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上海市浦东新区华东师范大学第二附属中学2020届高三上学期开学考试英语试题
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2019-2020学年上海市浦东新区华东师范大学第二附属中学
高三上学期开学考英语试卷
第I卷（共100分）
I. Listening Comprehension（略）
II. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
It’s never easy to admit the mistakes you make, but doing so is an important step toward moving forward.
National Geographic magazine recently published an article with the title “For decades, our coverage was racist. To rise above our past, we____1____ acknowledge it.” It was written by the magazine’s editor-in-chief Susan Goldberg, the first woman and first Jewish person ____2____(hold) the position. National Geographic has acknowledged that its coverage of black and minority ethnic people in America and the wider world had been historically racist, frequently promoting caricatures (讽刺画) of the “noble savage (野蛮人)” and barely ____3____ (feature) the US’s minority ethnic population.
According to Goldberg, the 130-year-old publication’s April issue “explores how race defines, separates, and unites us”. In honor of 50 years since the killing of Martin Luther King,____4____ is known for fighting racial inequality in the US, the issue is devoted to race.
The population republished a number of examples of historical racism in its coverage. One 1916 article about Australia included a photo of two Indigenous Australians with the caption: “South Australian Blackfellows: These savages rank ____5____ (low) in intelligence of all human beings.”
To review its previous coverage of race, Goldberg asked University of Virginia John Edwin Mason to look back at the magazine’s text, choice of subjects, and photograph of people of color from the US and abroad. “Until the 1970s, National Geographic all but ignored people of color who lived in the United States, rarely acknowledging____6____ beyond laborers or domestic workers,” Goldberg wrote about Mason’s findings. “Meanwhile, it pictured ‘natives’ elsewhere ____7____ exotics, famously and frequently unclothed, happy hunters, noble savages.”
Mason also found that the magazine often ran photos of “uncivilized” natives____8____ (amaze) by “civilized” Western technology.
In recent years, however, the magazine has improved. For example, in a 2015 project, National Geographic gave cameras to young people in the Caribbean country of Haiti and asked them to shoot pictures of their everyday lives.
“The coverage wasn’t right before ____9____ it was told from a white American point of view, and I think it speaks to exactly ____10____ we needed a diversity of storytellers,” Goldberg told the Associated Press.
【答案】1. must
2. to hold 3. not featuring
4. who 5. the lowest
6. those 7. as
8. amazed 9. in that
10. everyone
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。承认自己所犯的错误从来都不是一件容易的事，但是这样做是向前迈进的重要一步。《国家地理》杂志最近发表了一篇题为《几十年来，我们的报道都是种族主义的》的文章。要超越我们的过去，我们必须承认它。并介绍了《国家地理》杂志中具体的关于种族主义的事例。
【1题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：要超越我们的过去，我们必须承认它。根据空格后面为动词原形，因此推测出此处应填情态动词，再观察上下文的语气强烈，前面to rise引导出的目的状语也表明此处填must为最佳。故填must。
【2题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：这篇文章是由该杂志主编苏珊·戈德堡撰写的，她是担任该职位的第一位女性和第一位犹太人。因空格前两个序数词first可推测出需要to do不定式修饰，因此填to hold。
3题详解】
考查固定用法。句意：《国家地理》承认，它对美国乃至全世界黑人和少数族裔的报道在历史上一直带有种族主义色彩，经常宣传对“高贵的野蛮人”的漫画，几乎不涉及美国的少数族裔人口。根据上文frequently以及barely, 可见此处还应有一个not 否定词，双重否定来表示肯定，因此填not featuring。
【4题详解】
考查定语从句连接词。句意：为了纪念马丁·路德·金被杀50周年，这个问题的主题是种族。马丁·路德·金以反对美国的种族不平等而闻名。本句为定语从句修饰先行词Martin Luther King，且先行词在从句中做主语，指人，因此填who。
【5题详解】
考查形容词最高级。句意：1916年的一篇关于澳大利亚的文章中有两名澳大利亚土著人的照片，并配以文字说明:“南澳大利亚黑人:这些野人的智商在所有人类中最低。”根据下文of all human beings,可知上文是批评对本土澳洲人的歧视，因此填low的最高级，the lowest。
【6题详解】
考查代词。句意：“直到20世纪70年代，《国家地理》杂志几乎都忽略了生活在美国的有色人种，除了劳工和家庭佣工之外，很少承认其他人种，”戈德堡在谈到梅森的发现时写道。此处指代上文中提到的laborers 和 workers之外的有色人种，且为复数，因此填those。
【7题详解】
考查固定短语。句意：“与此同时，它把其他地方的‘原住民’描绘成异类，他们以经常赤身裸体、快乐的猎人和高贵的野蛮人而闻名。”固定短语pictureas“把……描绘成……”，因此填as。
【8题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：梅森还发现，该杂志经常刊登“未开化”的当地人被“开化”的西方科技震惊的照片。amaze在句中做非谓语动词与逻辑主语natives构成被动，因此填过去分词amazed。
【9题详解】
考查短语。句意：戈德堡在接受美联社采访时表示:“之前的报道是不正确的，因为它是从美国白人的角度来讲述的，我认为它准确地反映了我们需要多样化的故事讲述者的每一个人。”空格前后为因果关系，因此填in that。
【10题详解】
考查代词。句意同上。speak to后应跟一个对象，表示“每一个人”，因此最佳答案是everyone。
Section B
Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
Guilt is not only one of the most painful emotions that humans experience but also one of the most common. Nobody enjoys feeling guilty, but this emotion _____11_____ an important purpose: It alerts a person when he or she has done something wrong. This enables the person to work to heal relationships that were damaged by their actions. It can also _____12_____ people to avoid making similar mistakes later.
Nevertheless, guilt can be destructive if it is not dealt with in the right way. It can cause people to avoid others because they are too _____13_____ to apologize for their actions or inaction. Some try to avoid the pain of guilt by turning to other worse habits. Others try to cover up their guilt by _____14_____ others or becoming angry.
An added _____15_____ is that sometimes people feel guilty about things that happen that they can’t control. One example of this is survivor's guilt, when people who survive a disaster feel guilty because they escaped death when others didn't. Other people experience false guilt because of _____16_____ high expectations for themselves that they cannot live up to.
The proper response to guilt depends on what kind of guilt you're dealing with. For false guilt, it's important to recognize that guilt does not reflect an actual ethical failure.
For example, some false guilt focuses on failing to meet expectations you had for yourself. In this case, it's important remind yourself that you have _____17_____ . No one is perfect, and no one can do everything, so _____18_____ that is actually a sign of humility.
It's also important to acknowledge what you are feeling. Even when you don't need to feel guilty, these feelings are real and normal. Try to _____19_____ them with positive thoughts, but realize that it often takes time for feelings to change.
It's possible that you feel guilty because you actually did something wrong--or didn't do something you should have. If so, don't try to conceal it. Apologize and forgiveness. Learn from your mistakes, and try to avoid committing the same acts again. Being _____20_____ with the person you hurt should make your guilty feelings fade.
Guilt is painful, but it can serve a good purpose if you use it well.
【答案】11. J 12. K
13. F 14. C
15. B 16. A
17. G 18. H
19. I 20. D
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。内疚不仅是人类经历最痛苦的情绪之一，也是最常见的情绪之一。然而，如果处理不当，内疚可能是毁灭性的。它会导致人们回避他人，因为他们太尴尬了，不愿为自己的行为或不作为道歉。同时介绍了正确处理内疚的方法。
【11题详解】
考查动词。句意：没有人喜欢感到内疚，但这种情绪有一个重要的目的:当一个人做了错事时，它会发出警报。根据空格特点来看，此空应该是填动词的第三人称单数，其次，结合时态为一般现在时，答案应该是J。
【12题详解】
考查动词。句意：它还可以激励人们避免以后犯类似的错误。根据上文can可知此空应该填一个动词原形，结合句子意思，能够“激励”人们去避免犯相似的错误。故选K。
【13题详解】
考查形容词。句意：它会导致人们回避他人，因为他们太尴尬了，不愿为自己的行为或不作为道歉。根据空格特点来看，此空应该填一个形容词，结合句子意思，他们觉得太尴尬而不愿去为他们的行为道歉，所以选F。
【14题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：另一些人试图通过责备他人或生气来掩盖自己的罪行。根据空格特点来看，此空应该填动名词做by的宾语，结合句子意思，其他人掩盖他们的内疚，通过责怪他人或者是发怒。故选C。
【15题详解】
考查名词。句意：更复杂的是，有时人们会对那些他们无法控制的事情感到内疚。根据空格特点来判断，此空应该填一个名词的单数，结合句子意思，一种增加的困难是，有时候人们对于碰巧发生的而又无法控制的事情感到内疚。故选B。
【16题详解】
考查副词。句意：有些人会有错误的负罪感，因为他们对自己有过高的期望，而自己又达不到。根据空格特点来看，此空应该填一个副词，结合句子意思，因为有他们对于自己有着过高的期望，而选项A就是表示过分地，过度地的意思，所以选A。
【17题详解】
考查名词的数。句意：在这种情况下，提醒自己有局限性是很重要的。根据空格特点来看，此空应该填一个名词，结合句子意思，在这个情况下，提醒自己你有限度是很重要的。故选G。
【18题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：没有人是完美的，没有人可以做任何事，所以承认这一点实际上是一种谦卑的表现。根据空格特点来看，此空应该填一个动名词，结合句子意思看，承认那一点，事实上是一种谦虚的表现。故选H。
【19题详解】
考查动词。句意：试着用积极的想法来平衡它们，但是要意识到感情的改变往往需要时间。根据空格特点来看，此空应该填一个动词，结合句子意思，试着用积极的想法来“平衡”它们。故选I。
【20题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：与被你伤害的人和好应该会让你的罪恶感消失。根据空格特点来看，此空应该填一个过去分词，结合句子意思，和那个被你伤害了的人和解会让你的内疚感慢慢消失。故选D。
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Nature Therapy
We need the tonic of wildness At the same time that we are earnest to explore and learn all things, we require that all things be mysterious and unexplorable, that land and sea be indefinitely wild, unsurveyed and unfathomed by us because unfathomable. We can never have enough of nature.
—Thoreau
One major difference between our current lifestyle and those of our evolutionary past is an increasing ____21____ from natural settings with increased urbanization. But does this change have a major impact on our mental health? ____22____ , a remedy for ill health or low spirits, if the means were available, would be to send someone to the quiet of the country or seashore and away from the bustle of city. The popularity of vacations to beautiful national parks, camping, outward bound, and even breaks for a picturesque walk in a ____23____ greenspace to clear the mind would speak to some empirical(经验主义）____24____ that nature does soothe the savage beast. And recently, scientists have been studying the idea of nature therapy with a bit more seriousness than a dashed-off prescription (处方）for a ____25____.
We are now far ____26____ from the natural world of our ancestors. more than 50% of people live in urban areas (increasing to >70% by 2050) increased urbanization is associated with increased levels of mental illness, particularly anxiety and depression. Growing up in a setting correlates with a ____27____ severe stress response, and exposure to greenspace ____28____ correlates to a positive effect on well-being in a large two-decade study. Images and sounds of a natural environment can decrease stress in people exposed to negative stimuli. A large survey of mental health and neighborhood greenspace in Wisconsin showed significant correlation between the ____29____ of nature and lower levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. There are many studies showing a similar relationships between nature exposure, relaxation, and well-being. But how does exposure to green space help us relax and ____30____, exactly?
