2021高考英语一轮统考复习第一部分教材重点全程攻略Book5Unit1Greatscientists学案含解析新人教版

第一部分　教材重点全程攻略 Book 5Unit 1  Great scientists基础自主检测阅读识记Ⅰ.英译汉1.characteristic n. 特征；特性2.physician n. 医生；内科医师3.enquiry n. 询问4.neighbourhood n. 附近；邻近5.foresee vt. 预见；预知6.chart n. 图表Ⅱ.汉译英1.analyse vt. 分析2.victim n. 受害者3.pump n. 泵；抽水机　vt. (用泵)抽(水)4.firework n. 烟火(燃放)5.movement n. 移动；运动；动作6.backward adv.& adj. 向后地(的)；相反地(的)；退步地(的)高频应用1.defeat vt. 打败；战胜；使受挫　n. 失败2.expert adj. 熟练的；经验或知识丰富的　n. 专家；行家3.attend vt. 照顾；护理；出席；参加4.expose vt. 暴露；揭露；使曝光5.cure n. 治愈；痊愈　vt. 治愈；治疗6.absorb vt. 吸收；吸引；使专心7.suspect vt. 认为；怀疑　n. 被怀疑者；嫌疑犯8.severe adj. 严重的；剧烈的；严厉的9.blame vt. 责备；谴责　n. 过失；责备10.handle n. 柄；把手　vt. 处理；操纵11.link vt.& n. 连接；联系12.positive adj. 积极的；肯定的；确实的13.spin vi.& vt. (使)旋转；纺(线或纱)14.enthusiastic adj. 热情的；热心的拓展变形1.painter (n.) 画家；油漆匠→paint (v.) 绘画；涂→painting (n.) 油画；绘画2.scientific (adj.) 科学的→science (n.) 科学→scientist (n.) 科学家3.conclude (vt.& vi.) 结束；推断出→conclusion (n.) 结论；结束4.challenge (n.) 挑战 (vt.) 向……挑战→challenging (adj.) 挑战性的5.pollute (vt.) 污染；弄脏→pollution (n.) 污染6.announce (vt.) 宣布；通告→announcement (n.) 通知；宣告→announcer (n.) 播音员；广播员7.certainty (n.) 确信；确实→certain (adj.) 确实的；肯定的→certainly (adv.) 确定；肯定8.instruct (vt.) 命令；指示；教导→instruction (n.) 教导；传授的或获得的知识→instructions (pl.) 用法说明；指示；命令9.responsible (adj.) 有责任的；负责的→responsibility (n.) 责任；负责10.construct (vt.) 建设；修建→construction (n.) 建设；建筑物11.contribute (vt.& vi.) 捐献；贡献；捐助；投稿→contribution (n.) 贡献12.cautious (adj.) 小心的；谨慎的→caution (n.) 小心；警告13.reject (vt.) 拒绝；不接受；抛弃→rejection (n.) 拒绝；抛弃  1.“观点；态度”的高频形容词①positive 积极的②negative 消极的③subjective 主观的④objective 客观的⑤doubtful 怀疑的⑥critical 批评的2.名词用作动词的高频词汇集锦①handle n. 把手→vt. 处理②nurse n. 护士→vt. 护理；照顾③face n. 脸→vt. 面对④bridge n. 桥→vt. 在……架桥；把……联系起来⑤water n. 水→vt. 浇水3.后缀­ment构成的抽象名词一览①movement 运动②excitement 兴奋③disappointment 失望④settlement 定居点⑤treatment 对待；待遇⑥judgment 判断力  一 动词＋介/副词1．put forward 提出2．expose ... to 使显露；暴露3．look into 调查4．link ... to ... 将……和……联系或连接起来5．lead to 通向；导致二 be＋形容词＋介词6．(be) strict with  ... 对……严格的三 其他7．apart from 除……之外；此外8．draw a conclusion 得出结论9．be to blame 应受谴责；应负责任10．make sense 讲得通；有意义 1．动词＋n.＋to 必备短语集锦①expose  ... to 使显露；暴露②add ... to ...  把……加到……上③compare ... to 把……比作④devote ... to 贡献给；把……用于2．由link ... to ...  联想到的①connect ... with ...  与……相联系……②tie ... to ...  把……拴到……③mix ... with ...  把……与……混合④combine ... with ...  把……与……结合⑤apply ... to ...  把……应用到……_________________________________________________________________1．neither ... nor ... “既不……也不……”Neither (既不) its cause nor (也不) its cure was understood.(教材P2)2．every time作连词引导时间状语从句，意为“每次/每当……”So many thousands of terrified people died every_time_there_was_an_outbreak (每次爆发霍乱时)．(教材P2)3．不定式作目的状语/suggest意为“建议”时，从句用虚拟语气，即“should＋do”，其中should可以省略To_prevent (为防止) this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be_examined (应被检测)．(教材P3)4．“only if＋状语/状语从句”位于句首时，主句要用部分倒装Only_if (只有) you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make_sense (说得清楚)．(教材P7)5．“with＋宾语＋宾补”复合结构He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with_the_planets_going_round_it (行星围绕着它转) and only the moon still going round the earth.(教材P7)6．现在分词作状语/who引导定语从句The Christian Church rejected his theory, saying (声称) it was against God's idea and people who_supported_it (支持这种想法的人) would be attacked.(教材P7)单句语法填空1．John Snow was a famous doctor in London—so expert, indeed, 　　　　 he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician.答案：that2．But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people 　　　　 (expose) to cholera.答案：exposed3．He knew that cholera would never be controlled 　　　　 its cause was found.