高考英语语法一轮复习——非谓语动词 教案
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非 谓 语 动 词
非谓语动词亦称非限定动词,在句中不可单独用作谓语,不受主语的人称和数的限制,在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分,但仍具有动词的某些特点,即仍有时态和语态的变化,也可以带宾语和状语,构成非谓语动词短语。非谓语动词由于不能用作谓语,因而没有语法上的主语,但往往有逻辑上的主语。非谓语动词共有3种形式:
非谓语动词 形式
动词不定式 to +动词原形:to study
动名词 studying(形式与现在分词相同)
分词(包括现在分词和过去分词) studying(现在分词);studied(过去分词)
15-1谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别
(1) 谓语动词在句中可单独作谓语,而非谓语动词不能单独作谓语。如:
Miss Mary teaches us English. 玛丽教我们英语。(teaches 是谓语动词。)
Mr Victor came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week.
维克托先生上周来到了我们教室和我们谈话。(to have a talk... 不定式作状语。)
(2) 谓语动词受主语的人称和数的限制,而非谓语动词形式没有这种限制。如:
Larke likes the pop music. 拉克喜欢流行音乐。(动词用单数第三人称形式。)
Larke has nothing to do today. 拉克今天没什么事要做。(do 用原形。)
(3) 非谓语动词的特征:
如果非谓语动词是及物动词,后面须跟宾语。如:
Studying English is my favorite. 学习英语是我的爱好。(study 后跟宾语。)
To help him is my duty. 帮助他是我的责任。(help 后跟宾语。)
非谓语动词可以带有自己的状语或逻辑主语。如:
Working under such a condition is terrible.
在这样的环境下工作太可怕了。(under such a condition 是 working 的状语。)
It's too difficult for him to master English in such a short time.
他在这么短的时间内掌握英语太难了。(for him 作不定式的逻辑主语。)
非谓语动词仍有语态和时态的变化。如:
I am sorry to have kept you waiting long.
对不起,让你久等了。(to have kept...是不定式的完成形式。)
Seen from the mountain, the city looks much more beautiful.
从山上看,这座城市美丽多了。(Seen from...是分词的被动形式。)
Not having received his reply, I have to write a second letter to him. 由于没有收到他的回信,我只好再给他写一封。(Not having received... 是完成时的否定形式。)
非谓语动词在句中可以当成名词、形容词或副词来使用。如:
Our coming made him happy. 我们的到来使他很高兴。(coming 起名词作用。)
There are two big swimming pools here. 这儿有两个大游泳池。(swimming 起形容词作用。)
To see is to believe.或 Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。(不定式或动名词起名词的作用。)
15-2 动词不定式
动词不定式是一种非限定动词,由“to + 动词原形”构成,动词不定式具有动词的特征,同时也有名词、形容词或副词的特征。
[1] 动词不定式的时态和语态
(1) 主动语态的一般式: 由“to + 动词原形”构成,表示该行为或状态与谓语动词所表示的行为或状态同时或在其后发生。如:
A lot of young people are learning to drive cars. 很多年轻人在学开车。
All of us expected to discover a new oil field. 我们大家都期望发现新油田。
Mrs Smith warned her daughter never to drive after drinking.
史密斯太太警告她的女儿永远不要酒后开车。
(2) 主动语态的进行式: 由“to be + 现在分词”构成,突出表示不定式的行为和谓语动词是同时发生的以及不定式是正在发生的行为。如:
They are believed to be talking about something secret. 相信他们似乎正在谈些秘密的事情。
The student pretended to be studying hard when his mother came in.
当这个学生的母亲进来时,他假装正在努力学习。
They seemed to be eating something they had cooked on the fire.
他们好像在吃火上烧烤过的什么东西。
(3) 主动语态的完成式: 由“to have + 过去分词”构成,表示不定式的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示的动作或状态之前。如:
Charles Babbage is generally considered to have invented the first computer.
人们认为查尔斯·巴比奇发明了第一台计算机。
Robert is said to have studied abroad, but I don't know what country he studied in.
据说罗伯特曾在国外留学,但我不知道他在哪个国家学习。
I hoped to have seen you yesterday, but I didn't have time.
昨天我本来想去看你,但没有空。
(4) 被动语态的一般式。如:
She hated to be laughed at. 她不喜欢被人嘲笑。
The magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading room.
这些杂志不可以被带出阅览室。
(5) 被动语态的完成式。如:
He is said to have been hurt in the accident. 据说,他在事故中受伤了。
The man is reported to have been sent to hospital. 据报道,那个人已经被送进了医院。
The book is said to have been translated into Chinese. 据说,这本书已被译成了汉语。
试题解析:
I would love ______ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.
A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone
【答案选B】译文:我昨晚本来想去舞会的,但是我还得加班完成一份报告。
[2] 不定式的否定式
不定式的否定式是在不定式前加否定词not或never构成。如:
He decided not to see her. 他决定不见她。
What I want is not to be interrupted while I'm writing.
我所要的就是我写作时没有人打扰我。
The patient was warned never to eat oily food after the operation.
病人得到警告,手术后不能再吃油腻食物。
[3] 不带to的不定式
(1) 在同一结构中若有两个并列的不定式,一般可省略后一个不定式前的to。如:
She didn't know whether to laugh or cry. 她不知道该笑还是哭。
The teacher told the student to stand up and read the text.
老师要学生站起来念课文。
I promised to finish my homework and hand it in on time. 我答应完成作业并按时交上。
但应注意: 有时为了强调两者对比,后一个不定式就不宜省去to。如:
It's better to laugh than to cry. 笑比哭好。
试题解析:
—I usually go there by train.
—Why not ______ by boat for a change?
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
【答案选D】译文:“我通常乘火车去那里。”“为什么不改变一下,乘船去呢?”
(2) 在rather than与other than等之后用不带to的动词不定式。如:
Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle.