Dr. Gregory Bratman’s group at Stanford has published a couple of papers following a small group of healthy volunteers told to for a 5 kilometer walk in the San Francisco Bay area. Half walked along a busy street while the other half went for a/an ____31____ walk with beautiful views of the mountains and the bay. The nature walk compared to walk along a busy street. Later, the same researchers did MRIs and measured blood flow in brain areas of healthy people who went on a 90 minute walk in the same urban vs. more natural setting. They found that the nature walkers had ____32____ activity in a particular brain region, the subgenual prefrontal cortex. This area of the brain is associated with rumination, or worrying on the same issues over and over, a problem described often in depressive and anxiety disorders.
So there we have it in a world and environment where our brains are working overtime and we think and ____33____ ideas and worry, exposure to nature seems to get us out of our heads, with likely positive longitudinal benefits. In the hyper-urban world to come, designing accessible, safe ____34____ may help the mental health of the population, and preserving our natural landscapes to be enjoyed by our descendants will continue to be a national must. ____35____, a prescription for a nice weekend hike could have some real measurable brain benefits.
21. A. resistance B. isolation C. interruption D. distance
22. A. Currently B. Generally C. Historically D. Fortunately
23. A. local B. imposing C. fascinating D. standard
24. A. assistance B. evidence C. belief D. approach
25. A. cycling B. swimming C. adventure D. hike
26. A. removed B. rid C. driven D. dropped
27. A. more B. less C. similar D. negative
28. A. dominantly B. lively C. merely D. significantly
29. A. exposure B. link C. availability D. necessity
30. A. tolerate B. unwind C. swing D. resolve
31. A. causal B. earnest C. upright D. scenic
32. A. reduced B. increased C. intensified D. balanced
33. A. turn on B. get over C. draw on D. roll over
34. A. communities B. facilities C. greenspaces D. transportations
35. A. In a word B. For instance C. In the meantime D. In particular
【答案】21. B 22. C 23. A 24. B 25. D 26. A 27. B 28. D 29. C 30. B 31. D 32. A 33. D 34. C 35. A
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。我们现在远离我们祖先的自然世界……超过50%的人生活在城市地区(到2050年将增加到70%)，城市化的增加与精神疾病，尤其是焦虑和抑郁水平的增加有关。在一项长达20年的大型研究中发现，在一个不太严重的环境中长大与压力反应相关，而接触绿地对幸福感有显著的积极影响。同时说明了暴露在绿色空间中可以帮助我们放松的原因。
【21题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们现在的生活方式和进化过去的生活方式的一个主要区别是，随着城市化的发展，我们越来越远离自然环境。A. resistance阻力；B. isolation隔离；C. interruption中断；D. distance距离。通过第一段和第二段不难看出，文章是讲城市化对我们造成的一些不好的心理影响。第一空格跟We are now far_________ from the natural world of our ancestors. more than 50% of people live in urban areas (increasing to >70% by 2050) increased urbanization is associated with increased levels of mental illness, particularly anxiety and depression. 对应，所以不难选出答案为B项。
【22题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：从历史上看，治疗身体不健康或情绪低落的方法，如果有方法的话，就是把人送到安静的乡村或海边，远离城市的喧嚣。A. Currently当前；B. Generally通常；C. Historically在历史上；D. Fortunately幸运的是。本句话对照our evolutionary past，故选C项。
【23题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：到美丽的国家公园度假、露营、户外活动，甚至在当地的绿地上进行一次风景如画的散步来理清思绪，这些都是很受欢迎的做法。A. local当地的；B. imposing壮观的；C. fascinating迷人的；D. standard标准。前面讲到自然疗法是一个好方法，可以帮助我们解压，那就是去到大自然中去，去欣赏美景也好还是怎样，所以跟此句意思符合的只有A项。
【24题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：到美丽的国家公园度假、露营、户外活动，甚至在当地的绿地上进行一次风景如画的散步来理清思绪，这些都是很受欢迎的做法。A. assistance援助；B. evidence证据；C. belief 信赖；D. approach接近。通过后文And recently, scientists have been studying the idea of nature therapy with a bit more seriousness than a dashed-off prescription (处方）for 可以看出我们的祖先之前是通过自然疗法治疗一些疾病，所以他们体验过才传下来，那就是一些经验主义的经验，与此相对的只有B项。
【25题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：最近，科学家们一直在认真研究自然疗法的理念，而不是匆忙开出的远足处方。A. cycling骑行；B. swimming游泳；C. adventure冒险；D. hike远足。根据上下文可知科学家们一直在认真研究自然疗法的理念，而不是匆忙开出的远足处方来帮助人们治疗身体不健康或情绪低落。故选D。
【26题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们现在远离我们祖先的自然世界…超过50%的人生活在城市地区(到2050年将增加到70%)，城市化的增加与精神疾病，尤其是焦虑和抑郁水平的增加有关。A. removed远离的；B. rid摆脱；C. driven被动的；D. dropped下降。根据more than 50% of people live in urban areas (increasing to >70% by 2050)以及第一空选项可知我们现在远离我们祖先的自然世界。故选A选项。
【27题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在一项长达20年的大型研究中发现，在一个不太严重的压力环境中长大与之相关，而接触绿地对幸福感有显著的积极影响。A. more更多的；B. less更少的；C. similar相似的；D. negative消极的。根据上文Growing up in a setting correlates with a _________ severe stress response可知在一个不太严重的压力环境中长大与之相关。故选B项。
【28题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：在一项长达20年的大型研究中发现，在一个不太严重的压力环境中长大与之相关，而接触绿地对幸福感有显著的积极影响。A. dominantly支配地；B. lively活泼的；C. merely仅仅；D. significantly显著地。根据上下文exposure to greenspace _________ correlates to a positive effect on well-being可以看出多接触大自然对我们来说是好的，所以选择一个积极色彩的程度副词，只有D项。
【29题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：威斯康辛州一项关于心理健康和社区绿地的大型调查显示，大自然的可及性与较低程度的抑郁、焦虑和压力之间存在显著的相关性。A. exposure暴露；B. link环节；C. availability可用性；D. necessity必然性。对应上文的exposure to greenspace 的exposure，答案是C项。
【30题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是，确切地说，暴露在绿色空间中如何帮助我们放松呢?A. tolerate容忍；B. unwind放松；C. swing摇摆；D. resolve溶解。选择一个跟relax相近的词，选择B项。
【31题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一半人在繁忙的街道上行走，另一半人则在美丽的山峦和海湾中散步。A. causal原因的；B. earnest认真的；C. upright正直的；D. scenic风景优美的。本句话通过一个关键词while 可以看出前后相反，前面说在一个busy的地方，后面应该是与之相反。故选D。
【32题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们发现，“自然步行者”大脑的一个特定区域——亚属前额叶皮层的活动减少。A. reduced减少；B. increased增加；C. intensified加强；D. balanced平衡。既然接触大自然是可以治疗疾病，又根据This area of the brain is associated with rumination, or worrying on the same issues over and over, a problem described often in depressive and anxiety disorders. 应该是会让他们减少压抑感。故选A。
【33题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：所以，在这个世界和环境中，我们的大脑在加班加点地工作，我们思考，反复思考，担心，接触大自然似乎让我们忘记了自己的头脑，这可能会带来积极的纵向效益。A. turn on打开；B. get over克服；C. draw on利用；D. roll over翻滚。通过working overtime and we think and_______ ideas and worry可以看出我们会去想很多事情，而这些是让我们变压抑的原因。答案是D项。
【34题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：在未来高度城市化的世界里，设计无障碍、安全的绿地可能有助于人们的心理健康，保护我们的自然景观供我们的子孙后代享用，这将继续是一个国家必须做的事情。A. communities社区；B. facilities设备；C. greenspaces绿地；D. transportations交通工具。全文都在讲greenspace 对我们的影响，所以这里只有这个合适。故选C。
【35题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意：简而言之，一张周末远足的处方可能对大脑有一些可测量的好处。A. In a word总之；B. For instance例如；C. In the meantime在此期间；D. In particular特别。最后作者做出总结，（号召）大家多多接触大自然，进而减少城市化带给我们的焦虑感。故选A。
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
Orwell’s Impact on the World
Few writers have had such an impact on the thinking of the modern world as British writer George Orwell(1903—1950)．Orwell wrote many things on a variety of topics，for example，poverty in England in the 1930s during the Great Depression and his experience in the Spanish Civil War(1936—1939)．
But he is most famous for his works of fiction，Animal Farm(1945) and，especially，Nineteen Eighty-Four(1949)．These last books became especially influential in the West in the 1950s during the early Cold War years．
In Nineteen Eighty-Four，Orwell imagined a Britain of the future, modeled on the Soviet union. His chilling tale of Winston Smith，a regular man who comes into conflict with the government，was close to the fears of many people of the time．Ideas from the novel soon entered everyday culture，and are still in use today．“Big Brother”，for example，is a phrase from the book that refers to how authority is always looking over one’s shoulder.
Other phrases used in the novel, like “War is Peace” and “Freedom is slavery” are also still used now．Indeed，many people see Orwell’s book as warnings about what might happen if those in power become corrupted．
Even today，Orwell remains an influential voice. Often，writers achieve great fame and popularity，but they don’t affect how people live their everyday lives．For example, British author JK Rowling is a huge literary success, but people wouldn’t say that Harry Potter has affect the way people think about politics. For better or for worse, however, George Orwell has.