答案：until4．He became interested in two theories that possibly explained 　　　　 cholera killed people.答案：how5．He was 　　　　 (determine) to find out why.答案：determined6．First he marked on a map the exact places ________ all the dead people had lived.答案：where7．It seemed that the water was ________ (blame)．答案：to blame8．With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty ________ polluted water carried the germs.答案：that9．________ (prevent) this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies ________ (examine)．答案：To prevent; (should) be examined10．The water companies ________ (instruct) not to expose people to ________ (pollute) water any more.答案：were instructed; polluted考点步步冲关1 attend　vt. 照顾；护理；出席；参加John Snow was a famous doctor in London—so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician. (P2)约翰·斯诺是伦敦一位著名的医生——他的确医术精湛，因而成为照料维多利亚女王的私人医生。attend school/church 上学/去教堂attend a meeting/lecture/wedding/party 参加会议/听演讲/出席婚礼/参加聚会attend to 处理；照料[名师点津]　attend 侧重“参加”之意。attend to 作“处理”讲时，与do/deal with 近义；作“照顾”讲时，与take care of, look after 近义。即时练1单句写作①你如果提前告诉我的话，我就会去参加你的婚礼了。If you had told me beforehand, I ________________.②首要任务是照顾伤者。The main thing is to ________________ the injured.③我也许会迟到，我有一两件事要处理。I may be late—I have got one or two things ____________.答案：①would have attended your wedding　②attend to③to attend to 2 expose　vt. 暴露；揭露；使曝光But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. (P2)但当他一想到要帮助那些得了霍乱的普通百姓时，他就感到很振奋。expose sth. /sb. /oneself (to ... ) (向……)显露或暴露某事物/某人/某人自己；使某事物/某人/某人自己面临……be exposed to 暴露于……；接触……expose sb. to sth. 使某人接触到某物expose sb. as sth. 揭发某人为……[名师点津]　及物动词expose后若无宾语，则常常使用它的被动形式；在expose ... to ...  以及be exposed to结构中，to为介词，其后要用名词、代词或动名词作宾语。即时练2单句语法填空①Some people think we shouldn't expose  children to ________ (play) computer games.②________ (expose) to strong sunlight will do harm to your skin.③If ________ (expose) to the outside surroundings, they'll be stronger and better prepared for their future.答案：①playing　②Being exposed　③exposed句型转换④She has the courage to expose herself to the dangers.→She has the courage to ______________ the dangers.答案：be exposed to  3 absorb　vt. 吸收；吸引；使专心；理解The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals. (P2)第二种看法认为人们是在吃饭的时候把这种病毒引入体内的。(1)absorb ... from ...  从……中吸收……absorb ... into ...  把……吸收入……(2)absorbed adj. 全神贯注的(be) absorbed in ...  全神贯注于……[名师点津]　be absorbed in (doing) sth.结构在句中作状语、定语时，常用其过去分词形式absorbed in ...。类似的结构还有：①be lost in ...  陷入……；专心致志于……②be caught in ...  被困在……③be buried in ...  埋头于……④be devoted to ...  致力于……；专心于……⑤be occupied in ...  忙于……⑥be involved in ...  专注于……；使卷入……即时练3单句语法填空①Plants absorb carbon dioxide ________ the air and moisture ________ the soil.②It takes a few minutes to absorb alcohol ________ the bloodstream.③________ (absorb) in his work, he simply forgot to have supper and sleep.答案：①from; from　②into　③Absorbed单句写作④一缕微弱的光线从墙上的小孔中透过来，他专心致志于读书中。A weak ray of light came in through a small hole in the wall and he ______________________.答案：was absorbed in his reading4 blame　vt. 谴责；责备　 n. 过失；责备It seemed that the water was to blame. (P2)看来水是罪魁祸首。(1)blame sb. for (doing) sth. 因(做)某事而责备某人blame sth. on sb. 将某事归咎于某人be to blame (for sth.) (对某事)应承担责任；该受责备(2)accept/shoulder/take the blame for ...  对……负责；为……承担责任put/lay the blame for sth. on sb. 将某事归咎于某人[名师点津]　be to blame 为主动形式表示被动意义，因此不能再用被动语态。 blame责备，谴责；归咎于，归罪于。常用于blame sb. for sth. 因某事指责某人； blame sth. on sb. 把某事归咎于某人charge控告；谴责。常用于charge sb. with sth. 指控某人某事accuse控告，指控；指责，谴责。常用于accuse sb. of (doing) sth. 