但夏季长得又绿又高。

三、 条件：

Weather permitting, we shall climb the Great Wall tomorrow. 如果天气许可的话，我们明天就登长城。

That done, she set about finding Mr. Ferguson. 做完那件事她就着手寻找弗格森医生。

Spring coming on, the trees turned green. 春天到了，树变绿了。

All being well, the bargain can be and often is completed in less than five minutes, with hardly any chat and to everyone’s satisfaction. 一切就绪之后，通常不到五分钟就可成交，几乎不磨嘴皮，并且人人满意。

The work done, John went to see a film. 做完了这项工作，约翰就看电影去了。

The sun setting, they went home. 太阳落山，他们就回家了。

The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began. 听众落座之后，音乐会开始。

All things considered, I’d say that it was a little unreliable. 全盘考虑之后，我得说这事有点不可靠。

Everything taken into consideration, they ought to have another chance. 考虑到各种情形，应该再给他们一次机会。

Such being the case, I couldn’t but support him. 既然情况如此，那我只好支持他了。

Other things being equal，a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor．其它条件相等的情况下，能够有效地表达自己意思的人肯定要比一个语言贫乏的人成功得快。

All flights having been canceled because of the snow-storm，many passengers could do nothing but take the train． 所有航班都因暴风雪而取消，因此，很多乘客只好坐火车。

All things considered，the planed trip will have to be called off．综合考虑，计划好的旅行必须取消。

四、 方式：

The teacher came in, book in hand. 老师拿着书本进来了。

The thief rushed into the house, knife in hand. 小偷手里拿着刀冲进房子。

Three men came marching along, pipe in mouth and sword in hand. 三个人嘴里刁着烟斗，手里提着宝剑，雄赳赳，气昂昂地朝这边走来。

The argument went on endlessly, each accusing the other of dishonesty. 辩论无休无止，每个人都说别人不诚实。

Hands held high, the dancers circled now to the right, now to the left. 手举得高高的，这些舞者绕着圈，一会儿朝右，一会儿朝左。

A water bearer in India had two large pots, each hung on each end of a pole which he carried across his neck.

印度的一个挑水人有两只大罐，挑水时杆子的一头挂一只。

Twenty failed, myself among the rest. 落榜者有20人，我也是其中之一。

The silence was finally broken when Mickey, his face filled with joy, hugged my son tightly and shouted, “I scored! I scored! Everybody won! Everybody won!” 沉默终于打破：米基满面欢喜，紧紧地抱着我儿子，大喊道：“我进了！我进了！都赢了！都赢了！”

Out they came, each dragging a round-topped trunk. 他们走出来，每人拖着一个圆顶箱子。

We rose and dressed ourselves for the battle, each putting on his chain shirt. 我们起来，穿好衣服准备参加战斗，每个人都穿上了链甲衫。

五、 伴随：

She entered the room, her nose red with cold. 她进了房间，鼻子冻得通红。

He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. 他冲进房间，满脸是汗。

He studies in the room, the door closed. 他在房间里闭门学习。

He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他来到房间，耳朵都冻红了。

He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.  他腋下夹着本厚书出了图书馆。

He stood there, his hand raised. 他举着手站在那儿。

A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. 一强盗手持利刃闯进房间。

The sea-lion was swimming up and down in the pool, ball on nose.  那头海狮鼻子上顶个球在水池中来回游着。

Then her eyes sparking again, she added, “What should I do today?”   接着，她又目光炯炯地补充道：“我今儿个怎么办？”

Their room was on the fifth floor, its broad window overlooking the park. 他们的房间在五楼，站在大窗户前就能看到下面的公园。

The wounded wore no shoes, their feet wrapped in pieces of cloth.  伤员都没穿鞋，脚上裹着布。

I was sprawled in the ditch, soaked to the skin, my head pounding, my car gone and my pockets empty. 我四肢伸开躺在沟里，浑身透湿，头昏眼花，汽车不见了，口袋也空了。