他总是宁愿骑自行车,也不愿挤公共汽车。
No one could do other than admire it. 人人都不得不佩服它。
(3) 在cannot but和cannot help but(意为“不得不, 必然, 不能不”时)之后,只用不带to的不定式。如:
I cannot but go abroad. 我不得不出国。
She couldn't help but love him. 她情不自禁地爱上了他。
[4] 不定式的用法
(1) 作主语。如:
To say is one thing, but to do is quite another. 说是一回事,而做又是另一回事。
To talk with him is a great pleasure. 和他谈话是一件非常愉快的事。
To lean out of the window is dangerous. 把身子伸出窗外是危险的。
动词不定式短语作主语时,往往放在谓语动词的后面,而用代词it作形式主语。如:
It takes two hours to walk there. 步行去那里要花两个小时。
It is a great pleasure to talk with him. 跟他交谈是件愉快的事。
It is a glorious death to die for the people. 为人民而死是光荣的。
有时,也常用“It is + 形容词 + 动词不定式短语”这样的句型。如:
It's easy (for me) to do that. 对我来说做这事太容易了。
It is necessary to make a plan for this course of study.
制订一个学习这门课程的计划是必要的。
It is not difficult to learn a foreign language if you spend time and effort on it.
只要你花时间下工夫,学好一门外语并不难。
注意:
① 当be动词后的表语是easy,difficult,hard,important,possible,impossible,comfortable,necessary,better等形容词时,其真正的主语通常只用动词不定式,而不用动名词。如:
It's so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.
当你不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。
② 当be动词后的表语是kind,nice,stupid,rude,clever,foolish,thoughtful, thoughtless,brave,considerate (考虑周到的),silly,selfish(自私的),polite,impolite等表示人的心理品质的形容词时,其动词不定式的逻辑主语只用of而不可以用for引出。如:
It's very kind of you to help us. 你帮助我们,你真好。
这个句子实质上可以写为三个句子:You are kind. / You help us. / You help us because you are kind. 而这3个句子又与原句所要表示的意思相关,是一致的,故to help us的逻辑主语用of sb.。如:
It was silly of us to believe him. 我们真愚蠢,竟然相信了他。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。
注意:其他系动词如look,appear等也可用于此句型。
不定式作为句子主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,用To... is to...的句型。
To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。
(2) 作宾语。如:
He agreed to keep it a secret. 他同意保密。
I find it good to play football in our spare time. 我觉得在业余时间踢足球很好。
We can't afford to buy this house because we won't make the ends meet.
我们买不起这房子,因为我们入不敷出。
跟动词不定式作宾语的动词有:
afford aim appear agree arrange attempt
beg care choose demand decide desire
determine expect fail happen hope intend
long manage offer plan prepare pretend
promise refuse seek tend wish等。如:
The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那个问题的答案。
用“疑问词 + to + 动词原形”结构作宾语的动词有:
decide know consider forget learn remember
show understand see wonder hear find out
explain tell等。如:
Please show us how to do that. 请给我们演示如何去做。
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy. 有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
试题解析:
The party was a success, but we thought it a pity not ______ you.
A. to invite B. to be inviting C. to have invited D. to be invited
【答案选C】不定式作真正的宾语,it为形式宾语。而“没有邀请你”这一动作已经发生过了,故用不定式的完成时。
(3) 作表语:不定式可放在be动词或其他连系动词后面,作表语。如:
My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天打扫这个房间。
His dream is to be a doctor. 他的梦想是当医生。
The most urgent thing is to find the boy immediately. 当务之急是马上去找这个男孩。
当主语部分出现实义动词do或do的其他形式to do,did等时,作表语的不定式常不带to。如:
What I should do is finish the task soon. 我应该做的是赶快完成任务。
The only thing to do / we can do is write to him.
唯一可做的事/我们唯一能做的事是给他写信。
试题解析:
The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ______ it more difficult.
A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make
【答案选B】句意为“新科技的目的是使生活更加简单,而不是使它更难”。to make life easier与后面的not to make it more difficult在句中作表语。
(4) 作宾语补足语和主语补足语。如:
I got them to join us in the discussion. 我让他们参加我们的讨论。
I saw the boy open the door. 我看到这男孩打开了门。
The boy was seen to open the door. 这个男孩被看见开了门。
表示感觉的动词后,通常跟不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。这些动词有:
表示“听觉”的: hear,listen to等。
表示“视觉”的: see,look at,watch,notice,observe等。
表示“感觉”的: feel等。
We saw him play chess with the workers. 我们看见他同工人们一起下棋。
“使役动词”后作宾语补足语的动词不定式,如: get sb. to do sth.,leave sb. to do sth.通常要加to,只有have,let,make等跟不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。如:
You don't have to make Paul learn. He always works hard. 你不要总让保罗学习,他已经很努力了。
I had John find me a house. 我托约翰给我找房子。
She lets her children play in the street. 她让她的孩子们在大街上玩。
在被动结构中,原来的宾语补足语成了主语补足语。需要指出的是,所有主语补足语要带不定式符号 to。如:
He was seen to play chess with the workers. 有人看见他在和工人们下棋。
Paul doesn't have to be made to learn. He always works hard. 没有必要强迫保罗学习,他总是学习很认真。
The boys are often seen to swim in the river. 经常有人看见这群男孩在河里游泳。
(5) 作定语。如:
He is always the first to come and the last to leave the office.
他总是第一个到办公室,最后一个离开。
There were plans to be made at once. 要立即制订计划。
I have a lot of work to do. 我有许多工作要做。
So he made some candles to give light. 所以他做一些蜡烛照明。
如果不定式和所修饰的名词是动宾关系的话,不定式动词如果是不及物动词,则须加适当的介词。如:
I need a pen to write with. 我需要一支钢笔来写。
There are enough chairs for the guests to sit on. 有足够的椅子给客人坐。
They have a large house to live in. 他们住在一座大房子里。
When I was working there, Jane used to be the only person to turn to for help in time of difficulty. 我在那边工作时,有困难的话,简是我唯一寻求帮忙的人。
(6) 作目的状语: 在表示目的时,常由to引出,还可以用 in order to 和 so as to(不放在句首)。如:
I stayed there to see what would happen. 我留在那里看看会发生什么事。
The students are working hard in order to / to pass the college entrance exams.