指控某人(做了)某事 即时练4单句语法填空①She blamed her husband ________ the failure of their marriage.②She blamed the failure of their marriage ________ her husband.③She laid the blame ________ the failure of their marriage ________ her husband.答案：①for　②on　③for; on用blame/charge/accuse的适当形式填空④It is obvious that you are to ________ for the accident.⑤She was said to have been ________ with drunk driving.⑥I was told that he was ________ of murder.答案：④blame　⑤charged　⑥accused5 contribute　vt.& vi. 捐献；贡献；捐助to contribute (P4) 捐献(1)contribute sth. to/towards ...  向……捐献某物contribute to 有助于；导致；为……作贡献；为……捐款；向……投稿(2)contribution n. 捐款；捐献；贡献；投稿make a contribution/contributions to 对……作出贡献；为……捐款[名师点津]　表示“引起，导致；有助于”的词语有contribute to, result in, bring about, lead to, cause等。[一言辨异]　Many people contributed money to the poor boy, which contributed to his returning to school. A writer wrote a story about it and contributed it to China Daily.许多人给这个可怜的小男孩捐了款，这使他重返校园。一位作家写了一篇关于此事的故事并把它投给了《中国日报》。即时练5单句语法填空①Participating in the contest will be a golden chance for me to show my dancing skills and make a ________ (contribute) to the class.②Everyone is willing to contribute food and clothes ________ the homeless people.答案：①contribution　②to单句写作——句式升级③他对这所大学贡献如此之大，以至于新图书馆以他的名字命名。a．普通表达：______________________________________________ the new library was named after him.(such ... that ... 状语从句)b．高级表达：______________________________________________ that the new library was named after him. (such ... that ...  倒装句)答案：a.He made such a great contribution to the university that　b．Such a great contribution to the university did he make 1put forward 提出(建议等)；提名；推荐；将……提前；拨快教材原句Who put forward a theory about black holes? (P1)谁提出关于黑洞的理论？put aside 节省；储存；留出；撇开put away 放好；存(钱)put off 延期；推迟put out 熄灭；出版；伸出put down 写下；记下put up 举起；张贴；建造；提供食宿put up with 容忍；忍受put on 穿上；演出即时练1写出下列句中put forward的含义①As for the problem you put forward in your last letter, I think it is a wise choice for you to buy an e­dictionary.________②I think he is fit for the position; therefore, I'll put him forward as a candidate.________③Put your watch forward; it's five minutes slow.________④They have put forward the date of their wedding by one week.________答案：①提出　②推荐　③拨快　④将……提前用put相关短语的适当形式填空⑤We're trying to ____________ a few hundred dollars every month toward our vacation.⑥Now the electric fan is not in use. Let's ________ it __________.⑦Two good bursts from the extinguisher and the fire was ______________.答案：⑤put aside　⑥put; away　⑦put out 2apart from 除……之外；此外(＝aside from)教材原句Apart from the construction mentioned above, you have also learned the following phrases. (P4)除了以上提到的结构，你也学过下面的词组。(1)apart from具有下列两层含义：①相当于besides。指“除……之外，另外还有”，强调“另外还有”；②相当于except for。指“除……外”，是在对某人或物整体上肯定的同时，特别指出其不足之处。(2)take ... apart 将……拆开tell sb. /sth. apart 分辨出某人/某物即时练2单句写作①除了最后一道题，我全做完了。I've finished __________________ the last question.②他们在伦敦有一座房子，此外在西班牙还有一栋别墅。________________ the house in London, they also have a villa in Spain.③他们长得太像了，很难把他们区分开来。They are so alike, and it's difficult to ______________.答案：①apart from/except for　②Apart from/Besides　③tell them apart1Neither its cause nor its cure was understood.(P2)翻译人们既不知道其起因，也不知道它的治疗方法。neither ... nor ...“既不……也不……”，连接句中两个相同成分，连接主语时，谓语动词遵循“就近一致”原则。即时练1单句语法填空①Not only John and Tom but also their sister, Mary, ________ (take) great interest in the piano lessons.②Neither my wife nor I myself ________ (be) able to persuade my daughter to change her mind.答案：①takes　②was单句写作——句式升级③今晚亨利不去看电影，他的女朋友海伦也不去。a．普通表达：Henry won't see a film tonight. His girlfriend Helen won't, ________.b．