She stood there, her eyes fixed on the stranger.  她站在那儿，眼睛盯着那个陌生人。

He sat at the table, cap on，head down and book in hand. 他坐在桌前，戴一顶帽子，低着头，手里拿着一本书。

   Ann came back from the country, her face black from the sun. 安从乡下回来，脸晒得黝黑。

   The policeman was searching the house, gun in hand. 警察手里拿着枪，正在搜查这个房子。

    Pete looked at her, his eyes thoughtful. 皮特看了看她，目光中似有所虑。

When I walked in , Professor Li was sitting at his desk , the newspaper spread before him .  我进去时，李教授正坐在桌子旁，报纸摊在面前。

I looked at her, tears filling my eyes, and shouted out the words that had been hidden in my heart for years. 我看着她,眼里噙满泪水,喊出了我心中隐藏多年的话。

He lay on his back, his teeth set, his right hand clenched on his breast, and his glaring eyes looking straight upward.  他仰面躺在那儿，紧咬牙关，右手握在胸前，愤怒的眼睛径直向上看着。

    The sky was blue, the sun hot. 天空蔚蓝，阳光温暖。

I could hear the hum of people in his doorway, the giant background kissing noise that surrounds a high executive in full play. 我能听得到走道里人们的嗡嗡声，背景中围绕一位高官祝贺的亲吻声清晰可闻。

Jamie rushed up to her, eyes shining with pride and excitement.杰米冲向她，眼里闪着自豪和兴奋的光芒。

Kong escapes and it is up to the military to shoot him down from the top of the Empire State Building, Kong’s only concern being that Ann doesn’t die in the process. 金刚逃跑了，军队对他围追堵截，直至将他从帝国大厦楼顶击落，金刚唯一挂念的是安能否在这场浩劫中安然无恙。

Steve walked back to his desk, his heart pounding within his chest. 斯蒂夫回到自己的座位，心怦怦直跳。

His heart racing, as tears filling his eyes, Jack carefully unlocked the box. 杰克心跳加快，热泪盈眶，小心翼翼地打开盒子。

The second-prize winner was announced next. It was me! I went up to the stage, my knees shaking. 接着宣布二等奖得主。获奖者竟是我！我走上台去，双膝都在颤抖。

On this winter afternoon, a child stood there, her face close to the window. 冬天的一个下午，一个小女孩站在那儿，脸紧贴着橱窗。

Already sweat is starting on my forehead, and tear welling up in my eyes. 我不禁头涔涔而泪潸潸了。

The same instant a frightful big dog stood right in front of it, his tongue hanging far out of his mouth, his eyes shining fearfully. 与此同时, 一条吓人的大狗站到了它的面前,舌头在嘴外耷拉着,眼睛闪着可怕的光.

There he stood, alert in every nerve, his powerful running legs, his quick eyes, and quicker brain holding the hazard of the game. 他站在三垒,每一根神经都高度紧张,他健壮有力的飞毛腿,敏捷的观察力和机智的头脑是成败的关键。

The little mermaid was quite terrified and remained standing there, her heart thumping for fear. 小美人鱼很害怕,站在那里,吓得心砰砰直跳。

For a moment she seemed to be lost in thought, her head bent, her eyes hidden under their long lashes. 一时间她好像陷入了沉思之中，低着头，眼睛藏在长长的睫毛下面。

Jennie sat on the wall beside me, her head against my shoulder. 詹妮挨着我坐在墙头上，头靠着我的肩。

六、 范围：

Many a boy and many a girl was praised at the meeting, Wei Fang included.  这次会上许多学生都受到了表彰，其中也有魏芳。

Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our country, the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft.  我们国家已开发出许多新式交通工具，其中最奇特的可能就数气垫船了。

七、 补充：

Not far from the club there was a garden, its owner seated in it playing bridge with his children every afternoon.  距俱乐部不远处有个公园，主人每天下午坐在那儿跟孩子们打桥牌。

