高考英语介词讲解 教案
展开(一) 方位介词图解方位介词 如:Be careful,there is a heavy box over your head。 The sun is above the mountain in the east。 There are some stamps on the desk。 The position he pointed to was below the sea level。 The little mouse is under the table,so it is not easy to find it。 The Great Wall winds its way from west to east,across desert,over mountains,through valleys,till at last it reaches the sea。 The crowd of people walked past the City Hall to the Center Square。at,in两词均表示地点,“在……处”。at用于指较小的地方,如在门牌号码前;in用于指较大的地方。如:We’ll meet each other at the park。我们将在公园见面。Mr. White lived in Hong Kong for 20 years。怀特先生在香港生活了20年。in,on,to用在方位名词前的区别三词都可表示两地之间的方位关系。in表示在某范围之内;to表示在某范围之外;on表示“毗邻”、“接壤”。如:Shandong province is/lies in the east of China。(在某范围之内)Shandong is/lies to the southeast of Hebei province。(在某范围之外)Mongolia is/lies on the north of China。(接壤)from,out of二词均表示来源或出处。from侧重起点,意为“从……”;out of侧重于从里向外,意为“从……里出来”。如:The shouting of the soldiers’ drilling could be heard from the playground。She took the passport out of her handbag and showed it to the policeman。We are moving out of our flat。The train from London arrives here at nine o’clock。(二) 时间介词at,in,on,by(1) at的用法用于表示时间点、时刻等。如:at 12:00,at noon,at night,at midnight,at dawn,at daybreak; 用于表示较短暂的一段时间,可指某个节日或被认为是一年中标志大事的日子。如:at Christmas。(2) in的用法表示在某个较长的时间内(如世纪、朝代、年代、月及泛指上午、下午和傍晚等)。如:in the 1980s,in Qing Dynasty,in October,in the morning/afternoon/evening。表示在一段时间之后。如:I’ll be back in an hour。我将在一小时后回来。表示“及时”:in time。(3) on的用法用于表示具体的日子或一个待定的时间,如某日、某节日、星期几等。如:on October the first,on a rainy day,on National Day。用于表示特定的早晨、下午或晚上。如:on the eve of victory,on the morning of January the third,on the afternoon of his arrival。表示“准时,按时”:on time。(4) by的用法表示“不迟于……,在(某时)前”。如:He must have arrived there by now。他现在一定已经到了。We’ll have finished the work by ten o’clock tomorrow。我们在明天十点之前就会完成工作。表示“在……期间”“在……时间内”。如:He worked by night and slept by day。他晚上工作,白天睡觉。说明:当时间名词前有this,that,last,next,some,every等词限定时,通常不用任何介词。after,inin表示时间,常表示“在……时间之内”,有时in还有“在……时间之后”的意思,但表示此意时,必须具备两个条件:(1)所修饰的动词必须表将来;(2)后面必须是一段时间。这两个条件缺一不可,否则应用after或later来表达。如:My father will be back in three days。我父亲将在三天以后回来。My father will be back after 3 o’clock。我父亲将在3点后回来。My father came back after 3 days/3 days after/3 days later。我父亲是在3天后回来的。(三) 工具、手段、方式介词by,in,on三词都表示旅行的方式(1) 不涉及交通工具的名词时用by,名词前不带冠词。如by sea,by water,by land,by rail,by air等。(2) 涉及交通工具的名词时用by,但名词需用单数,其前面不加冠词或任何修饰语。如by bike,by taxi,by plane,by ship/boat,by train,by spaceship等。(3) 当旅行方式涉及确定特指的交通工具时,用on或in,名词前应有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语。如:travel to New York in this plane,leave on an early train,go to school on my bike等。说明:步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用on。如:on foot,on horseback,on a horse,on the camel。with,by,in三词均译为“用”,表示行为的工具、手段或方式。、(1) with用于有形的工具或身体某些器官之前,其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。如:They are digging with a pick/spade。We see with our eyes,hear with our ears,and walk with our legs。(2) by,in,on(over,through)等多用于无形的工具或方式手段之前。如by hand,in ink,on the telephone,over the radio,through the telescope等。说明:使用语言、原料、材料时用in表示,如:in English/Japanese,in blue ink。表达“用……方法/方式”时,所用介词分别为:in this/ that/ the same way by means ofby this/ that means with this/ that method(四) 原因介词原因介词有:because of,due to,thanks tobecause of“因为,由于”,通常作状语,位于句首或句中。due to“由于,因为”,通常作表语。thanks to“幸亏,多亏”,既可用于褒义,又可用于贬义,多用于句首。