学生们在努力学习以便通过大学的入学考试。
In order not to forget it, I'll write down his post code. 我要把他的邮政编码写下来,以备不忘。(此句中的In order not to不能用so as not to代替,因为in order not to能位于句首,而so as not to不能位于句首。 )
试题解析:
1. ______ late in the morning,Bob turned off the alarm.
A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having slept
【答案选A】译文:为了早晨起得晚一点,鲍勃关掉了闹钟。
2. —Do you have any letters ______ today?
—I have my son ______ it this morning.Thank you anyway.
A. to post;post B. posting;post
C. being posting;posted D. to be post;post
【答案选A】第一空是不定式作目的状语;第二空是have sb. do sth.的固定搭配。
(7) 作结果状语:在表结果时,还可以用so...as to...,such...as to...,enough...to...,only to... 及too... to...等结构。如:
What have I done to make you so angry? 我做了什么使你这么生气?
The tea is too hot to drink. 这茶太烫了,不能喝。
Is your brother old enough to join the army? 你的弟弟到参军的年龄了吗?
He lifted a rock, only to drop it on his own feet. 他搬起石头结果砸到了自己的脚。
His appearance is so unexpected as to make everyone surprised.
他的出现让所有的人感到惊讶。
试题解析:
He hurried to the station only ______ that the train had left.
A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found
【答案选A】only / just / never经常与不定式连用,作结果状语,表示出乎意料的结果;现在分词也能作结果状语,但表示自然而然的结果。
(8) 作原因状语:表示原因的动词不定式通常要带to,并跟在happy,glad,sad,frightened等表示心理感受的形容词后。如:
I'm sorry to hear that. 很抱歉听到这件事。
We are delighted to know that you're going to visit us next month.
听说你下个月要来看我们,我们很高兴。
(9) 作同位语。如:
He gave advice to begin the meeting. 他建议会议开始。
His wish to become a doctor is unlikely to be realized.
他要当医生的愿望不大可能实现。
[5] be to do和be about to do
be to do可以表示“计划、打算、安排、意志”等意义。
(1) 表示坚决的命令。如:
This naughty boy is to stay here until the class is over.
这个调皮的小男孩必须待在这里直到下课。
Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it known that much of his collection is to be left to the nation. 78岁的丹尼斯爵士已经向众人宣布他的许多收藏品将留给国家。
No one is to enter this building without the permission of the security guard.
没有得到保安的同意谁也不准进入这幢大楼。
(2) 表示“计划”或“安排的事项”。如:
Betty is to be married soon. 贝蒂马上要结婚了。
An insurance agent is to meet us this afternoon.
今天下午一位保险业务员要和我们见面。
(3) 表示“可能性”。如:
Are you to pay the debt for your wife? 你会替你妻子还债吗?
The lovely puppy is nowhere to be found. 哪里都找不到那可爱的小动物了。
(4) 表示“意图”或“打算”。如:
If you are to be there on time, you had better hurry.
如果你想要准时到那儿的话,那最好赶紧。
If all of us are to remain friendly, we must be sincere with one another.
如果咱们大家都想保持友好的关系,咱们得彼此真诚相待。
(5) 表示“应该”。如:
You have done so well. You are to be rewarded. 你干得真棒,应该受到奖赏。
Such nasty questions are to be avoided. 如此讨厌的问题应该避免。
(6) 表示“不可避免”。如:
Anne was wondering what was to become of her boyfriend,Tommy.
安妮想知道她的男朋友汤米会遭遇什么不测。
The murderer was sentenced to life imprisonment and was never to see his family again.
那杀人犯被判终身监禁,不得再见他的家人。
She did not think too much of her unkind acts. However,they were to be harmful to herself,too.
她没有过多地考虑自己刻薄行为的后果。然而这些所作所为终将对她本人有害处。
(7) 表示“假设”,用在表示虚拟语气的条件句中。如:
If I were to do it, I would do it well. 要是我去做就会做好这事儿。
Even if you were to take a taxi now, you would not be able to arrive at your destination on time.
即使现在打车,你也不能按时赶到目的地了。
(8) 有“期待将来”的含义。如:
The actual usefulness of the newly invented equipment is still to be determined.
新发明的仪器有多少实用性,还有待于测定。
Henry's appointment with the accountancy firm is yet to be confirmed.
亨利是否在那家会计师事务所就职还有待于进一步确认。
be about to表示“即将、马上、就要发生”等意义。这一结构不能跟next week,in two hours,soon等表示将来的时间状语连用。如:
The plane is about to take off. 飞机即将起飞。
I was about to leave the classroom when it began to rain. 我正要离开教室,这时,开始下雨了。(此句中的when引导的是并列句,意为“就在这时”。)
[6] but to do和but to
动词不定式很少用作介词的宾语,但在but后是可以的。且不定式前如出现了实义动词do或to do,did,does时,则该不定式不带to,否则一律要带to。如:
We have nothing to do but wait now. 现在我们只能等待。
Li Ping does nothing but play every day. 李平每天不干任何事就是玩耍。
In winter, there is no choice but to lie down and sleep for the bears.
冬天,狗熊除了躺下来睡觉外,别无选择。
[7] 疑问词+不定式
疑问词who,what,which,when,where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语和表语等。如:
When to start has not been decided. 何时动身尚未决定。
I don't know what to do. 我不知道该怎么办。
The difficulty was how to cross the river. 困难在于如何过河。
I can tell you where to get this book. 我可以告诉你在哪里可以买到此书。
注意:
① 有时疑问词前可用介词。如:
I have no idea of how to do it. 我不知道如何做此事。
② 动词know 后面不能直接跟不定式作宾语,只能跟“疑问词(如: how,what)+不定式”。如:
While still a young boy, Tom knew how to play the piano. 汤姆很小的时候就会弹钢琴了。
15-3 动名词
[1] 动名词的时态和语态
动名词也具有动词的特征,所以有时态和语态的变化。动名词的时态有两种:一般式和完成式。动名词的语态也分为两类:主动语态和被动语态。
(1) 一般式:由“动词原形 + -ing”构成,动名词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。如:
Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? 请将收音机的音量调低一点好吗?