It’s because of Orwell’s influence on popular thinking that UNESCO’S Memory of the World Programme recently decided to include a collection of Orwell’s writings on its register．
The Memory of the World register is similar to UNESCO’s world heritage site program，which protects places and buildings and natural features in the world．According to its website，the idea behind the body is “that the world’s documentary evidence belongs to all” and should be “permanently accessible to all”．
University College London，which proposed the idea to UNESCO，said in its application that Orwell’s work “had a great influence on human thought in all parts of the world，an influence that remains potent today”．
36. What do we know about Orwell?
A. His most famous works were based on his own experience．
B. His books were well-received during the Cold-War．
C. He mainly wrote about imaginative, beautiful worlds．
D. His writings are often compared to those of JK Rowling．
37. What’s the novel Nineteen eight-Four about?
A. The cruelty of war in the 20th century.
B. The serious effects of poverty in England.
C. People’s various conflicts with the government.
D. A corrupt UK government of the future.
38. The phrases from Orwell’s books are mentioned in the article mainly to__________．
A. share some of his classic ideas
B. show how he used language in a creative way
C. stress his ideas are still meaningful today
D. show how he described the dark side of society
39. Why were Orwell’s writings included on the Memory of the Word register?
A. They introduced a new way of writing．
B. They were a huge literary success．
C. They shaped political systems in Western countries．
D. They continue to have a great influence on human thought.
【答案】36. A 37. D 38. C 39. D
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了英国作家乔治·奥威尔以及他的作品对人类思想产生巨大影响。
【36题详解】
细节理解题。文章第一段的最后一句Orwell wrote many things on a variety of topics，for example，poverty in England in the 1930s during the Great Depression and his experience in the Spanish Civil War(1936—1939)．（奥威尔写了很多关于各种主题的东西，例如，1930年代大萧条时期英国的贫困和他在西班牙内战(1936-1939)中的经历。）可以看出奥威尔最著名的作品是根据他自己的经验写成的。答案选A。
【37题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“Big Brother”，for example，is a phrase from the book that refers to how authority is always looking over one’s shoulder.（例如，“老大哥”是书中的一个短语，指的是权威总是在背后监视。）可推知小说《一九八四》讲述了一个腐败的英国政府的未来。故选D。
【38题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中Even today，Orwell remains an influential voice. Often，writers achieve great fame and popularity，but they don’t affect how people live their everyday lives．（即使在今天，奥威尔仍然是一个有影响力的声音。通常，作家获得巨大的声誉和知名度，但他们不会影响人们的日常生活。）可知Orwell书中的短语如今还在被人们使用，文章中提到了奥威尔书中的一些短语，主要是为了强调他的思想在今天仍然有意义。因此答案选C。
【39题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段University College London，which proposed the idea to UNESCO，said in its application that Orwell’s work “had a great influence on human thought in all parts of the world，an influence that remains potent today”．（伦敦大学学院向联合国教科文组织提出了这一想法，并在申请书中表示，奥威尔的作品“对世界各地的人类思想产生了巨大影响，这种影响至今仍十分深远”。）可知奥威尔的作品被收录在《词汇记忆》中，因为它们继续对人类思想产生巨大影响。故选D。
【点睛】推理判断题要求考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定的判断和推理，从而得出文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题，做这类题目时，同学们应严格依据作者所陈述的细节、事实以及作者的措词、态度和语气等，找出能够表露作者思想倾向和感情色彩的词语，然后利用自己已获得的相关知识进行推理判断，从而得出符合逻辑的结论。如第二小题，根据第三段最后一句“Big Brother”，for example，is a phrase from the book that refers to how authority is always looking over one’s shoulder.（例如，“老大哥”是书中的一个短语，指的是权威总是在背后监视。）可推知小说《一九八四》讲述了一个腐败的英国政府的未来。故选D。
(B)
Discovering a New Way to Read
Kindle E-reader 8th generation
Free Touchscreen Display
Customer Reviews
The new Kindle is smaller and lighter. TNS
Mr. Damon, May 21, 2018
The price is great (with an extra $20 off and this new Kindle is even smaller in my hands than my old one. I was sad to lose my old Kindle, but this one is just terrific.
＊Thin and light for one-handed reading
New Kindle is 11 % thinner and 16% lighter than the previous generation Kindle, making it easy and comfortable to hold in one hand.
＊Reads like real paper
Kindle creates text similar to what you see in a physical book. The blacks and whites on the screen are uniform, improving text and image quality.
＊Long-life battery
Kindle doesn't need power to show a page of text, allowing you to read for weeks on a single charge.
＊Thousands of books, no distractions
Kindle is designed to be an e-reader. It satisfies your love of reading without interruptions like emails and phone calls.
＊Look it up without leasing your page
Smart Lookup combines entries from The New Oxford American Dictionary with information from Wikipedia, so you can know meanings, characters and more without losing your place.
＊Adjust your text size
Choose from eight text sizes to prevent tired eyes, so you can keep reading longer.
Ms. Catherine, December 2,2017
I was going through a book for a school project, saving parts that would help with my paper.
When I was done, I realized that I could just email my notes as a PDF file. This is life changing for me. I still prefer paper books to e-books, but this saved me hours of work. I am a very happy customer.
Mr Jason, January 26, 2018
I miss the original Kindle’s size-this one is too small. Also the screen is overly sensitive and things pop-up and the battery doesn't last as long as the original
Kindle. But my biggest disappointment is that this Kindle doesn't allow you to transfer everything from the original Kindle, so I lost all of the information from my old one. Overall, disappointing.
Ms Susan, November 17, 2017
I had the original Kindle, and the battery lasted for weeks. This battery only seems to last a few days, however. The other problem I have with this version of the Kindle is the touch screen. It is really annoying when you are reading and start turning the wrong way. Sometime, it's hard to get the page to turn the way you'd like it to.
40. Which of the following is a feature of the 8th-generation Kindle?
A. It is 16 percent thinner than the previous one.
B. It can run for several months on a single charge.
C. The blacks and whites on the screen improve the quality of readers' understanding.
D. It is user-friendly with a built-in dictionary.
41. Ms. Catherine seems to agree that___________。
A. her Kindle is helpful for her academic work
B. it's not easy to take notes with a Kindle
C. she is satisfied with the price of her Kindle
D. she likes e-books more than paper books
42. What problem do Mr. Jason and Ms. Susan both have with their new Kindle?
A. The size is too small.
B. There are always messages popping up.
C. It's difficult to use the touch screen.
D. Page turning doesn't work sometimes.
【答案】40. D 41. A 42. C
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇应用文。主要介绍了第八代kindle的功能以及一些用户评论。
【40题详解】
细节理解题。根据Look it up without leasing your page部分中Smart Lookup combines entries from The New Oxford American Dictionary with information from Wikipedia, so you can know meanings, characters and more without losing your place. （Smart Lookup将来自新牛津美语词典的条目与来自维基百科的信息组合在一起，这样您就可以在不丢失位置的情况下了解含义、字符和更多信息。）可知第8代Kindle有一个内置的字典，使用起来很方便。故选D。
41题详解】
细节理解题。根据Ms. Catherine, December 2,2017部分中I was going through a book for a school project, saving parts that would help with my paper.（我正在为一个学校项目翻阅一本书，把能帮我写论文的部分省下来。）可知Ms. Catherine认为Kindle对她的学术工作很有帮助。故选A。
【42题详解】
细节理解题。根据Mr. Jason中 Also, the screen is overly sensitive and things pop-up and the battery doesn't last as long as the original（此外，屏幕过于敏感，东西会弹出，电池的续航时间也不如原来的电池长）和Ms. Susan的The other problem I have with this version of the Kindle is the touch screen.（这款Kindle的另一个问题是触摸屏。）可知Mr. Jason和Ms. Susan的新kindle共同问题是触摸屏很难用。故选C。
【点睛】文章主题和中心思想的阐述往往需要大量细节信息的支持，这些细节对于理解全文内容至关重要，同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。命题人往往会要求考生根据不同的要求阅读文章，以获得某些特定的信息，或准确地寻求所需的细节，并对细节进行直接或间接辨认和理解。有一种文章细节理解题是一一对应型。答案与题目在表达形式和意义上直接吻合，一一对应，一目了然。属于浅层次的阅读试题，分数比例较少。解答此类试题时，不必通篇细看原文，而应采取“带着问题找答案”的方法，先从问题中抓住关键性词语（题眼），然后以此为线索，运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的：段落、语句，仔细品味，对照比较，确定答案。如第一小题，根据Look it up without leasing your page部分中Smart Lookup combines entries from The New Oxford American Dictionary with information from Wikipedia, so you can know meanings, characters and more without losing your place. （Smart Lookup将来自新牛津美语词典的条目与来自维基百科的信息组合在一起，这样您就可以在不丢失位置的情况下了解含义、字符和更多信息。）可知第8代Kindle有一个内置的字典，使用起来很方便。故选D。
(C)
Public distrust of scientists stems in part from the blurring of boundaries between science and technology, between discovery and manufacture. Most governments, perhaps all governments, justify public expenditure on scientific research in terms of the economic benefits the scientific enterprise has brought in the past and will bring in the future. Politicians remind their voters of the splendid machines “our scientists” have invented, the new drugs to relieve old disorders, and the new surgical equipment and techniques by which previously unmanageable conditions may now be treated and lives saved. At the same time, the politicians demand of scientists that they tailor their research to “economics needs”, and that they award a higher priority to research proposals that are “near the market” and can be translated into the greatest return on investment in the shortest time. Dependent, as they are, on politicians for much of their funding, scientists have little choice but to comply. Like the rest of us, they are members of a society that rates the creation of wealth as the greatest possible good. Many have reservations, but keep them to themselves in what they perceive as a climate hostile to the pursuit of understanding for its own sake and the idea of an inquiring, creative spirit.
In such circumstances no one should be too hard on people who are suspicious of conflicts of interest. When we learn that the distinguished professor assuring us of the safety of a particular product holds a consultancy with the company making it, we cannot be blamed for wondering whether his fee might conceivably cloud his professional judgment. Even if the professor holds no consultancy with any firm, some people may still distrust him because of his association with those who do, or at least wonder about the source of some of his research funding.
This attitude can have damaging effects. It questions the integrity of individuals working in a profession that prizes intellectual honesty as the supreme virtue, and plays into the hands of those who would like to discredit scientists by representing them as corruptible. This makes it easier to dismiss all scientific pronouncements, but especially those made by the scientists who present themselves as “experts”. The scientist most likely to understand the safety of a nuclear reactor, for example, is a nuclear engineer, and a nuclear engineer is most likely to be employed by the nuclear industry. If a nuclear engineer declares that a reactor is unsafe, we believe him, because clearly it is not to his advantage to lie about it. If he tells us it is safe, on the other hand, we distrust him, because he may well be protecting the employer who pays his salary.
43. What is the chief concern of most governments when it comes to scientific research?
A. The reduction of public expenditure. B. Quick economic returns.
C. The budget for a research project. D. Support from the voters.
44. Why won’t scientists complain about the government’s policy concerning scientific research?
A. They know it takes patience to win support from the public.
B. They realize they work in an environment hostile to the free pursuit of knowledge.
C. They think compliance with government policy is in the interests of the public.
D. They are accustomed to keeping their opinions to themselves.
45. According to the author, people are suspicious of the professional judgment of scientists because ______.
A. some of them do not give priority to intellectual honesty
B. sometimes they hide the source of their research funding
C. they could be influenced by their association with the project concerned
D. their pronouncements often turn out to be wrong
46. Why does the author say that public distrust of scientists can have damaging effects?
A. Scientists themselves may doubt the value of their research findings.
B. People will not believe scientists even when they tell the truth.
C. It makes things difficult for scientists to seek research funds.
D. It may wear out the enthusiasm of scientists for independent research.
【答案】43. B 44. B 45. C 46. B
【解析】
本文是一篇议论文。公众对科学家的不信任在一定程度上源于科学与技术、发现与制造之间界限的模糊。大多数政府，也许是所有政府，从科学企业过去和将来所带来的经济利益的角度来为科学研究的公共开支辩护。
【43题详解】
推理判断题。根据句第一段中Most governments, perhaps all governments, justify public expenditure on scientific research in terms of the economic benefits the scientific enterprise has brought in the past and will bring in the future.可知，说到科学研究，大多数政府最关心的是快速的经济回报。故选B。
44题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段中Many have reservations, but keep them to themselves in what they perceive as a climate hostile to the pursuit of understanding for its own sake and the idea of an inquiring, creative spirit.可知，科学家们不抱怨政府的科研政策是因为他们意识到他们在一个不利于自由追求知识的环境中工作。故选B。
【45题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中Even if the professor holds no consultancy with any firm, some people may still distrust him because of his association with those who do, or at least wonder about the source of some of his research funding.可知，根据作者的观点，人们怀疑科学家的职业判断，因为他们可能会受到与相关项目的联系的影响。故选C。
【46题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段中This makes it easier to dismiss all scientific pronouncements, but especially those made by the scientists who present themselves as “experts”.可知，作者说公众对科学家的不信任会产生破坏性的影响是因为即使科学家说的是事实，人们也不会相信。故选B。
Section C
Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
The universal use of technology has resulted in a constant current of information interrupting the "flow" of our life. This disturbing pattern was initially marketed as "call-waiting" for our phones. But now our eyes, ears, and fingers are glued to our technology24/7. We are flooded by emails, texts, or the news feeds on our Face book pages. My friend Ron refers to this technology as "weapons of mass distraction."