高级表达：________ Henry ________ his girlfriend Helen will see a film tonight.答案：a.either　b．Neither; nor 2So many thousands of terrified people died every_time there was an outbreak.(P2)翻译每次暴发霍乱时，都有大批惊恐的老百姓病死。(1)every time 作连词引导时间状语从句，相当于whenever，表示“每当……”。(2)名词词组作连词用而且能引导时间状语从句的还有：each time 每当……的时候next time 下次……时the＋序数词＋time 第……次时the＋瞬间名词(moment/minute/instant) 一……就……即时练2单句改错①We may feel funny at the first time we see the picture, but after feeling funny we must be ashamed and angry._________________________________________________________________②They rushed out on the moment they heard the shout for help._________________________________________________________________答案：①去掉at　②去掉on单句写作③______________________ (每次他到家) at the end of the day, we'd greet him at the door.④________________ (下次你来北京), be sure to let me know in advance.答案：③Every time/Whenever he arrived home　④Next time you come to Beijing 3Only_if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.(P7)翻译只有当你把太阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能讲得通。(1)“only＋状语”(副词、介词短语、状语从句)位于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。但“only＋主语”位于句首时不用倒装。(2)if only “但愿；要是……就好了”引导的状语从句使用虚拟语气，表达对现在、将来或与过去事实相反的愿望。即时练3单句语法填空①If only it ________ (be) possible for me to see her once more.②Only an hour ago ________ the teacher find out why he was absent.③Only the teachers ________ (allow) to use the computer room.④Only ________ you are modest can you make progress.答案：①were　②did　③are allowed　④if过去分词作定语和表语过去分词作定语1．单个的过去分词作定语时，常位于它所修饰的名词之前；过去分词短语作定语时，位于它所修饰的名词之后，但单个过去分词修饰something, everything等不定代词时，也要后置。①From the stomach the disease attacked the body quickly and soon the infected person died.这种病从胃里发作而迅速殃及全身，很快这个受感染的人死亡了。②The question discussed at the meeting was very important.在会议上讨论的那个问题很重要。2．过去分词与现在分词作定语时的区别③The girl standing under the tree is very beautiful.站在树下的那个女孩很漂亮。(表主动、进行)④Have you read the novel written by Dickens?你读过狄更斯写的这部小说吗？(表被动、完成)过去分词作表语1．过去分词与v.ing形式作表语的区别v．ing作表语时，表示特征，修饰物，意为“令人……”；过去分词作表语时，表示状态，修饰人，意为“感到……”⑤After the trip, my family became quite interested in camping.那次旅行之后，我们全家对露营产生了浓厚的兴趣。⑥The story is so interesting that nobody dislikes it.这个故事如此有趣，人人都喜欢它。2．过去分词作定语和表语的区别定语：置于名词之后或之前表示动作完成、被动。表语：置于系动词之后，说明主语的状态。即时练Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．Jim has retired, but he still remembers the happy time ________ (spend) with his students.答案：spent2．What was the name of the man ________ (arrest) by the police?答案：arrested3．After the heavy rain, many cars got ________ (catch) in the mud.答案：caught4．The children were all ________ after they heard the ________ news that their team had won the game.(inspire)答案：inspired; inspiring5．Mrs White showed her students some old maps ________ (borrow) from the library.答案：borrowedⅡ.单句改错1．The captain divided the remained water among the thirsty passengers._________________________________________________________________答案：remained→remaining2．His confusing facial expression signals  that he doesn't know the truth._________________________________________________________________答案：confusing→confused3．That woman is always complaining about one thing or another and she  never feels satisfying._________________________________________________________________答案：satisfying→satisfied4．If painting were to consist of merely copying the same lines, it would become bored._________________________________________________________________答案：bored→boring5．