I found him lying on the ground. 我发现他躺在地上。
He started learning English in 1999. 他于1999年开始学英语。
I am used to watching TV in the evening. 我习惯于晚上看电视。
(2) 完成式:由“havin+动词的过去分词”构成,表示动名词所发生的动作发生在谓语动词所发生的动作之前。如:
She denied having stolen anything. 她否认偷过任何东西。
He was praised for having made such a contribution to the country.
他因对国家做了这么大的贡献而受到表扬。
I don't remember having ever promised you that. 我不记得曾经答应过你这件事。
(3) 被动式:由“being + 动词的过去分词”或“having been + 动词的过去分词”构成,表示动名词的逻辑主语是动作的承受者。如:
The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught. 松鼠没被抓去,真是幸运。
It's no fun being lost in rain. 在雨中迷路可不是好玩的。
He could not bear being made fun of like that. 他受不了别人拿他那么开玩笑。
I heard of my having been chosen to be the coach of the team. 我听说我被选为那个队的教练。
I can't really stand being treated like that. 我真的受不了那么对待我。
[2] 动名词的否定式
动名词的否定式是在动名词前加not或never。如:
I apologize for not having kept my promise. 我为没能遵守诺言表示歉意。
We considered not doing it now. 我们考虑现在不做这件事。
She regretted never having studied the computer hard.
她后悔从来都没有努力学习过计算机。
[3] 动名词的用法
(1) 作主语。如:
Talking like that is not polite. 那样谈话不礼貌。
Learning from others is important. 向别人学习很重要。
Putting on more clothes is not so good. 多穿衣服不一定好。
动名词作主语时,通常用it作形式主语。如:
It's no use waiting here?鸦 let's go home. 在这儿等着也没用,我们回家吧。
It's very nice climbing this mountain. 爬这座山很舒服。
注意:
在“It is +名词或形容词+动名词+其他成分”和“动词+ it +形容词或名词+动名词+其他成分”的句型中,如果形容词和名词是good,no good,nuisance, no use,senseless,use, useless,waste等时,通常用动名词作主语。如:
It's a waste of time talking to her any more. 再跟她谈就是浪费时间了。
(2) 作表语:动名词作表语时,一般表示比较抽象的、习惯的动作,表语和主语常常可以互换。如:
The nurse's job is looking after the patients.
=Looking after the patients is the nurse's job. 护士的工作是护理病人。
Seeing is believing.
=Believing is seeing. 眼见为实。
One of his bad habits is not speaking clearly.
=Not speaking clearly is one of his bad habits. 讲话不清楚是他的坏习惯之一。
试题解析:
What worried the child most was ______ to visit his mother in the hospital.
A. his not allowing B. his not being allowed
C. his being not allowed D. having not been allowed
【答案选B】本题考查动名词形式作表语。根据题意“让这个孩子最担心的是不允许他去看望住院的母亲”可知应用动词allow的被动形式;而非谓语动词的否定结构都应在其前加not,故为not being allowed;动名词的逻辑主语可用代词宾格或形容词性物主代词的形式。
(3) 作宾语。
作直接宾语,用在 admit,appreciate,avoid,can't help,complete,consider,delay,deny,dislike,enjoy,escape,forgive,finish,give up,imagine,keep,keep on,look forward to,mind,miss,pardon,practise,prevent,resist,sug-gest,stand,stop,understand等动词后面。 如:
Please stop smoking in the house. 请不要在家里抽烟。
I like reading in the forest. 我喜欢在树林里读书。
Do you mind my opening the windows? 你介意我打开窗户吗?
People appreciate working with him because he has a good sense of humor.
因为他很有幽默感,所以大家喜欢和他一起工作。
He got well-prepared for the job interview,for he couldn't risk ______ the good opportunity.
A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost
【答案选B】句意为:他为面试作了充分的准备,因为他不能冒失去这次好机会的危险。risk后接动名词作宾语,lose的主语是he,应用主动形式。
作介词的宾语。如:
She is fond of collecting stamps. 她喜欢集邮。
He gives people the impression of having spent all his life abroad.
他给人的印象是他的一生都在国外度过。
Instead of going to Zhongshan Park,they went to the zoo.
他们没有去中山公园,到动物园去了。
试题解析:
Tony was very unhappy for ______ to the party.
A. having not been invited B. not having invited
C. having not invited D. not having been invited
【答案选D】句意为:托尼因为没有被邀请去参加晚会而不开心。动名词形式作for的宾语。没被邀请的动作发生在谓语动作之前,故用完成时;而非谓语动词的否定应在其形式前加not。
(4) 作定语:可以作名词修饰语,说明名词的用途。如:
She is studying in the reading room. 她在阅览室学习。
He slept in the sleeping bag. 他在睡袋里睡觉。
(5) 动名词的复合结构
名词所有格或物主代词后加动名词,即构成动名词的复合结构(one's / sb.'s / n.+doing / being done),而名词所有格或物主代词是动名词的逻辑主语。当动名词短语作宾语,放在动词或介词之后时,名词所有格或物主代词还可分别用名词或人称代词的宾格代替。动名词的复合结构在句中多作主语或宾语。如:
I don't remember my mother complaining. 我不记得我母亲抱怨过。
I object to him making private calls on the office phone.
我反对他为私事使用办公室电话。
Do you mind my opening the window? 我开窗你介意吗?
Mike's returning me the money in time pleased me. 迈克及时还我钱,我非常满意。
We can not finish our work without John helping us. 有约翰帮助我们,我们能够完成工作。
注意:
在下列情况下,不能使用所有格:
① 代词all,both,each,few,several,some,this等作逻辑主语时;
② 数词、名词化的形容词(如the three,the old等)作逻辑主语时;
③ 逻辑主语是句子或短语,或受从句或短语修饰时;
④ 当动名词的逻辑主语为无生命的名词时。如:
In spite of the three telling the same story,I could not believe it.