____47____According to a 2010 Kaiser Family Foundation report, children from eight to eighteen spend an average of seven hours and thirty-eight minutes a day using entertainment media. In addition, a study published in the August 2010 issue Pediatrics found that exposure to screen media was associated with attention problems in a sale of 210 college students.
___48___. Dealing with a crowd of daily text messages and emails makes it difficult for us to be by ourselves when all that activity stops. Although a sense of loneliness is natural at times, our addiction to the nonstop interaction afforded by technology deepens that feeling when access to the technology is unexpectedly unavailable. Just think how you feel when you lack cell phone or web access. Is it possible that our obsession with continually checking our emails and text messages has contributed to our inability to genuinely relate with others and find enjoyment without constant stimulation?
Aside from the impact of technology on our attention and our ability to be at ease in the absence of our technology, let's examine how interacting with our devices interferes with the development of our fundamental communication and social skills. Many researchers observe that everyday conversation between human beings is becoming increasingly rare.
Many of today's children are growing up with a built-in dependence on devices, making it difficult for them to feel comfortable in everyday social situations._______49_______.
Over time these children forget how to relate with each other because they have become habituated to using technology to avoid direct contact with others and life itself._______50_______.
A. Often, they find it challenging to make eye contact or deal with even the simplest face-to-face interactions without the aid of technology as an intermediary.
B. But how is this mass distraction affecting our degree of presence and ability to attend to the everyday demands offline?
C. The more dependent people are on their phones, the stronger the distraction effect, according to the research.
D. In fact, some neuroscientists believe that use of the internet actually rewires our brains.
E. The distraction is just part of the larger picture.
F. Checking social media is one of the most frequent use of a cellphone and the biggest distraction and time-waster.
【答案】47. B 48. F
49. A 50. D
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。主要说明了现代科学技术，如社交媒体、娱乐媒体对我们注意力的影响以及我们在没有科技的情况下放松的能力。
【47题详解】
根据后文According to a 2010 Kaiser Family Foundation report, children from eight to eighteen spend an average of seven hours and thirty-eight minutes a day using entertainment media.（根据凯撒家庭基金会2010年的一份报告，8岁到18岁的孩子平均每天花在娱乐媒体上的时间为7小时38分钟。）可知前文应为引出问题“但是这种大规模的干扰是如何影响我们的存在程度和处理线下日常需求的能力的呢?”故选B。
【48题详解】
根据下文Dealing with a crowd of daily text messages and emails makes it difficult for us to be by ourselves when all that activity stops. （处理大量的日常短信和电子邮件让我们很难在所有这些活动都停止时独处。）可知前文应提出“频繁使用手机是当今的一个大问题”，故选F。
【49题详解】
根据前文Many of today's children are growing up with a built-in dependence on devices, making it difficult for them to feel comfortable in everyday social situations.（如今，许多孩子在成长过程中对电子设备有一种固有的依赖，这让他们很难在日常社交场合中感到舒适。）提到孩子们每天与手机相处，导致了孩子们在社交环境中会感觉到不舒服，故A选项“通常，他们发现在没有技术作为中介的帮助下，进行眼神交流或处理即使是最简单的面对面交流都很有挑战性。”符合语境。
【50题详解】
根据上文Over time these children forget how to relate with each other because they have become habituated to using technology to avoid direct contact with others and life itself.（随着时间的推移，这些孩子忘记了如何与他人相处，因为他们已经习惯于使用技术来避免与他人和生活本身的直接接触。）本句为总结上文，“事实上，一些神经的使用实际上改变了我们的大脑。”故选D。
IV. Summary Writing
51.Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
What Coffee Does to Your Health
Coffee can be considered one of nature’s greatest gifts. It gives mental and emotional clearness without harmful side effect, and it contains a wealth of nutrients. Yet, when most people drink coffee, they are not thinking that the drink is improving their health. In fact, some may even feel a little guilty, since some believe coffee isn’t good for them at all.
Well, there’s the truth of the matter. Coffee, like anything else, can bring about problems if too much is consumed. In the short-term, too much coffee will cause sleeping problems and high blood pressure. In the long-term, too much coffee will cause stomach problem as well as teeth staining.
As for the benefits, moderate consumption of coffee, which means 1 to 4 cups a day, provides your body with a wealth of antioxidants(抗氧化物质).These substances are responsible for eliminating free radicals(自由基). They are the chemical byproducts produced any time your body does something. A small number of them can help serve as something against negative elements, but if they aren’t kept in control, they can cause health problems. Antioxidants ensure that this doesn’t happen.
The psychological effects of caffeine cannot be ignored either. Not only does caffeine make you more alert, but it can actually affect your mood. If you were feeling depressed, a nice cup of coffee could change your perspective. The stack of work that seemed impossible before isn’t even a problem now.
In addition, caffeine helps stimulate creativity as it speeds up the body’s functioning. That’s why coffee is often associated with writers and other intellectual professions. Other drugs tend to make people dumber. Consider what happens when people get drunk off of alcohol. They won’t be functional at all. But with coffee, an individual gets a push in creative thinking while still helping their bodies.
In conclusion, don’t feel bad when you are making your morning cup of coffee. Unlike a shot of alcohol, coffee will make your feel wonderful while keeping you healthy. Just remember, you do have to consume it in moderation.
【答案】If drunk moderately, coffee is beneficial to our health. (要点一)Drinking moderate coffee, people will get many antioxidants, which ensure free radicals are in control.高分句型 (要点二)Besides, the caffeine contained in coffee makes people more alert,(要点三) affects people’s mood and helps stimulate creativity without hurting their health.(要点四)(45 words)
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇概要写作。
【详解】写作步骤
1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。文章主要说明了如果适量饮用，咖啡对我们的健康有益。喝适量的咖啡，人们会得到许多抗氧化剂，确保自由基得到控制。此外，咖啡中所含的咖啡因能使人更清醒，影响人的情绪，帮助激发创造力，而不损害他们的健康。
2）弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。因此一定要弄清文章结构，归纳文章各段大意。
3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：
（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。
（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。
（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
V. Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
52. 老师们认为学生的卓越在于勤奋和持之以恒。(lie)
53. 无论遇到什么苦难，我们希望这些鼓励案例能给你力量和决心。（confront）
54. 毫无疑问，做暑假作业有助于我们巩固知识，发现问题，并进一步提高我们的自主学习能力。(doubt)
55. 和别的假期活动相比，这次考试旨在敦促学生努力学习，让其意识到“学习如逆水行舟”。(mean)
【答案】52. Teachers consider that students’ excellence lies in diligence and perseverance.
53. No matter what difficulties you confront/ are confronted with, we hope these encouraging cases can give you power and determination.
54. Without doubt, doing summer vacation homework is helpful for us to strengthen our knowledge, find out problems and improve our self-study ability further .
55. Compared with other holiday activities, this assignment is meant to urge students to study hard so as to let them realize that learning is like sailing against the current.
【解析】
考查句子翻译。
【52题详解】
考查固定短语。固定短语liein“在于……”。短语diligence and perseverance“勤奋和持之以恒”。且根据句意应用一般现在时，故译为Teachers consider that students’ excellence lies in diligence and perseverance.。
【53题详解】
考查固定短语。固定短语be confronted with“面对”；本句为no matter what引导的让步状语从句，根据句意用一般现在时，故译为No matter what difficulties you confront/ are confronted with, we hope these encouraging cases can give you power and determination. 。
【54题详解】
考查固定短语。固定短语without doubt“毫无疑问”，本句为动名词短语doing summer vacation homework做主语，为一般现在时，故译为Without doubt, doing summer vacation homework is helpful for us to strengthen our knowledge, find out problems and improve our self-study ability further .。
【55题详解】
考查固定短语。固定短语be meant to“有意要；旨在”；固定短语urge sb. to do sth.“敦促某人做某事”。且Compared with做伴随状语。故译为Compared with other holiday activities, this assignment is meant to urge students to study hard so as to let them realize that learning is like sailing against the current.。
Ⅵ. Guided Writing
56.Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
近期，你就影响选择大学的考虑因素在高三学生中做了调研，结果如图所示，请结合图表信息，写一份调研报告，内容必须包括：
1) 说明图表反应的基本内容，
2) 列出你认为相对重要的两项因素（影响你自己选择大学的考虑因素）并说明原因。
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】A Survey on Choosing A College
Nowadays, more and more senior high school students pay much attention to choosing the most ideal college of their own in order to get a better education. There are many factors that they should take into consideration. In this context, a survey have been conducted to figure out the main factors affecting students’ decisions.
From the histogram, four factors are listed. We can see that the interest of majors is a factor that most students consider first, 175 students has chosen it. Then the fame of a college comes to the second place, 150 student agree with it. Thirdly, 90 students believes that reasonable charges is very important to make up their mind. Last but not least, 70 students regard the convenient traffic as an necessary factor to choose a college.
As far as I’m concerned, I will allow for the interest of majors and reasonable charges when choosing a college. For one thing, interest plays a big part in motivating a student to study further; for another thing, reasonable charges can make a student not worry heavy economic burden.
All in all, every student should make their decisions seriously when choosing a college.
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇图表作文。
【详解】第1步：根据提示可知, 本篇为一篇说明文；近期，你就影响选择大学的考虑因素在高三学生中做了调研，结果如图所示，请结合图表信息，写一份调研报告，内容必须包括：1) 说明图表反应的基本内容，2) 列出你认为相对重要的两项因素（影响你自己选择大学的考虑因素）并说明原因。
第2步：根据写作要求, 确定关键词（组）, 如：pay much attention to（太过关注）；in order to（为了）；take into consideration（考虑）；fame（名声）；make up their mind（决定）等。
第3步：根据提示及关键词（组）进行遣词造句, 注意主谓一致和时态问题。
第4步：连句成文, 注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡, 书写一定要规范清晰, 保持整洁美观的卷面是非常重要的。
【点睛】范文内容完整, 语言规范, 语篇连贯, 词数适当。作者在范文中使用了较多高级表达方式, 如We can see that the interest of majors is a factor that most students consider first, 175 students has chosen it.运用了定语从句；Thirdly, 90 students believes that reasonable charges is very important to make up their mind.运用了宾语从句。全文中没有中国式英语的句式, 显示了很高的驾驭英语的能力。另外, 文章思路清晰、层次分明, 上下句转换自然, 为文章增色添彩。
2019-2020学年上海市浦东新区华东师范大学第二附属中学
高三上学期开学考英语试卷
第I卷（共100分）
I. Listening Comprehension（略）
II. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
It’s never easy to admit the mistakes you make, but doing so is an important step toward moving forward.