如:The sports meeting will be put off till next Saturday because of the heavy rain。His illness was due to smoking and drinking。Thanks to the Party’s good policy,the farmers are now living a happy and rich life。易错知识总结(一) for与of表示不定式复合结构的逻辑主语It is + adj. + of sb. to do sth.=sb. + be + adj. + to do sth.当形容词说明不定式逻辑主语的性质、特性时,用of。常见的形容词有kind,good,nice,clever,stupid,foolish,considerate,polite,impolite,cruel等。如:It is kind of the teachers to help support the poor students。= The teachers are kind to help support the poor students。It is + adj. + for sb. to do sth.当形容词说明不定式的性质时,用for。常见的形容词有important,necessary,possible,impossible等。如:It is quite important for us to protect our environment。(二) on与in表示处于某种状态 on用于表示动态状况,如正在从事某项活动或处于某种运动状态之中。如:on business出差;on a visit在访问;on strike在罢工;on sale在出售;on show在上映;on watch在站岗/放哨;on fire在着火;on vacation/holiday在度假。 in多用于表示静态状况,如安全、危险、健康、涉及人的情绪等。如:in trouble陷入困境;in danger处于危险中;in order有序,有条理;in surprise惊讶地;in silence默默地;in high/lowspirits情绪高涨/低落。(三) besides,except,but,other than,except for的区别用于否定句时,besides,except与but可相互替换。如:No other students passed the difficult math exam except/ besides/ but Lin Tao and Wu Dong。用于肯定句时的区别(1) except意为:not including除……之外(不再有……)。如:We all passed the exam except Tom。除汤姆(没及格)外,我们都及格了。(汤姆没及格)说明:当except用于句首时,后面往往要加上for。如:Except for this,everything is in good order。=Everything is in good order except this。除此之外,一切状况良好。(2) besides意为:in addition to除……之外(还有……)。如:We all passed the exam besides Tom。除了汤姆外,我们也都及格了。(汤姆也及格了)注意:besides在句中的位置较灵活,可放在句首,亦可放在句中;而except多放在句中。此外,except前几乎总有all,any,every,no及其复合词等,而besides前可用,也可不用,依句意而定。如:He answered all the questions except the last one。除最后一个问题没有答外,其余问题他都答了。I have a few friends besides you。除了你之外,我还有几个朋友。All of them went to Beijing last summer besides Tom。除了汤姆外,他们去年夏天也都去了北京。(3) except for表示“除了(因为)……”之意,用来表示从某一细节方面来修正前面概括性的说法,其后的宾语一般与句子所涉及的东西不属同类。如: The composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes。 这篇作文很好,只是有一些拼写错误。 except和but/ other than后都可接名词、代词、动名词、动词原形,并且可以互换;但except后接副词、介词短语、when从句等时,but/ other than不可替换except。如: He has always been in high spirits except recently。 除近来外,他总是精神饱满。(副词) The window is never opened except in summer。 除夏季外,这扇窗户从不打开。(介词短语) He has always been busy except when it is Sunday。 除星期日外,他总是很忙。(when从句)but,except后都可接that从句作宾语,两者可以互换。如:I asked nothing from him but/ except that he should write to me every other week。我只要求他每两周给我写一封信。 besides还可用作副词,意为“in addition;also;moreover;furthermore(而且;还有)”。如:I don’t want to go;besides,I am too tired。我不想去,再说我也太累了。(四) in与of表示比较的范围二词均可引出一个可供比较的范围,适用于形容词和副词的最高级,指三者或三者以上的人或事物的比较。但是in表示限定在某个范围内的最高级;of表示同一类人或事物中的最高级;of还可以用于两类两者之间的比较,但比较级前需加定冠词the。如:The Yellow River is the second longest river in China。Mary sings best in the school。Of all the boys,Jack runs the fastest。Tom seems to be the more diligent of the two brothers。(五) for与to表示后置的间接宾语buy/ do/cook/ fetch/ find/ get/ make/ order/ save/ sing… + sth. + for + sb. bring/ give/ leave/ lend/ offer/ pay/ pass/ read/ refuse/ return/ promise/ send/ show/ teach/ tell/ throw/ write… + sth. + to + sb.当形容词被副词too或enough修饰时,其后只能用for。如:The shirt is too large for me。在It is + adj. +for sb./ of sb. + to do sth.句式中只用for/ of,不能用to。