尽管他们3个人讲了相同的故事,我还是不能相信。
I remember each one of them saying it. 我记得他们每个人都这么说。
I have never heard of that being possible. 我从没听说过那种事是可能的。
Is there any chance of the people in the back of the room talking a little louder?
屋子后面的人讲话声音能大一点吗?
Usually when I went past the schoolhouse,I could hear the noises of desks being opened and closed,and lessons being read at the top of the children's voices. 通常在我走过校舍时,总会听到课桌被掀开和合上、学生放声朗读课文交织在一起的声音。
15-4 分词
英语中的分词分两种: 现在分词(the present participle)和过去分词(the past participle)。现在分词主要表示动作正在进行并且和句中的逻辑主语是主动关系。过去分词主要表示曾经发生或已经完成的动作,如果是及物动词,与其逻辑主语是被动关系。如:I saw him repairing a bike. 我看见他正在修车。
I have read the letter written by the boy. 我已读了那个男孩的信。
[1] 分词的时态和语态
现在分词
(1) 现在分词的一般式:由“动词原形 + -ing”构成,语态上表示该现在分词与其逻辑主语之间是主动的关系,在时间上表示正在进行或与谓语动词同时发生的动作或存在的作状态。如:
The girl singing for us is ten years old. 给我们唱歌的女孩10岁了。
Wearing a new pair of glasses, she can read easily.
戴了一副新眼镜,她看书就容易多了。
Believing the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth. 许多人认为地球是扁的,因此害怕哥伦布会从地球的边缘掉下去。
She is there waiting for us. 她在那儿等我们呢。
(2) 现在分词的完成式:由“having + 过去分词”构成,语态上表示该现在分词与其逻辑主语之间是主动的关系,在时间上表示其动作或状态先于谓语动词的动作或状态。如:
Having received a letter,I knew everything is all right.
收到信后,我知道一切都很好。
Having had my supper,I went out for a walk. 晚饭后,我出去散步了。
Having known that he won the match,he threw the cap into the sky.
知道自己比赛获胜,他高兴地把帽子扔上了天。
(3) 现在分词的被动式:由“being + 动词的过去分词”或“having been + 动词的过去分词”构成,语态上表示该现在分词与其逻辑主语之间是被动的关系。如:
The entertainment building being built will be completed next year.
正在建设的娱乐大楼明年完工。
After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys being encouraged to go to school. 阿拉伯国家赢得独立后,特别重视发展教育,不但鼓励男孩子入学,也鼓励女孩入学。
试题解析:
______ from other continents for millions of years,Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.
A. Being separated B. Having separated
C. Having been separated D. To be separated
【答案选C】句意:与其他大陆分离数百万年之久,澳大利亚有许多世界上其他国家找不到的动植物。现在分词被动语态的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。
过去分词
过去分词只有一种形式,表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作。
(1) 及物动词的过去分词表示先于谓语动词的动作,与其逻辑主语之间是被动的关系。如:
The boy hurt by the car was sent to the hospital immediately.
被汽车撞伤的小孩被马上送到了医院。
Seen from the mountain, the city looks much more beautiful.
从山上看,这座城市美丽多了。
(2) 不及物动词的过去分词表示先于谓语动词的动作,与其逻辑主语之间是主动的关系。如:
You could see fallen leaves everywhere in the fall. 秋天到处可以看到落叶。
Developed countries should help developing countries. 发达国家应当帮助发展中国家。
[2] 分词的否定式
分词的否定式由“not / never + 分词”构成。如:
Not knowing what to do next,she stopped to wait. 不知道下一步干什么,她停下来等着。
Not having finished the homework,the little girl doesn't dare to go to school. 小女孩没完成作业不敢去学校。
Not interested in the talk,he left earlier than others. 由于对报告不感兴趣,他比别人先走了。
[3] 现在分词与过去分词的区别
现在分词和过去分词形式不同,而且语义也有区别。现从以下4个方面说明:
(1) 通常情况下,现在分词表示动作是主动的和正在进行的;过去分词的动作是被动的和完成的。如:
The boiling water is hot. 沸水是烫的。(现在分词)
A sleeping baby is good to look at. 一个熟睡的婴儿很好看。(现在分词)
She has a smiling face. 她有一张笑脸。(现在分词)
You can use the boiled water to make tea. 你可以用开水沏茶。(过去分词)
Where is my lost key? 我掉了的钥匙在哪儿?(过去分词)
A broken mirror cannot be repaired. 破镜难圆。(过去分词)
有时,由于两个动词“异词同义”,其分词也跟着不同。如:
Have you seen the man wearing a T-shirt? 你有没有看到穿着T恤衫的那个人?
Who is the man dressed in a blue shirt? 那个穿着蓝色衬衫的男人是谁?
His new book consisting of useful data has been well received.
他的有许多有用数据的新书受到了好评。
Do you like the book made up of untrue stories? 你喜欢虚构的故事书吗?
(2) 在语义上,现在分词和过去分词反映的心理状态不同。前者有“令人……”的含义;过去分词则有“感到……”的意思。如:
The soccer match last night was thrilling. 昨晚的足球赛令人紧张。
The soccer fans were delighted. 足球迷们感到高兴。
其他例子有:
amazing amazed annoying annoyed disappointing disappointed
confusing confused surprising surprised pleasing pleased
terrifying terrified shocking shocked encouraging encouraged
interesting interested frightening frightened boring bored等。试比较:
This is the most confusing system I have ever seen.
这是我看到过的最令人感到疑惑的系统。
The children will get confused if they were asked to learn too much .
如果要求小孩学太多的东西,他们会感到疑惑。
David came with some surprising news. 大卫带来了令人感到吃惊的消息。
All were surprised at Sam's sudden resignation.
对萨姆的突然辞职,大家都感到非常奇怪。
(3) 作宾语补足语时,如果宾语是相应的分词的逻辑主语,就用现在分词。如:
The teacher found a student dozing off.
老师发现一个学生在打瞌睡。(正在打瞌睡的是宾语a student。)
Don't keep the visitor waiting. 不要让来客等。(宾语是 the visitor。)
如果宾语和相应的分词有动宾关系,那么这个分词就要用过去分词了。如:
Where did you get your book printed?