National Geographic magazine recently published an article with the title “For decades, our coverage was racist. To rise above our past, we____1____ acknowledge it.” It was written by the magazine’s editor-in-chief Susan Goldberg, the first woman and first Jewish person ____2____(hold) the position. National Geographic has acknowledged that its coverage of black and minority ethnic people in America and the wider world had been historically racist, frequently promoting caricatures (讽刺画) of the “noble savage (野蛮人)” and barely ____3____ (feature) the US’s minority ethnic population.
According to Goldberg, the 130-year-old publication’s April issue “explores how race defines, separates, and unites us”. In honor of 50 years since the killing of Martin Luther King,____4____ is known for fighting racial inequality in the US, the issue is devoted to race.
The population republished a number of examples of historical racism in its coverage. One 1916 article about Australia included a photo of two Indigenous Australians with the caption: “South Australian Blackfellows: These savages rank ____5____ (low) in intelligence of all human beings.”
To review its previous coverage of race, Goldberg asked University of Virginia John Edwin Mason to look back at the magazine’s text, choice of subjects, and photograph of people of color from the US and abroad. “Until the 1970s, National Geographic all but ignored people of color who lived in the United States, rarely acknowledging____6____ beyond laborers or domestic workers,” Goldberg wrote about Mason’s findings. “Meanwhile, it pictured ‘natives’ elsewhere ____7____ exotics, famously and frequently unclothed, happy hunters, noble savages.”
Mason also found that the magazine often ran photos of “uncivilized” natives____8____ (amaze) by “civilized” Western technology.
In recent years, however, the magazine has improved. For example, in a 2015 project, National Geographic gave cameras to young people in the Caribbean country of Haiti and asked them to shoot pictures of their everyday lives.
“The coverage wasn’t right before ____9____ it was told from a white American point of view, and I think it speaks to exactly ____10____ we needed a diversity of storytellers,” Goldberg told the Associated Press.
【答案】1. must
2. to hold 3. not featuring
4. who 5. the lowest
6. those 7. as
8. amazed 9. in that
10. everyone
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。承认自己所犯的错误从来都不是一件容易的事，但是这样做是向前迈进的重要一步。《国家地理》杂志最近发表了一篇题为《几十年来，我们的报道都是种族主义的》的文章。要超越我们的过去，我们必须承认它。并介绍了《国家地理》杂志中具体的关于种族主义的事例。
【1题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：要超越我们的过去，我们必须承认它。根据空格后面为动词原形，因此推测出此处应填情态动词，再观察上下文的语气强烈，前面to rise引导出的目的状语也表明此处填must为最佳。故填must。
【2题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：这篇文章是由该杂志主编苏珊·戈德堡撰写的，她是担任该职位的第一位女性和第一位犹太人。因空格前两个序数词first可推测出需要to do不定式修饰，因此填to hold。
3题详解】
考查固定用法。句意：《国家地理》承认，它对美国乃至全世界黑人和少数族裔的报道在历史上一直带有种族主义色彩，经常宣传对“高贵的野蛮人”的漫画，几乎不涉及美国的少数族裔人口。根据上文frequently以及barely, 可见此处还应有一个not 否定词，双重否定来表示肯定，因此填not featuring。
【4题详解】
考查定语从句连接词。句意：为了纪念马丁·路德·金被杀50周年，这个问题的主题是种族。马丁·路德·金以反对美国的种族不平等而闻名。本句为定语从句修饰先行词Martin Luther King，且先行词在从句中做主语，指人，因此填who。
【5题详解】
考查形容词最高级。句意：1916年的一篇关于澳大利亚的文章中有两名澳大利亚土著人的照片，并配以文字说明:“南澳大利亚黑人:这些野人的智商在所有人类中最低。”根据下文of all human beings,可知上文是批评对本土澳洲人的歧视，因此填low的最高级，the lowest。
【6题详解】
考查代词。句意：“直到20世纪70年代，《国家地理》杂志几乎都忽略了生活在美国的有色人种，除了劳工和家庭佣工之外，很少承认其他人种，”戈德堡在谈到梅森的发现时写道。此处指代上文中提到的laborers 和 workers之外的有色人种，且为复数，因此填those。
【7题详解】
考查固定短语。句意：“与此同时，它把其他地方的‘原住民’描绘成异类，他们以经常赤身裸体、快乐的猎人和高贵的野蛮人而闻名。”固定短语pictureas“把……描绘成……”，因此填as。
【8题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：梅森还发现，该杂志经常刊登“未开化”的当地人被“开化”的西方科技震惊的照片。amaze在句中做非谓语动词与逻辑主语natives构成被动，因此填过去分词amazed。
【9题详解】
考查短语。句意：戈德堡在接受美联社采访时表示:“之前的报道是不正确的，因为它是从美国白人的角度来讲述的，我认为它准确地反映了我们需要多样化的故事讲述者的每一个人。”空格前后为因果关系，因此填in that。
【10题详解】
考查代词。句意同上。speak to后应跟一个对象，表示“每一个人”，因此最佳答案是everyone。
Section B
Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
Guilt is not only one of the most painful emotions that humans experience but also one of the most common. Nobody enjoys feeling guilty, but this emotion _____11_____ an important purpose: It alerts a person when he or she has done something wrong. This enables the person to work to heal relationships that were damaged by their actions. It can also _____12_____ people to avoid making similar mistakes later.
Nevertheless, guilt can be destructive if it is not dealt with in the right way. It can cause people to avoid others because they are too _____13_____ to apologize for their actions or inaction. Some try to avoid the pain of guilt by turning to other worse habits. Others try to cover up their guilt by _____14_____ others or becoming angry.
An added _____15_____ is that sometimes people feel guilty about things that happen that they can’t control. One example of this is survivor's guilt, when people who survive a disaster feel guilty because they escaped death when others didn't. Other people experience false guilt because of _____16_____ high expectations for themselves that they cannot live up to.
The proper response to guilt depends on what kind of guilt you're dealing with. For false guilt, it's important to recognize that guilt does not reflect an actual ethical failure.
For example, some false guilt focuses on failing to meet expectations you had for yourself. In this case, it's important remind yourself that you have _____17_____ . No one is perfect, and no one can do everything, so _____18_____ that is actually a sign of humility.
It's also important to acknowledge what you are feeling. Even when you don't need to feel guilty, these feelings are real and normal. Try to _____19_____ them with positive thoughts, but realize that it often takes time for feelings to change.
It's possible that you feel guilty because you actually did something wrong--or didn't do something you should have. If so, don't try to conceal it. Apologize and forgiveness. Learn from your mistakes, and try to avoid committing the same acts again. Being _____20_____ with the person you hurt should make your guilty feelings fade.
Guilt is painful, but it can serve a good purpose if you use it well.
【答案】11. J 12. K
13. F 14. C
15. B 16. A
17. G 18. H
19. I 20. D
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。内疚不仅是人类经历最痛苦的情绪之一，也是最常见的情绪之一。然而，如果处理不当，内疚可能是毁灭性的。它会导致人们回避他人，因为他们太尴尬了，不愿为自己的行为或不作为道歉。同时介绍了正确处理内疚的方法。
【11题详解】
考查动词。句意：没有人喜欢感到内疚，但这种情绪有一个重要的目的:当一个人做了错事时，它会发出警报。根据空格特点来看，此空应该是填动词的第三人称单数，其次，结合时态为一般现在时，答案应该是J。
【12题详解】
考查动词。句意：它还可以激励人们避免以后犯类似的错误。根据上文can可知此空应该填一个动词原形，结合句子意思，能够“激励”人们去避免犯相似的错误。故选K。
【13题详解】
考查形容词。句意：它会导致人们回避他人，因为他们太尴尬了，不愿为自己的行为或不作为道歉。根据空格特点来看，此空应该填一个形容词，结合句子意思，他们觉得太尴尬而不愿去为他们的行为道歉，所以选F。
【14题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：另一些人试图通过责备他人或生气来掩盖自己的罪行。根据空格特点来看，此空应该填动名词做by的宾语，结合句子意思，其他人掩盖他们的内疚，通过责怪他人或者是发怒。故选C。
【15题详解】
考查名词。句意：更复杂的是，有时人们会对那些他们无法控制的事情感到内疚。根据空格特点来判断，此空应该填一个名词的单数，结合句子意思，一种增加的困难是，有时候人们对于碰巧发生的而又无法控制的事情感到内疚。故选B。
【16题详解】
考查副词。句意：有些人会有错误的负罪感，因为他们对自己有过高的期望，而自己又达不到。根据空格特点来看，此空应该填一个副词，结合句子意思，因为有他们对于自己有着过高的期望，而选项A就是表示过分地，过度地的意思，所以选A。
【17题详解】
考查名词的数。句意：在这种情况下，提醒自己有局限性是很重要的。根据空格特点来看，此空应该填一个名词，结合句子意思，在这个情况下，提醒自己你有限度是很重要的。故选G。
【18题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：没有人是完美的，没有人可以做任何事，所以承认这一点实际上是一种谦卑的表现。根据空格特点来看，此空应该填一个动名词，结合句子意思看，承认那一点，事实上是一种谦虚的表现。故选H。
【19题详解】
考查动词。句意：试着用积极的想法来平衡它们，但是要意识到感情的改变往往需要时间。根据空格特点来看，此空应该填一个动词，结合句子意思，试着用积极的想法来“平衡”它们。故选I。
【20题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：与被你伤害的人和好应该会让你的罪恶感消失。根据空格特点来看，此空应该填一个过去分词，结合句子意思，和那个被你伤害了的人和解会让你的内疚感慢慢消失。故选D。
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Nature Therapy
We need the tonic of wildness At the same time that we are earnest to explore and learn all things, we require that all things be mysterious and unexplorable, that land and sea be indefinitely wild, unsurveyed and unfathomed by us because unfathomable. We can never have enough of nature.
—Thoreau
One major difference between our current lifestyle and those of our evolutionary past is an increasing ____21____ from natural settings with increased urbanization. But does this change have a major impact on our mental health? ____22____ , a remedy for ill health or low spirits, if the means were available, would be to send someone to the quiet of the country or seashore and away from the bustle of city. The popularity of vacations to beautiful national parks, camping, outward bound, and even breaks for a picturesque walk in a ____23____ greenspace to clear the mind would speak to some empirical(经验主义）____24____ that nature does soothe the savage beast. And recently, scientists have been studying the idea of nature therapy with a bit more seriousness than a dashed-off prescription (处方）for a ____25____.
We are now far ____26____ from the natural world of our ancestors. more than 50% of people live in urban areas (increasing to >70% by 2050) increased urbanization is associated with increased levels of mental illness, particularly anxiety and depression. Growing up in a setting correlates with a ____27____ severe stress response, and exposure to greenspace ____28____ correlates to a positive effect on well-being in a large two-decade study. Images and sounds of a natural environment can decrease stress in people exposed to negative stimuli. A large survey of mental health and neighborhood greenspace in Wisconsin showed significant correlation between the ____29____ of nature and lower levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. There are many studies showing a similar relationships between nature exposure, relaxation, and well-being. But how does exposure to green space help us relax and ____30____, exactly?