Tom sounds very interesting in the job, but I'm not sure whether he can manage it._________________________________________________________________答案：interesting→interested基础达标演练Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．The reason for short­sightedness is complicated and there is still no cure ________ it.答案：for2．The famous film director lost his temper for ________ (expose) to so many entertainment reporters and their questions about his private life.答案：being exposed3．All the evidence suggests that the problem ________ (improve) in recent years.答案：has improved4．I'm cautious ________ what I say because careless remarks are likely to hurt others' feelings.答案：about5．Tom announced his resignation ________ staff members on Wednesday.答案：to6．When deeply ________ (absorb) in work, which he often was, he would forget all about eating or sleeping.答案：absorbed7．Last week I got a new job in a big firm, and I found it very ________ (challenge)．答案：challenging8．As nobody here knows what is wrong with the machine, we must send for an engineer ________ (handle) the problem.答案：to handle9．He ________ (suspect) of stealing the ring at the party last night, and the police were looking into the matter.答案：was suspected10．I'd like to thank all of you who contributed to ________ (build) the hospital.答案：buildingⅡ.单句改错1．I always have so many things to attend when I come back to the company after a trip abroad._________________________________________________________________答案：attend后加to2．The plan was put forward at yesterday's meeting was quite practical._________________________________________________________________答案：去掉plan后的was3．She would rather have her room paint milk­white than sky­blue._________________________________________________________________答案：paint→painted4．Although defeating in the match, we didn't lose heart._________________________________________________________________答案：defeating→defeated5．Did he tell you anything important the last time when he saw you?_________________________________________________________________答案：去掉whenⅢ.教材微写作A．根据提示完成句子1．我的语文老师怀特先生对我要求很严格。(be strict with)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________答案：My Chinese teacher Mr White is very strict with me.2．他经常提出问题让我在课上回答。(put forward)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________答案：He often puts forward questions for me to answer in class.3．此外，他还建议我在学完课文后得出自己的结论。(conclusion)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________答案：Apart from this, he suggests that I should draw my own conclusions after learning the text.4．我从阅读中吸收了很多在课上学不到的知识。(absorb)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________答案：I have absorbed much knowledge from reading that I can't learn from textbooks.5．每次我遇到困难想放弃的时候，他总是鼓励我不要放弃。(every time)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________答案：Every time I want to give up when meeting difficulties, he always encourages me not to.6．他经常说：“只有勇敢面对挑战，才能获得成功。”(challenge)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________答案：He often says，“Only when you face challenges bravely can you achieve success.”B．将以上句子连成一篇逻辑严密的短文，注意书写规范 答案：My Chinese teacher Mr White is very strict with me, and he often puts forward questions for me to answer in class. Apart from this, he suggests that I should draw my own conclusions after learning the text. In this way, I have absorbed much knowledge from reading that I can't learn from textbooks. What's more, every time I want to give up when meeting difficulties, he always encourages me not to. He often says, “Only when you face challenges bravely can you achieve success.”