你在哪儿印的书?(printed的宾语是books。)
You should have your office whitewashed.
你应该把你的办公室刷白。(whitewashed的宾语是your office。)
(4) 分词短语相当于状语从句,但现在分词表示的是主动的行为,过去分词表示被动的行为。如:
Entering the room,she found the wall newly painted.
走进房间,她发现墙刚粉刷过。
Written in haste,the essay had some errors.
匆匆忙忙地写完,这篇文章有许多错误。
[4] 分词的用法
(1) 作定语
当分词作定语时意义上相当于定语从句,单个分词作定语时位置在前,分词短语作定语要后置。分词的逻辑主语是主动关系的用现在分词,被动关系的则用过去分词。如:
a sleeping boy 正在睡觉的男孩 on the day following 在第二天
for years running 连续几年 a lost child 迷路的孩子
a fallen leaf 落叶 retired workers 退休工人
faded flowers 褪色的花朵
We have no time left. 我们没有(剩余的)时间了。
Fill the blanks with the words given. 用所给的词填空。
The working people have played a great role in the activity.
工人在这次活动中起主要作用。
There is nothing interesting. 没什么有趣的事。
试题解析:
1. The flowers ______ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.
A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt
【答案选B】本题考查非谓语动词作定语的用法。不定式作定语表示将来,还未发生的事;感官动词smell,sound,look,taste,feel相当于系动词,后面接形容词作表语,意为“……起来……”,无被动形式。本句中The flowers smelling sweet...“闻起来很香的花”相当于定语从句The flowers that smell sweet...。
2. Will those ______ the children from abroad come to the headmaster's office?
A. teaching B. teach C. who teaches D. who teaching
【答案选A】现在分词作定语,改为定语从句的形式为:Those who teach the children...,先行词为those,与teach是主动关系,故用现在分词。
(2) 作表语
表语表示主语的性质、特征或状态。用现在分词,表示主动的意思,或“令人……”;及物动词用过去分词时,表示主语“被……”或“感到……”,而不及物动词用过去分词时,只表示完成,不表示被动。如:
It is annoying that the meeting should be put off. 会议要推迟,真是恼人。
He remained puzzled. 他依然感到迷惑不解。
He appeared satisfied with that. 他显得对那件事感到很满意。
My work is finished. 我的工作干完了。
My watch is gone. 我的表不见了。
(3) 作宾语补足语
分词前的谓语动词多是感官动词和使役动词。
可以跟宾语补足语的谓语动词有see,watch,hear,set,keep,find,have,get 等词。
现在分词强调动作进行的过程。如:
I found him coming in. 我发现他正走进来。
He kept her waiting outside. 他让她在外面等着。
When I caught him cheating,I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.
当我发觉他欺骗我时,我不再在他那里买东西,而开始和另一家商店打交道。
如果谓语动词是被动语态的形式,这时分词成了主语补足语,分词形式不变。如:
He was seen coming in. 有人看见他正走进来。
过去分词作宾补时表示动作已完成,与宾语是被动关系,说明动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前。have,get 表示的动作往往是别人完成,有时这个动作可能由主语完成。如:We found him tied to the tree. 我们发现他被捆在树上。
I had my hair cut. 我(让人给我)理发了。
I can't get this motor started. 我不能发动马达。
She has got her bike repaired. 她(让人)把自行车修理了。
They have had their house rebuilt. 他们重修了房子。
如果谓语动词是被动语态的形式,这时过去分词成了主语补足语,分词形式不变。如: He was found tied to the tree. 他被发现(被)捆在树上。
(4) 作状语:表示时间、原因、条件、结果、让步和伴随等。
表示时间,相当于when,while引导的状语从句。如:
He waved at us walking out of the gate. 他走出大门时向我们挥手。
Studying in that school, I met him only once. 在那所学校上学时,我只碰到他一次。
注意:
before,after等词可以用在v.-ing前,以明确时间关系。但这些词这样用时,就被视作介词,因而,v.-ing形式也就叫做动名词了,而不再是现在分词。这时,还可用on或upon来表示该v.-ing动词所表示的动作与主句谓语动词在时间上很接近。如:
On / Upon arriving at the theater,they found that they were actually an hour late?
一到剧院,他们就发现其实已经迟到一个小时了!
On his arrival at the airport, he was greeted by the Prime Minister.
他一到达机场便受到总理的欢迎。
On inquiring, we found that the plane had already left.
经询问,我们才知道飞机已经飞走了。
After finishing the work, they left for the playground. 干完活后,他们就去了操场。
试题解析:
The old man,aboard for twenty years,is on the way back to his motherland.
A. to work B. working C. to have worked D. having worked
【答案选D】本题考查分词。句中两个逗号中间的内容就是时间状语,全句意:在国外工作了20年后,这位老人(已动身)正在归国途中。不定式作状语,多表示目的和结果,不合句意,排除A、C,分词作状语可表示时间、方式、伴随等。此处是已完成的主动的动作,不是正在进行当中的主动动作,所以排除B。选D,现在分词的完成式表示主动和完成(到谓语发生时,非谓语的动作已经完成)。
表示条件,相当于if引导的条件状语从句。如:
Given more time,I can finish the work. 假如给我更多时间,我就能完成工作。
We'll not attack unless attacked. 除非受到攻击,否则我们不会攻击。
Working hard, you'll succeed. 如果你努力,就会成功。
试题解析:
______ more attention,the trees could have grown better.
A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given
【答案选A】译文:如果给予更多的关注,树就会长得更好。
表示原因,相当于because,since,for和as等引导的原因状语从句。如:
Being ill,he didn't come. 因为他病了,所以没有来。
Not understanding this,he asked the teacher about it. 因为对这一点不理解,因而他问了老师。
Tired out,they stopped to have a rest. 他们累了,所以就停下来休息。
表示让步,相当于though,although或“no matter + 特殊疑问词”引导的让步状语从句。如:
Knowing all this,they made me pay for the damage. 他们尽管了解一切,还是要我赔偿损失。
Once learned,it will never be forgotten. 一旦学会,就永远忘不了。
表示结果,相当于结果状语从句。如:
Their car was caught in a traffic jam,causing the delay.