Dr. Gregory Bratman’s group at Stanford has published a couple of papers following a small group of healthy volunteers told to for a 5 kilometer walk in the San Francisco Bay area. Half walked along a busy street while the other half went for a/an ____31____ walk with beautiful views of the mountains and the bay. The nature walk compared to walk along a busy street. Later, the same researchers did MRIs and measured blood flow in brain areas of healthy people who went on a 90 minute walk in the same urban vs. more natural setting. They found that the nature walkers had ____32____ activity in a particular brain region, the subgenual prefrontal cortex. This area of the brain is associated with rumination, or worrying on the same issues over and over, a problem described often in depressive and anxiety disorders.
So there we have it in a world and environment where our brains are working overtime and we think and ____33____ ideas and worry, exposure to nature seems to get us out of our heads, with likely positive longitudinal benefits. In the hyper-urban world to come, designing accessible, safe ____34____ may help the mental health of the population, and preserving our natural landscapes to be enjoyed by our descendants will continue to be a national must. ____35____, a prescription for a nice weekend hike could have some real measurable brain benefits.
21. A. resistance B. isolation C. interruption D. distance
22. A. Currently B. Generally C. Historically D. Fortunately
23. A. local B. imposing C. fascinating D. standard
24. A. assistance B. evidence C. belief D. approach
25. A. cycling B. swimming C. adventure D. hike
26. A. removed B. rid C. driven D. dropped
27. A. more B. less C. similar D. negative
28. A. dominantly B. lively C. merely D. significantly
29. A. exposure B. link C. availability D. necessity
30. A. tolerate B. unwind C. swing D. resolve
31. A. causal B. earnest C. upright D. scenic
32. A. reduced B. increased C. intensified D. balanced
33. A. turn on B. get over C. draw on D. roll over
34. A. communities B. facilities C. greenspaces D. transportations
35. A. In a word B. For instance C. In the meantime D. In particular
【答案】21. B 22. C 23. A 24. B 25. D 26. A 27. B 28. D 29. C 30. B 31. D 32. A 33. D 34. C 35. A
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。我们现在远离我们祖先的自然世界……超过50%的人生活在城市地区(到2050年将增加到70%)，城市化的增加与精神疾病，尤其是焦虑和抑郁水平的增加有关。在一项长达20年的大型研究中发现，在一个不太严重的环境中长大与压力反应相关，而接触绿地对幸福感有显著的积极影响。同时说明了暴露在绿色空间中可以帮助我们放松的原因。
【21题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们现在的生活方式和进化过去的生活方式的一个主要区别是，随着城市化的发展，我们越来越远离自然环境。A. resistance阻力；B. isolation隔离；C. interruption中断；D. distance距离。通过第一段和第二段不难看出，文章是讲城市化对我们造成的一些不好的心理影响。第一空格跟We are now far_________ from the natural world of our ancestors. more than 50% of people live in urban areas (increasing to >70% by 2050) increased urbanization is associated with increased levels of mental illness, particularly anxiety and depression. 对应，所以不难选出答案为B项。
【22题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：从历史上看，治疗身体不健康或情绪低落的方法，如果有方法的话，就是把人送到安静的乡村或海边，远离城市的喧嚣。A. Currently当前；B. Generally通常；C. Historically在历史上；D. Fortunately幸运的是。本句话对照our evolutionary past，故选C项。
【23题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：到美丽的国家公园度假、露营、户外活动，甚至在当地的绿地上进行一次风景如画的散步来理清思绪，这些都是很受欢迎的做法。A. local当地的；B. imposing壮观的；C. fascinating迷人的；D. standard标准。前面讲到自然疗法是一个好方法，可以帮助我们解压，那就是去到大自然中去，去欣赏美景也好还是怎样，所以跟此句意思符合的只有A项。
【24题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：到美丽的国家公园度假、露营、户外活动，甚至在当地的绿地上进行一次风景如画的散步来理清思绪，这些都是很受欢迎的做法。A. assistance援助；B. evidence证据；C. belief 信赖；D. approach接近。通过后文And recently, scientists have been studying the idea of nature therapy with a bit more seriousness than a dashed-off prescription (处方）for 可以看出我们的祖先之前是通过自然疗法治疗一些疾病，所以他们体验过才传下来，那就是一些经验主义的经验，与此相对的只有B项。
【25题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：最近，科学家们一直在认真研究自然疗法的理念，而不是匆忙开出的远足处方。A. cycling骑行；B. swimming游泳；C. adventure冒险；D. hike远足。根据上下文可知科学家们一直在认真研究自然疗法的理念，而不是匆忙开出的远足处方来帮助人们治疗身体不健康或情绪低落。故选D。
【26题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们现在远离我们祖先的自然世界…超过50%的人生活在城市地区(到2050年将增加到70%)，城市化的增加与精神疾病，尤其是焦虑和抑郁水平的增加有关。A. removed远离的；B. rid摆脱；C. driven被动的；D. dropped下降。根据more than 50% of people live in urban areas (increasing to >70% by 2050)以及第一空选项可知我们现在远离我们祖先的自然世界。故选A选项。
【27题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在一项长达20年的大型研究中发现，在一个不太严重的压力环境中长大与之相关，而接触绿地对幸福感有显著的积极影响。A. more更多的；B. less更少的；C. similar相似的；D. negative消极的。根据上文Growing up in a setting correlates with a _________ severe stress response可知在一个不太严重的压力环境中长大与之相关。故选B项。
【28题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：在一项长达20年的大型研究中发现，在一个不太严重的压力环境中长大与之相关，而接触绿地对幸福感有显著的积极影响。A. dominantly支配地；B. lively活泼的；C. merely仅仅；D. significantly显著地。根据上下文exposure to greenspace _________ correlates to a positive effect on well-being可以看出多接触大自然对我们来说是好的，所以选择一个积极色彩的程度副词，只有D项。
【29题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：威斯康辛州一项关于心理健康和社区绿地的大型调查显示，大自然的可及性与较低程度的抑郁、焦虑和压力之间存在显著的相关性。A. exposure暴露；B. link环节；C. availability可用性；D. necessity必然性。对应上文的exposure to greenspace 的exposure，答案是C项。
【30题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是，确切地说，暴露在绿色空间中如何帮助我们放松呢?A. tolerate容忍；B. unwind放松；C. swing摇摆；D. resolve溶解。选择一个跟relax相近的词，选择B项。
【31题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一半人在繁忙的街道上行走，另一半人则在美丽的山峦和海湾中散步。A. causal原因的；B. earnest认真的；C. upright正直的；D. scenic风景优美的。本句话通过一个关键词while 可以看出前后相反，前面说在一个busy的地方，后面应该是与之相反。故选D。
【32题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们发现，“自然步行者”大脑的一个特定区域——亚属前额叶皮层的活动减少。A. reduced减少；B. increased增加；C. intensified加强；D. balanced平衡。既然接触大自然是可以治疗疾病，又根据This area of the brain is associated with rumination, or worrying on the same issues over and over, a problem described often in depressive and anxiety disorders. 应该是会让他们减少压抑感。故选A。
【33题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：所以，在这个世界和环境中，我们的大脑在加班加点地工作，我们思考，反复思考，担心，接触大自然似乎让我们忘记了自己的头脑，这可能会带来积极的纵向效益。A. turn on打开；B. get over克服；C. draw on利用；D. roll over翻滚。通过working overtime and we think and_______ ideas and worry可以看出我们会去想很多事情，而这些是让我们变压抑的原因。答案是D项。
【34题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：在未来高度城市化的世界里，设计无障碍、安全的绿地可能有助于人们的心理健康，保护我们的自然景观供我们的子孙后代享用，这将继续是一个国家必须做的事情。A. communities社区；B. facilities设备；C. greenspaces绿地；D. transportations交通工具。全文都在讲greenspace 对我们的影响，所以这里只有这个合适。故选C。
【35题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意：简而言之，一张周末远足的处方可能对大脑有一些可测量的好处。A. In a word总之；B. For instance例如；C. In the meantime在此期间；D. In particular特别。最后作者做出总结，（号召）大家多多接触大自然，进而减少城市化带给我们的焦虑感。故选A。
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
Orwell’s Impact on the World
Few writers have had such an impact on the thinking of the modern world as British writer George Orwell(1903—1950)．Orwell wrote many things on a variety of topics，for example，poverty in England in the 1930s during the Great Depression and his experience in the Spanish Civil War(1936—1939)．
But he is most famous for his works of fiction，Animal Farm(1945) and，especially，Nineteen Eighty-Four(1949)．These last books became especially influential in the West in the 1950s during the early Cold War years．
In Nineteen Eighty-Four，Orwell imagined a Britain of the future, modeled on the Soviet union. His chilling tale of Winston Smith，a regular man who comes into conflict with the government，was close to the fears of many people of the time．Ideas from the novel soon entered everyday culture，and are still in use today．“Big Brother”，for example，is a phrase from the book that refers to how authority is always looking over one’s shoulder.
Other phrases used in the novel, like “War is Peace” and “Freedom is slavery” are also still used now．Indeed，many people see Orwell’s book as warnings about what might happen if those in power become corrupted．
Even today，Orwell remains an influential voice. Often，writers achieve great fame and popularity，but they don’t affect how people live their everyday lives．For example, British author JK Rowling is a huge literary success, but people wouldn’t say that Harry Potter has affect the way people think about politics. For better or for worse, however, George Orwell has.
It’s because of Orwell’s influence on popular thinking that UNESCO’S Memory of the World Programme recently decided to include a collection of Orwell’s writings on its register．
The Memory of the World register is similar to UNESCO’s world heritage site program，which protects places and buildings and natural features in the world．According to its website，the idea behind the body is “that the world’s documentary evidence belongs to all” and should be “permanently accessible to all”．
University College London，which proposed the idea to UNESCO，said in its application that Orwell’s work “had a great influence on human thought in all parts of the world，an influence that remains potent today”．
36. What do we know about Orwell?
A. His most famous works were based on his own experience．
B. His books were well-received during the Cold-War．
C. He mainly wrote about imaginative, beautiful worlds．
D. His writings are often compared to those of JK Rowling．
37. What’s the novel Nineteen eight-Four about?
A. The cruelty of war in the 20th century.
B. The serious effects of poverty in England.
C. People’s various conflicts with the government.
D. A corrupt UK government of the future.
38. The phrases from Orwell’s books are mentioned in the article mainly to__________．
A. share some of his classic ideas
B. show how he used language in a creative way
C. stress his ideas are still meaningful today
D. show how he described the dark side of society
39. Why were Orwell’s writings included on the Memory of the Word register?
A. They introduced a new way of writing．
B. They were a huge literary success．
C. They shaped political systems in Western countries．
D. They continue to have a great influence on human thought.
【答案】36. A 37. D 38. C 39. D
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了英国作家乔治·奥威尔以及他的作品对人类思想产生巨大影响。
【36题详解】
细节理解题。文章第一段的最后一句Orwell wrote many things on a variety of topics，for example，poverty in England in the 1930s during the Great Depression and his experience in the Spanish Civil War(1936—1939)．（奥威尔写了很多关于各种主题的东西，例如，1930年代大萧条时期英国的贫困和他在西班牙内战(1936-1939)中的经历。）可以看出奥威尔最著名的作品是根据他自己的经验写成的。答案选A。
【37题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“Big Brother”，for example，is a phrase from the book that refers to how authority is always looking over one’s shoulder.（例如，“老大哥”是书中的一个短语，指的是权威总是在背后监视。）可推知小说《一九八四》讲述了一个腐败的英国政府的未来。故选D。
【38题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中Even today，Orwell remains an influential voice. Often，writers achieve great fame and popularity，but they don’t affect how people live their everyday lives．（即使在今天，奥威尔仍然是一个有影响力的声音。通常，作家获得巨大的声誉和知名度，但他们不会影响人们的日常生活。）可知Orwell书中的短语如今还在被人们使用，文章中提到了奥威尔书中的一些短语，主要是为了强调他的思想在今天仍然有意义。因此答案选C。
【39题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段University College London，which proposed the idea to UNESCO，said in its application that Orwell’s work “had a great influence on human thought in all parts of the world，an influence that remains potent today”．（伦敦大学学院向联合国教科文组织提出了这一想法，并在申请书中表示，奥威尔的作品“对世界各地的人类思想产生了巨大影响，这种影响至今仍十分深远”。）可知奥威尔的作品被收录在《词汇记忆》中，因为它们继续对人类思想产生巨大影响。故选D。
【点睛】推理判断题要求考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定的判断和推理，从而得出文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题，做这类题目时，同学们应严格依据作者所陈述的细节、事实以及作者的措词、态度和语气等，找出能够表露作者思想倾向和感情色彩的词语，然后利用自己已获得的相关知识进行推理判断，从而得出符合逻辑的结论。如第二小题，根据第三段最后一句“Big Brother”，for example，is a phrase from the book that refers to how authority is always looking over one’s shoulder.（例如，“老大哥”是书中的一个短语，指的是权威总是在背后监视。）可推知小说《一九八四》讲述了一个腐败的英国政府的未来。故选D。
(B)
Discovering a New Way to Read
Kindle E-reader 8th generation
Free Touchscreen Display
Customer Reviews
The new Kindle is smaller and lighter. TNS
Mr. Damon, May 21, 2018
The price is great (with an extra $20 off and this new Kindle is even smaller in my hands than my old one. I was sad to lose my old Kindle, but this one is just terrific.
＊Thin and light for one-handed reading
New Kindle is 11 % thinner and 16% lighter than the previous generation Kindle, making it easy and comfortable to hold in one hand.
＊Reads like real paper
Kindle creates text similar to what you see in a physical book. The blacks and whites on the screen are uniform, improving text and image quality.
＊Long-life battery
Kindle doesn't need power to show a page of text, allowing you to read for weeks on a single charge.
＊Thousands of books, no distractions
Kindle is designed to be an e-reader. It satisfies your love of reading without interruptions like emails and phone calls.
＊Look it up without leasing your page
Smart Lookup combines entries from The New Oxford American Dictionary with information from Wikipedia, so you can know meanings, characters and more without losing your place.
＊Adjust your text size
Choose from eight text sizes to prevent tired eyes, so you can keep reading longer.
Ms. Catherine, December 2,2017
I was going through a book for a school project, saving parts that would help with my paper.
When I was done, I realized that I could just email my notes as a PDF file. This is life changing for me. I still prefer paper books to e-books, but this saved me hours of work. I am a very happy customer.
Mr Jason, January 26, 2018
I miss the original Kindle’s size-this one is too small. Also the screen is overly sensitive and things pop-up and the battery doesn't last as long as the original
Kindle. But my biggest disappointment is that this Kindle doesn't allow you to transfer everything from the original Kindle, so I lost all of the information from my old one. Overall, disappointing.
Ms Susan, November 17, 2017
I had the original Kindle, and the battery lasted for weeks. This battery only seems to last a few days, however. The other problem I have with this version of the Kindle is the touch screen. It is really annoying when you are reading and start turning the wrong way. Sometime, it's hard to get the page to turn the way you'd like it to.
40. Which of the following is a feature of the 8th-generation Kindle?
A. It is 16 percent thinner than the previous one.
B. It can run for several months on a single charge.
C. The blacks and whites on the screen improve the quality of readers' understanding.
D. It is user-friendly with a built-in dictionary.
41. Ms. Catherine seems to agree that___________。
A. her Kindle is helpful for her academic work
B. it's not easy to take notes with a Kindle
C. she is satisfied with the price of her Kindle
D. she likes e-books more than paper books
42. What problem do Mr. Jason and Ms. Susan both have with their new Kindle?
A. The size is too small.
B. There are always messages popping up.
C. It's difficult to use the touch screen.
D. Page turning doesn't work sometimes.
【答案】40. D 41. A 42. C
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇应用文。主要介绍了第八代kindle的功能以及一些用户评论。
【40题详解】
细节理解题。根据Look it up without leasing your page部分中Smart Lookup combines entries from The New Oxford American Dictionary with information from Wikipedia, so you can know meanings, characters and more without losing your place. （Smart Lookup将来自新牛津美语词典的条目与来自维基百科的信息组合在一起，这样您就可以在不丢失位置的情况下了解含义、字符和更多信息。）可知第8代Kindle有一个内置的字典，使用起来很方便。故选D。
41题详解】
细节理解题。根据Ms. Catherine, December 2,2017部分中I was going through a book for a school project, saving parts that would help with my paper.（我正在为一个学校项目翻阅一本书，把能帮我写论文的部分省下来。）可知Ms. Catherine认为Kindle对她的学术工作很有帮助。故选A。
【42题详解】
细节理解题。根据Mr. Jason中 Also, the screen is overly sensitive and things pop-up and the battery doesn't last as long as the original（此外，屏幕过于敏感，东西会弹出，电池的续航时间也不如原来的电池长）和Ms. Susan的The other problem I have with this version of the Kindle is the touch screen.（这款Kindle的另一个问题是触摸屏。）可知Mr. Jason和Ms. Susan的新kindle共同问题是触摸屏很难用。故选C。
【点睛】文章主题和中心思想的阐述往往需要大量细节信息的支持，这些细节对于理解全文内容至关重要，同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。命题人往往会要求考生根据不同的要求阅读文章，以获得某些特定的信息，或准确地寻求所需的细节，并对细节进行直接或间接辨认和理解。有一种文章细节理解题是一一对应型。答案与题目在表达形式和意义上直接吻合，一一对应，一目了然。属于浅层次的阅读试题，分数比例较少。解答此类试题时，不必通篇细看原文，而应采取“带着问题找答案”的方法，先从问题中抓住关键性词语（题眼），然后以此为线索，运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的：段落、语句，仔细品味，对照比较，确定答案。如第一小题，根据Look it up without leasing your page部分中Smart Lookup combines entries from The New Oxford American Dictionary with information from Wikipedia, so you can know meanings, characters and more without losing your place. （Smart Lookup将来自新牛津美语词典的条目与来自维基百科的信息组合在一起，这样您就可以在不丢失位置的情况下了解含义、字符和更多信息。）可知第8代Kindle有一个内置的字典，使用起来很方便。故选D。
(C)
Public distrust of scientists stems in part from the blurring of boundaries between science and technology, between discovery and manufacture. Most governments, perhaps all governments, justify public expenditure on scientific research in terms of the economic benefits the scientific enterprise has brought in the past and will bring in the future. Politicians remind their voters of the splendid machines “our scientists” have invented, the new drugs to relieve old disorders, and the new surgical equipment and techniques by which previously unmanageable conditions may now be treated and lives saved. At the same time, the politicians demand of scientists that they tailor their research to “economics needs”, and that they award a higher priority to research proposals that are “near the market” and can be translated into the greatest return on investment in the shortest time. Dependent, as they are, on politicians for much of their funding, scientists have little choice but to comply. Like the rest of us, they are members of a society that rates the creation of wealth as the greatest possible good. Many have reservations, but keep them to themselves in what they perceive as a climate hostile to the pursuit of understanding for its own sake and the idea of an inquiring, creative spirit.
In such circumstances no one should be too hard on people who are suspicious of conflicts of interest. When we learn that the distinguished professor assuring us of the safety of a particular product holds a consultancy with the company making it, we cannot be blamed for wondering whether his fee might conceivably cloud his professional judgment. Even if the professor holds no consultancy with any firm, some people may still distrust him because of his association with those who do, or at least wonder about the source of some of his research funding.
This attitude can have damaging effects. It questions the integrity of individuals working in a profession that prizes intellectual honesty as the supreme virtue, and plays into the hands of those who would like to discredit scientists by representing them as corruptible. This makes it easier to dismiss all scientific pronouncements, but especially those made by the scientists who present themselves as “experts”. The scientist most likely to understand the safety of a nuclear reactor, for example, is a nuclear engineer, and a nuclear engineer is most likely to be employed by the nuclear industry. If a nuclear engineer declares that a reactor is unsafe, we believe him, because clearly it is not to his advantage to lie about it. If he tells us it is safe, on the other hand, we distrust him, because he may well be protecting the employer who pays his salary.
43. What is the chief concern of most governments when it comes to scientific research?
A. The reduction of public expenditure. B. Quick economic returns.
C. The budget for a research project. D. Support from the voters.
44. Why won’t scientists complain about the government’s policy concerning scientific research?
A. They know it takes patience to win support from the public.
B. They realize they work in an environment hostile to the free pursuit of knowledge.
C. They think compliance with government policy is in the interests of the public.
D. They are accustomed to keeping their opinions to themselves.
45. According to the author, people are suspicious of the professional judgment of scientists because ______.
A. some of them do not give priority to intellectual honesty
B. sometimes they hide the source of their research funding
C. they could be influenced by their association with the project concerned
D. their pronouncements often turn out to be wrong
46. Why does the author say that public distrust of scientists can have damaging effects?
A. Scientists themselves may doubt the value of their research findings.
B. People will not believe scientists even when they tell the truth.
C. It makes things difficult for scientists to seek research funds.
D. It may wear out the enthusiasm of scientists for independent research.
【答案】43. B 44. B 45. C 46. B
【解析】
本文是一篇议论文。公众对科学家的不信任在一定程度上源于科学与技术、发现与制造之间界限的模糊。大多数政府，也许是所有政府，从科学企业过去和将来所带来的经济利益的角度来为科学研究的公共开支辩护。
【43题详解】
推理判断题。根据句第一段中Most governments, perhaps all governments, justify public expenditure on scientific research in terms of the economic benefits the scientific enterprise has brought in the past and will bring in the future.可知，说到科学研究，大多数政府最关心的是快速的经济回报。故选B。
44题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段中Many have reservations, but keep them to themselves in what they perceive as a climate hostile to the pursuit of understanding for its own sake and the idea of an inquiring, creative spirit.可知，科学家们不抱怨政府的科研政策是因为他们意识到他们在一个不利于自由追求知识的环境中工作。故选B。
【45题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中Even if the professor holds no consultancy with any firm, some people may still distrust him because of his association with those who do, or at least wonder about the source of some of his research funding.可知，根据作者的观点，人们怀疑科学家的职业判断，因为他们可能会受到与相关项目的联系的影响。故选C。
【46题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段中This makes it easier to dismiss all scientific pronouncements, but especially those made by the scientists who present themselves as “experts”.可知，作者说公众对科学家的不信任会产生破坏性的影响是因为即使科学家说的是事实，人们也不会相信。故选B。
Section C
Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
The universal use of technology has resulted in a constant current of information interrupting the "flow" of our life. This disturbing pattern was initially marketed as "call-waiting" for our phones. But now our eyes, ears, and fingers are glued to our technology24/7. We are flooded by emails, texts, or the news feeds on our Face book pages. My friend Ron refers to this technology as "weapons of mass distraction."
____47____According to a 2010 Kaiser Family Foundation report, children from eight to eighteen spend an average of seven hours and thirty-eight minutes a day using entertainment media. In addition, a study published in the August 2010 issue Pediatrics found that exposure to screen media was associated with attention problems in a sale of 210 college students.
___48___. Dealing with a crowd of daily text messages and emails makes it difficult for us to be by ourselves when all that activity stops. Although a sense of loneliness is natural at times, our addiction to the nonstop interaction afforded by technology deepens that feeling when access to the technology is unexpectedly unavailable. Just think how you feel when you lack cell phone or web access. Is it possible that our obsession with continually checking our emails and text messages has contributed to our inability to genuinely relate with others and find enjoyment without constant stimulation?
Aside from the impact of technology on our attention and our ability to be at ease in the absence of our technology, let's examine how interacting with our devices interferes with the development of our fundamental communication and social skills. Many researchers observe that everyday conversation between human beings is becoming increasingly rare.
Many of today's children are growing up with a built-in dependence on devices, making it difficult for them to feel comfortable in everyday social situations._______49_______.
Over time these children forget how to relate with each other because they have become habituated to using technology to avoid direct contact with others and life itself._______50_______.
A. Often, they find it challenging to make eye contact or deal with even the simplest face-to-face interactions without the aid of technology as an intermediary.
B. But how is this mass distraction affecting our degree of presence and ability to attend to the everyday demands offline?
C. The more dependent people are on their phones, the stronger the distraction effect, according to the research.
D. In fact, some neuroscientists believe that use of the internet actually rewires our brains.
E. The distraction is just part of the larger picture.
F. Checking social media is one of the most frequent use of a cellphone and the biggest distraction and time-waster.
【答案】47. B 48. F
49. A 50. D
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。主要说明了现代科学技术，如社交媒体、娱乐媒体对我们注意力的影响以及我们在没有科技的情况下放松的能力。
【47题详解】
根据后文According to a 2010 Kaiser Family Foundation report, children from eight to eighteen spend an average of seven hours and thirty-eight minutes a day using entertainment media.（根据凯撒家庭基金会2010年的一份报告，8岁到18岁的孩子平均每天花在娱乐媒体上的时间为7小时38分钟。）可知前文应为引出问题“但是这种大规模的干扰是如何影响我们的存在程度和处理线下日常需求的能力的呢?”故选B。
【48题详解】
根据下文Dealing with a crowd of daily text messages and emails makes it difficult for us to be by ourselves when all that activity stops. （处理大量的日常短信和电子邮件让我们很难在所有这些活动都停止时独处。）可知前文应提出“频繁使用手机是当今的一个大问题”，故选F。
【49题详解】
根据前文Many of today's children are growing up with a built-in dependence on devices, making it difficult for them to feel comfortable in everyday social situations.（如今，许多孩子在成长过程中对电子设备有一种固有的依赖，这让他们很难在日常社交场合中感到舒适。）提到孩子们每天与手机相处，导致了孩子们在社交环境中会感觉到不舒服，故A选项“通常，他们发现在没有技术作为中介的帮助下，进行眼神交流或处理即使是最简单的面对面交流都很有挑战性。”符合语境。
【50题详解】
根据上文Over time these children forget how to relate with each other because they have become habituated to using technology to avoid direct contact with others and life itself.（随着时间的推移，这些孩子忘记了如何与他人相处，因为他们已经习惯于使用技术来避免与他人和生活本身的直接接触。）本句为总结上文，“事实上，一些神经的使用实际上改变了我们的大脑。”故选D。
IV. Summary Writing
51.Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
What Coffee Does to Your Health
Coffee can be considered one of nature’s greatest gifts. It gives mental and emotional clearness without harmful side effect, and it contains a wealth of nutrients. Yet, when most people drink coffee, they are not thinking that the drink is improving their health. In fact, some may even feel a little guilty, since some believe coffee isn’t good for them at all.
Well, there’s the truth of the matter. Coffee, like anything else, can bring about problems if too much is consumed. In the short-term, too much coffee will cause sleeping problems and high blood pressure. In the long-term, too much coffee will cause stomach problem as well as teeth staining.
As for the benefits, moderate consumption of coffee, which means 1 to 4 cups a day, provides your body with a wealth of antioxidants(抗氧化物质).These substances are responsible for eliminating free radicals(自由基). They are the chemical byproducts produced any time your body does something. A small number of them can help serve as something against negative elements, but if they aren’t kept in control, they can cause health problems. Antioxidants ensure that this doesn’t happen.
The psychological effects of caffeine cannot be ignored either. Not only does caffeine make you more alert, but it can actually affect your mood. If you were feeling depressed, a nice cup of coffee could change your perspective. The stack of work that seemed impossible before isn’t even a problem now.
In addition, caffeine helps stimulate creativity as it speeds up the body’s functioning. That’s why coffee is often associated with writers and other intellectual professions. Other drugs tend to make people dumber. Consider what happens when people get drunk off of alcohol. They won’t be functional at all. But with coffee, an individual gets a push in creative thinking while still helping their bodies.
In conclusion, don’t feel bad when you are making your morning cup of coffee. Unlike a shot of alcohol, coffee will make your feel wonderful while keeping you healthy. Just remember, you do have to consume it in moderation.
【答案】If drunk moderately, coffee is beneficial to our health. (要点一)Drinking moderate coffee, people will get many antioxidants, which ensure free radicals are in control.高分句型 (要点二)Besides, the caffeine contained in coffee makes people more alert,(要点三) affects people’s mood and helps stimulate creativity without hurting their health.(要点四)(45 words)
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇概要写作。
【详解】写作步骤
1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。文章主要说明了如果适量饮用，咖啡对我们的健康有益。喝适量的咖啡，人们会得到许多抗氧化剂，确保自由基得到控制。此外，咖啡中所含的咖啡因能使人更清醒，影响人的情绪，帮助激发创造力，而不损害他们的健康。
2）弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。因此一定要弄清文章结构，归纳文章各段大意。
3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：
（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。
（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。
（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
V. Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
52. 老师们认为学生的卓越在于勤奋和持之以恒。(lie)
53. 无论遇到什么苦难，我们希望这些鼓励案例能给你力量和决心。（confront）
54. 毫无疑问，做暑假作业有助于我们巩固知识，发现问题，并进一步提高我们的自主学习能力。(doubt)
55. 和别的假期活动相比，这次考试旨在敦促学生努力学习，让其意识到“学习如逆水行舟”。(mean)
【答案】52. Teachers consider that students’ excellence lies in diligence and perseverance.
53. No matter what difficulties you confront/ are confronted with, we hope these encouraging cases can give you power and determination.
54. Without doubt, doing summer vacation homework is helpful for us to strengthen our knowledge, find out problems and improve our self-study ability further .
55. Compared with other holiday activities, this assignment is meant to urge students to study hard so as to let them realize that learning is like sailing against the current.
【解析】
考查句子翻译。
【52题详解】
考查固定短语。固定短语liein“在于……”。短语diligence and perseverance“勤奋和持之以恒”。且根据句意应用一般现在时，故译为Teachers consider that students’ excellence lies in diligence and perseverance.。
【53题详解】
考查固定短语。固定短语be confronted with“面对”；本句为no matter what引导的让步状语从句，根据句意用一般现在时，故译为No matter what difficulties you confront/ are confronted with, we hope these encouraging cases can give you power and determination. 。
【54题详解】
考查固定短语。固定短语without doubt“毫无疑问”，本句为动名词短语doing summer vacation homework做主语，为一般现在时，故译为Without doubt, doing summer vacation homework is helpful for us to strengthen our knowledge, find out problems and improve our self-study ability further .。
【55题详解】
考查固定短语。固定短语be meant to“有意要；旨在”；固定短语urge sb. to do sth.“敦促某人做某事”。且Compared with做伴随状语。故译为Compared with other holiday activities, this assignment is meant to urge students to study hard so as to let them realize that learning is like sailing against the current.。
Ⅵ. Guided Writing
56.Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
近期，你就影响选择大学的考虑因素在高三学生中做了调研，结果如图所示，请结合图表信息，写一份调研报告，内容必须包括：
1) 说明图表反应的基本内容，
2) 列出你认为相对重要的两项因素（影响你自己选择大学的考虑因素）并说明原因。
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】A Survey on Choosing A College
Nowadays, more and more senior high school students pay much attention to choosing the most ideal college of their own in order to get a better education. There are many factors that they should take into consideration. In this context, a survey have been conducted to figure out the main factors affecting students’ decisions.
From the histogram, four factors are listed. We can see that the interest of majors is a factor that most students consider first, 175 students has chosen it. Then the fame of a college comes to the second place, 150 student agree with it. Thirdly, 90 students believes that reasonable charges is very important to make up their mind. Last but not least, 70 students regard the convenient traffic as an necessary factor to choose a college.
As far as I’m concerned, I will allow for the interest of majors and reasonable charges when choosing a college. For one thing, interest plays a big part in motivating a student to study further; for another thing, reasonable charges can make a student not worry heavy economic burden.
All in all, every student should make their decisions seriously when choosing a college.
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇图表作文。
【详解】第1步：根据提示可知, 本篇为一篇说明文；近期，你就影响选择大学的考虑因素在高三学生中做了调研，结果如图所示，请结合图表信息，写一份调研报告，内容必须包括：1) 说明图表反应的基本内容，2) 列出你认为相对重要的两项因素（影响你自己选择大学的考虑因素）并说明原因。
第2步：根据写作要求, 确定关键词（组）, 如：pay much attention to（太过关注）；in order to（为了）；take into consideration（考虑）；fame（名声）；make up their mind（决定）等。
第3步：根据提示及关键词（组）进行遣词造句, 注意主谓一致和时态问题。
第4步：连句成文, 注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡, 书写一定要规范清晰, 保持整洁美观的卷面是非常重要的。
【点睛】范文内容完整, 语言规范, 语篇连贯, 词数适当。作者在范文中使用了较多高级表达方式, 如We can see that the interest of majors is a factor that most students consider first, 175 students has chosen it.运用了定语从句；Thirdly, 90 students believes that reasonable charges is very important to make up their mind.运用了宾语从句。全文中没有中国式英语的句式, 显示了很高的驾驭英语的能力。另外, 文章思路清晰、层次分明, 上下句转换自然, 为文章增色添彩。
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