These stones, each weighing as much as four tons, came from the Alps Mountains. 这些石头，每块重达四吨，都来自阿尔卑斯山。

  They divided the work, the husband to do the shopping and the wife to clean the rooms.  他们分了工，丈夫去购物，妻子打扫房间。

   In front of the house was a tall tree, its top well above the tops of the other trees. 房前有棵高大的树，树顶远远高出其它的树。

Soon after, another card arrived and then another, each full of news of different people. 很快又一张卡片到了，接着又一张，每张都是不同人的消息。

Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper following it closely. 银是最好的电导体，接下来就数铜了。

After 1953 several hundred people have succeeded in climbing the mountain, some to be the first of their nation and many in attempts to climb the mountain over different slopes. 1953年以来，已经有好几百人成功地登上了这座山，有的是自己国家的第一人，还有许多人试图从不同的山坡攀上去。

Over his shoulder was thrown a rough brown coat, all torn and full of holes. 他的肩头搭着一件粗糙的棕色上衣，上面全是窟窿。

The sea was rising, and in the western sky hung a brilliant waning moon, its white light sparkling on the dark Pacific. 大海在涨潮；西边的天空挂着明亮的下弦月，它那银白色的光辉在黝黑的太平洋上空照耀着。

Three separate canvas cylinders, each filled with ammunition and guns, were also to be parachuted overboard as part of the drill. 训练工作包括用降落伞空投三个装着弹药和枪支的帆布圆筒。

These characteristics combine in unique ways in each person, forming personality types, each made up of different inner processes and ways of functioning in the world. 这些特点以独特的方式在每个人身上组合成各种个性类型，每种个性类型又是由不同的内部作用和外部机能构成的。

It is so wet there that the trees are extremely tall, some measuring over 90 metres. 那儿的湿度很大，所以树都长得特别高，一些高达90多米。

八、 结果：

    These mineshafts have lain unused for many years, all the iron gone from them. 这些矿井已经废弃了好多年，里面的铁都没了。

The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each making major pointing contrast with the other.  本文开头和结尾是两篇新闻报道，两者在一个主要问题上有明显的差异。

    Thousands of people have been moving to Shenzhen since 1992, its population increasing to over 10,000,000. 1992年以来，成千上万的人涌向深圳，致使当地人口增至一千多万。

Then a gust of wind whips the dust along the road, chill warning of what is to come. 接着一阵风扬起了路上的尘土，寒冷来临之前先提个醒儿。

I pick my way through the wet grass, my feet sinking into the saturated soil. 我寻路走过湿漉漉的草地，双脚却陷进了吸足雨水的泥土。

Mrs. Conroy whirled around, her heart beating rapidly. 康罗伊太太猛地转过身来，心儿怦怦直跳。

    Dora lifted the lid, tears beginning to blur her vision. 多拉打开盒盖，泪水顿时模糊了双眼。

Four groups of six people have been chosen to participate in the month-long project, each group staying for a week in the old orang-utan enclosure. 这次为期一个月的活动共有24人参与，他们分成4个6人小组，每组先后被关在原先圈养大猩猩的地方，体验一周的动物生活。

I hugged them both, tears of joy mixing with the rain. 我张开双臂，紧紧的拥抱着他俩，兴奋的泪水和雨水混合在一起。

    Her skin was as delicately tinted as a rose-leaf, and her eyes were as blue as the deepest sea, but, like all the others, she had no feet, her body ending in a fish’s tail. 她的皮肤像染出来的玫瑰叶,眼睛像大海的深处那样蓝,可是她也和别的一样没有脚,身体下部是一条鱼的尾巴。

    I called out to my uncle and Hans, shouting as I ran, often bumping into rocks coming out from the wall, blood running down my face. 我一边跑一边大声喊着我叔叔和汉斯，常常撞到壁上突出的岩石上，血顺着脸流了下来。