他们的车遇上了交通堵塞,结果耽搁了。
注意:
① 现在分词表示结果时,放在主句之后。
② 现在分词表示结果这一结构,还可以用“only to+动词原形”代替。
He got to the top of the hill in the end, only to find that it was really a nice scene.
他终于爬上了山顶,结果发现风景真美。
He got home, only to find his house broken into. 他回到家,却发现家里被盗了。
试题解析:
European football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport in the world.
A. making B. makes C. made D. to make
【答案选A】译文:有80个国家踢欧式足球,这使它成为全世界最流行的运动项目。现在分词短
语作结果状语。
表示方式。如:
He sat there,as though waiting. 他坐在那里,好像在等什么。
Holding the note in his hand,he stood there dumbfounded.
他手里拿着那张钞票,目瞪口呆地站在那里。
表示伴随情况。如:
They shook hands,smiling at each other. 他们微笑着握握手。
The children ran out of the room,laughing and talking merrily.
孩子们高兴地笑着,说着,从屋子里跑出来。
He lay on his back,his legs drawn up. 他蜷着腿仰卧着。
He made the boy sit there,promising they would not hurt him.
他让小男孩坐在那里,并答应他们不会伤害他。
He sat in the armchair, reading the newspaper. 他坐在扶手椅上读报纸。
试题解析:
One learns a language by making mistakes and ______ them.
A. correct B. correcting C. corrects D. to correct
【答案选B】译文:人是通过不断犯错误和改正错误来学习语言的。
应注意:
表示伴随情况时,分词短语相当于as引导的状语从句。
第一个例句可改为:They shook hands as they smiled at each other.
第二个例句可改为:The children ran out of the room as they laughed and talked merrily.
试题解析:
The storm left, ______ a lot of damage to this area.
A. caused B. to have caused C. to cause D. having caused
【答案选D】本题考查非谓语动词作状语,根据句意,不定式在句中作目的状语显然不妥,而不定式作结果状语表示出乎意料的结果,也不合题意。暴风雨“引起巨大的灾害”显然发生在“暴风雨离开”之前,故用having caused,作伴随状语。
[5] 分词的独立结构
当分词作状语时,其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语一致。如果不一致的话,分词前面可以带有自己的逻辑主语(名词或代词),构成分词的独立结构(或称为带逻辑主语的分词结构)。分词独立结构可表示伴随情况、陪衬动作、附加说明以及表示时间、原因、条件等。如:
The moon has no light of its own,only sunlight shining on it.
月亮本身不发光,只有太阳光照耀在上面。 (附加说明)
She rushed out of the room,the little baby carried in her arms.
她抱着孩子,冲出了房间。 (伴随动作)
Maggie ran back to the kitchen,eggs held carefully in her hands.
玛吉小心翼翼地拿着鸡蛋,跑回厨房。(伴随动作)
So much undone,it is necessary for you to make a new plan.
这么多的事没有完成,你现在有必要制订一个新的计划。(原因)
A force acting through a distance,work is done. 力从远距离作用,就做了功。(条件)
Both bright side and dark side considered,you will have the confidence to over-come this difficulty. 如果你考虑了明暗两个方面,你就有信心克服这个困难了。(条件)
All flights having been cancelled because of the snowstorm,many passengers could do nothing but take the train.
因为暴风雪所有的航班均被取消,因而许多旅客只能乘火车了。(原因)
(1) There be句型和it也能引出分词的独立结构,there和it相当于分词的逻辑主语。如:
There being nothing else to do,we went home.
没有别的事可做了,所以我们回家了。
There having been no rain,the plants withered. 由于没有降水,庄稼都枯萎了。
It being impossible for most students to turn in their papers as scheduled,the teacher decided to give them another two days. 大多数学生不可能按时上交论文,所以,老师决定再给两天时间。
(2) 独立结构在很多情况下可以用with引导,但这时分词的逻辑主语如果是代词,则要改用其宾格形式。如:
The sale usually takes place outside the house,with the audience seated on benches,chairs or boxes. 促销活动通常在室外进行,观众坐在板凳、椅子或箱子上。
With so many directors being absent, the board meeting had to be put off.
这么多经理都没有来,董事会会议只能推迟了。
With him leading the way, they got there earlier than expected.
由他领路,他们到达那里的时间比预期的早一些。
注意:
如果分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语是一致的,则不要画蛇添足,在分词前加上一个不必要的逻辑主语。如:
They being blind men,how could they see the elephants? 本句为错句。应将句首的They去掉。
试题解析:
I couldn't do my homework with all that noise ______ .
A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on
【答案选A】本题考查with的复合结构作伴随状语。其结构为“with+宾语+补语”,补语的形式有doing(主动、正在进行),done(被动、完成)和to do(将来)。根据题意,with的宾语noise和go on 之间是主动关系。
15-5 非谓语动词用法辨析
(1) 通常情况下,当不定式和动名词语法成分相同时,动名词多表示习惯性、经常性的抽象行为,而不定式往往表示某一次的具体行为。如:
Playing with fire is dangerous. 玩火危险。
To play with fire is dangerous. 玩火会发生危险。
Looking after children is her job. 照看孩子是她的工作。
To look after children is her job today. 今天她的工作是照看孩子们。
(2) 某些动词之后只能用动名词作宾语,而某些动词之后只能用不定式作宾语,有时两者都可以,它们的具体含义有时还不一样。
能跟动名词的动词有:
appreciate avoid consider delay deny
dislike escape enjoy forgive finish
imagine keep mind miss pardon
prevent resist stand suggest understand
can't help give up feel like look forward to
insist on object to be used to等。如:
I'm looking forward to hearing from you soon. 我期望很快就能收到你的来信。
He cannot stand having them occupying his motherland. 他无法忍受他们占领他的祖国。
I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.
我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。
能跟不定式的动词有:
aim agree (cannot) afford choose dare decide
fail demand desire expect hope long
manage pretend promise refuse want undertake
wish等。如:
All of us expected to discover a new oil field. 我们大家都期望发现新油田。
Howe pretended not to hear anything. 豪假装什么也没有听到。
(3) 动词不定式的逻辑主语,常常是句子的主语或句中的某个词;而动名词的逻辑主语可能是句子主语或句中某个词,也可能泛指一般的人或物,在句子里是找不着的。如:
I hate to be sitting idle. 我不想闲坐着。(指自己)
I hate saying nothing at a meeting but gossiping afterwards.
我不喜欢开会不说会后乱说。(可能指自己,也可能泛指一般人)
有些词后面既可以接不定式to do sth.,又可以接动名词doing sth.,但意义差别很大。
(4) “be afraid of + 动名词”表示害怕并希望避免可以预料的后果,而“be afraid + 不定式”表示怕有某种后患而不敢做某事。如:
I'm afraid to be late again. 我不敢再迟到了。
The little boy is afraid to walk in the dark. 这个小男孩不敢在黑暗中走路。
Are you afraid of touching the little dog? 你害怕摸小狗吗?
(5) remember,forget,regret后接动名词表示动作在谓语动词之前已完成,表示“记得,忘记,后悔做了某事”,后接不定式表示在谓语动词之后将要发生或未完成的动作。如:
I remembered meeting him in the street. 我记得在街上见过他。
I remembered to write a letter to my parents. 我想起来要给我父母写信。
I'll never forget meeting you this time. 我将永远不会忘记这次和你的见面。
Don't forget to ring me up at six. 不要忘记六点钟给我打电话。
I regret to have to do this,but I have no choice.
我很遗憾必须这样去做,但我实在没有办法。(对要去做而未做的事感到遗憾。)
I don't regret telling her what I thought.
告诉她我的想法我不后悔。(对已做过的事感到遗憾、后悔。)
The light in the office is still on. He forgot to turn it off. 办公室的灯还亮着,他忘记关了。
因此,在这一结构中,动名词的一般式与完成式所表示的含义是一样的,而动词不定式由于是表示将来的动作或状态,因而只有一般式,而没有完成式。
试题解析:
1. —You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
—Well,now I regret ______ that.
A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done
【答案选D】译文:“你开会时敢于提出反对意见,真是勇敢。”“啊,我现在可后悔那么做了呀。”
2. When asked by the police,he said that he remembered ______ at the party, but not ______ .
A. to arrive;leaving B. to arrive;to leave
C. arriving;leaving D. arriving;to leave
【答案选C】译文:被警察询问时,他说他记得参加了聚会,但没离开。
(6) “go on + 动名词”表示继续干同一件事,“go on + 不定式”表示干和原来不同的另一件事。如:
After a few minutes' break,we went on doing our school work.
休息了一会儿,我们又继续做作业。
After finishing the work,he went on to listen to some music.
干完活以后,他接着听音乐。
After they did Exercise 2,they went on to do Exercise 3.
他们做完练习二后又接着做练习三。
(7) mean doing表示“意味着”“就是”;mean to do表示“打算”“想要”。如:
I meant to have sent the book to you by mail. 我本想把这本书邮寄给你的。
I didn't mean to hurt your feeling. 我没想要伤害你的感情。
This illness will mean (your) going to hospital. 得了这种病(你)就要进医院。
Revolution means liberating the productive forces. 革命就是解放生产力。
(8) stop doing表示“停止做(原来在做的)某事”,动名词作宾语。stop to do意为“停下(在做的事)去做另一件事”,不定式作目的状语,可用so as to do或in order to do代替。如:
When the teacher came in,the students stopped talking.
老师进来了,同学们不再讲话了。(talking 是宾语,指停止讲话这个动作。)
When the teacher came in,the students stopped to talk.
老师进来了,同学们停下(其他的事)开始讲话。
(to talk是目的状语,指停下前一动作来进行谈话。)
Stop smoking,please. 请不要抽烟。
Let's stop to have a rest. 咱们停下来休息一下吧。
(9) try doing表示“尝试做某事”;try to do 表示“努力做某事”,即try in order to do / try so as to do,to do为目的状语。如:
Let's try doing the work some other way. 让我们试一试用另外一种办法来做这工作。
You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心。
Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.
在遇到困难的时候,我们必须设法克服。
(10) want,need,require,demand,deserve后接动名词作宾语时,用主动形式来表示被动的含义;后接动词不定式时,则用主动形式表示主动语态,被动形式表示被动语态。如:
My shoes need mending / to be mended. 我的鞋需要补了。
The following language points deserve mentioning / to be mentioned.
下面的语言点值得一提。
This matter demands discussing / to be discussed. 这件事要讨论一下。
Your hair wants cutting / to be cut. You had better have it done now.
你的头发需要理了。你最好现在就去理。
(11) 在advise,allow,forbid,permit,consider,encourage后直接跟动名词作宾语,如果有名词或代词作宾语,则构成“advise / allow / forbid / permit +名词/代词 + 不定式(宾语补足语)”的形式。如:
We don't allow smoking here.
=We don't allow anybody to smoke here. 这里不准抽烟。
I advise not staying up late.
=I advise you not to stay up late. 我劝你别熬夜。
Father will not permit playing on the street.
=Father will not permit us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
(12) like / love / hate / prefer + to do sth.表示心理,或一次性具体的动作;跟doing sth. 表示习惯性动作。动词后面跟动名词还是不定式,含义不相同。总的来说,表示习惯性的、一般性的动作多跟动名词,一次性的具体的动作多跟不定式。如:
I like to go with you. 我喜欢和你一块儿去。
I like reading. 我喜欢阅读。
He promised to help her. 他答应过要帮助她。
We love watching VCD. 我们喜欢看VCD。
注意:
如果这些动词前有should一词,其后的宾语只跟不定式,不能跟动名词,表示“想要”等含义。如:
I should like to see him tomorrow. 我明天想要去看他。
Would you like to go skating with me? 你想和我去溜冰吗?