(六) at,from,in的有关表达 at:at dawn拂晓;at daybreak拂晓;at sunrise日出时;at sunset/ sundown日落时;at noon在下午;at dusk在黄昏;at night在夜晚;at home在家;at table在用餐;at school在上学;at college在上大学;at risk有危险,冒风险;at last最后;at rest静止不动 from:from memory凭记忆;from cover to cover从头至尾;from day to day日复一日;from beginning to end从头到尾;from head to toe从头到脚 in:in high/ poor/ bad spirits情绪高涨/低落;in tears热泪盈眶;in fear在恐惧中;in danger在危险中;in peace和平相处;in safety很安全;in need需要;in good order很整齐;in silence静静地;in good health身体好;in a fever在发烧;in love在热恋中;in public在公共场所;in doubt有疑问;in print在印刷;in flower在开花(七) of + 抽象名词=形容词of + great/ much + 抽象名词=very + 形容词;of + no + 抽象名词=not + 形容词。如:It is of great/ much value。=It is very valuable。The camel is of great help to the Arab。=The camel is very helpful to the Arab。(八) to与情感名词连用to与情感名词连用,表示某种行动后产生的感觉。to one’s delight/ surprise/ horror/ sorrow/ joy/ regret=to the delight/ surprise/ horror/ sorrow/ joy/ regret of sb.。这种表达法表示结果,用作状语,位于句前、中、后皆可。为了强调,可在前面加much,意为“使某人……的是”。(九) as和like的区别两个词都有“像……”的意思,但作此意讲时,as为连词,后面加句子;like为介词,后面加名词、代词等;当前面有such,as,the same时,后面也用as。此外as做介词时,还有“作为……”等其他意思。如:Do as I do。像我这样来做。(as后面跟句子,美国人也常说Do like I do。)I have the same book as you(have)。我和你有同样的书。He looks like his father。他长得像他父亲。Adult as he is,his mother always treats him as a child。虽然他已长大成人,但他妈妈总是像待孩子那样待他。(十) with的用法with在英语中用法繁多,其主要用法如下:表示“和……在一起”、“由……陪同”或“有……在场”的意思。如:Mr. and Mrs. Smith were there,with their family of three small children。史密斯夫妇带着他们三个年幼的孩子都在那儿。表示两种事物之间的相应关系或齐头并进的意思。如:With time passing,they have grown into big boys and big girls。随着时间的流逝,她们都长成大小伙子和大姑娘了。Temperature vary with the time of the year。温度随着时节而变化。表示“带有,带来,带走,携带”等,表伴随的意思。如:I have called with a message for Mrs. Thompson。我有口信带给汤普森夫人。He came downstairs with his coat over his arm。他把外衣搭在胳膊上走下楼来。引导一个表示方式的状语附加语。如:She lay back in the chair with her eyes closed。她闭着眼睛背靠在椅子上坐着。He looked at me with a frown。他皱着眉头看我。同样的用法还有:with a sneer嘲笑的,with a sigh叹声叹气地,with a sob抽噎的,with a laugh哈哈一笑、大笑着。指原因或理由。如:She was shivering with cold。她冷的发抖。His face was red with anger。他的脸气得通红。My wife is in bed with influenza。我的妻子得了流行性感冒,卧病在床。(十一) by的用法表示“不迟于(某时间)”的意思。如:I have promised to have the work finished by the end of this week。我已经答应本周末完成这项工作了。表示“在……期间”(一段指明的时间)的意思。如:They decided to travel by night。他们决定在夜里旅行。指人体或物体的某一部分。此人此物,句中前面的总述对此有较为明确的特指。如:He seized me by the arm。他抓住了我的胳膊。表示“由于……的结果”的意思。如:He succeeded by hard work。他由于努力工作而成功了。含有“到……的程度”的意思。如:This one is shorter than the other by three inches。这一个比那一个短三英寸。We lost the match by one goal。我们以一球之差输了那场比赛。表示买卖东西时用以计量的数或量,或付酬时用以计算的时间。如:Milk is sold by the pint,butter by the pound,and eggs by the dozen。牛奶论品脱卖,黄油论磅卖,蛋类论打卖。表示“按照……”或“根据……”的意思。如:By my watch,the time is half past eleven。按我的表,现在是十一点半。By the expression on his face,he seemed to be displeased。从他的面部表情来看,他似乎不高兴。表示“因……而得到结果”或“凭着……”的意思。如:It was only by chance that I heard the news。我只是偶然听到了这个消息。(十二) 介词与某些词类的搭配名词与介词的固定搭配(1) 要求用to的名词:key,answer,visit,apology,introduction,attitude,monument,devotion等(2) 要求用in的名词:interest,satisfaction,expert等(3) 要求用on的名词:mercy,congratulations,effect等(4) 要求用其他介词的名词:prize for,respect for,victory over,struggle with,excuse for,for fear of等形容词与介词的固定搭配(1) 要求用at的形容词:afraid,angry,good,bad,clever,surprised,excited,puzzled,frightened(2) 要求用of的形容词:afraid,sure,certain,full,tired,fond,proud,worthy(3) 要求用with的形容词:angry,strict,careful,busy,popular,patient(4) 要求用in的形容词:weak,strict,rich,interested,successful,slow(5) 要求用to的形容词:next,good,polite,kind,cruel,rude,known,married,close,similar,due(6) 要求用for的形容词:sorry,famous,fit,unfit,eager,anxious,hungry(7) 要求用from的形容词:far,different,free,safe,absent,tired(8) 要求用about的形容词:sorry,worried,curious,anxious,careful,sure,certain注意:同一形容词与不同的介词搭配其含义不同。如: