2021高考英语一轮统考复习第二部分高考重点语法突破专题二第4讲特殊句式学案含解析新人教版

第4讲　特殊句式

考情纵览

特殊句式的考查在近5年全国卷Ⅰ中出现频率不是很高，仅在2017年全国卷Ⅰ的短文改错中(Turning→Turn)有所涉及，但在全国卷Ⅱ、Ⅲ及地方命题试卷中还是时有出现，且由于其特有的表达作用，也使得它成为一个必不可少的备考点。

考点一 倒装句

1．全部倒装

(1)表示方向/方位、地点和时间的副词或介词短语，如here, there, now, then, up, down, in, away, off, out, back, on the wall, over there, under the tree, in front of等置于句首，且主语是名词而不是代词时。

 ①John opened the door.There stood a girl he had never seen before.

约翰打开门，那儿站着一位他从来没见过的女孩。

②Just in front of the bus lies an injured man, all covered with blood.

公共汽车的前面躺着一个受伤的人，浑身是血。

(2)代词such放在句首，且在句中作表语时。

③Such are the facts; no one can deny them.

这些就是事实，没有人可以否认它们。

(3)为平衡句子结构或使上下文衔接紧密，常将作表语的形容词、副词、分词或介词短语提到句首，引起全部倒装。

④Seated in the first row are some advanced workers.

坐在第一排的是一些先进工作者。

⑤Present at the meeting were some scientists from China.

一些来自中国的科学家出席了会议。

[注意]　上述情况中，若主语是人称代词，则不用倒装。

⑥Away they went.

他们走开了。

2．部分倒装

(1)so/neither/nor置于句首时，用部分倒装结构。

a．“so＋be动词/助动词/情态动词＋主语”表示前面所说的肯定情况也适合于另一人或物，意为“……也是如此”。

①—I've got an enormous amount of work to do.

—So have I.

——我有大量的工作要做。

——我也如此。

b．“neither/nor＋be动词/助动词/情态动词＋主语”表示前面所说的否定内容也适用于另一人或物，意为“……也不这样”。

②I don't like it, neither does Tom.

我不喜欢它，汤姆也不喜欢它。

(2)表示否定意义的副词、连词或短语置于句首时。

此类词有not, never, hardly, seldom, scarcely, barely, little, no, nowhere, not only, not  until, at no  time, by no means, in no way等。

③Not a single song did she sing at yesterday's party.

在昨天的晚会上她一首歌也没有唱。

④At no time will China be the first to use the nuclear weapons.

中国决不会首先使用核武器。

(3)在so/such ... that ... 句型中，若so/such ... 提到句首时。

⑤So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed.

光速很快，我们几乎没法想象它的速度。

(4)当“only＋状语(副词、介词短语或从句)”置于句首时。

⑥Only in this way can you solve this problem.

只有用这种方法，你才可以解决这个问题。

(5)表语、状语或动词原形＋as/though＋主语＋其他时，句子要倒装。

⑦Much as I like it, I'll not buy it.

尽管我很喜欢它，但我不会买。

⑧Pretty as she is, she is not proud.

尽管她很漂亮，但她一点也不自负。

⑨Try as he would, he might fail again.

尽管他要尝试，但可能还会失败。

(6)hardly ... when ..., no sooner ... than ..., not only ... (but)  also ... 等结构中，把hardly, no sooner和not only提到句首时，其所在的主句要倒装。

⑩Hardly/Scarcely had he heard the news when he began to cry.

他一听到这个消息就哭了。

⑪The computer was used in teaching. As a result, not only  was teachers' energy saved, but  students   became more interested in the lessons.

电脑被应用于教学中，结果，不仅节省了老师们的精力，学生们也对课堂更感兴趣了。

(7)在省略if的虚拟条件句中(当条件从句中有were，had，should时)。

⑫Had you reviewed your lessons, you might have passed the examination.

要是早复习了功课，你有可能就通过考试了。

⑬Should it not rain tomorrow, we would go for a picnic.

要是明天不下雨，我们就可以去野餐。

即时练1　单句语法填空

①Next door to ours          (live) a black couple, who seem to have settled in this community for quite a long time.

②The parents didn't tolerate their kids' rudeness at the party; nor          they allow themselves to be disobeyed.

③Absurd          it might sound, everyone present was amused by his adventure story in Africa.

④On the top of the hill          (stand) a temple where the old man once lived.

答案：①live　②did　③as/though　④stands

考点二 强调句

1．强调句的基本句型是“It is/was＋被强调的部分＋that/who＋其他部分”。被强调的部分可以是主语、宾语或状语等。

It is not how much we do but how much love we put into what we do that benefits our work most.

给我们工作带来最大益处的不是我们做了多少而是我们将多少爱投入到我们所从事的事业中去。

2．强调句的几种句式

3．用助动词强调谓语

如果要强调时态为一般现在时或一般过去时的肯定句中的谓语动词，我们在该动词前加助动词do, does或did。

①Many of the films are from the USA, but we do give awards to films from other countries.

许多电影来自于美国，但我们的确也给其他国家的影片颁奖。

②He did come to see you last Sunday, but you were out.

他上周日的确来看过你，但是你出去了。

[注意]　(1)强调句型用于强调主语时，要注意谓语动词(原句)与该主语在人称和数上保持一致。

(2)强调句型的考点主要集中构成强调句型的基本元素that/who上，要明确的一点是，这两个词是不作成分的。

(3)强调句型不用于强调谓语、表语和定语；强调谓语时要用“助动词do/does/did＋动词原形”；但有时，为了表达的需要，用倒装结构对表语进行强调。

(4)注意区分强调句型与结构相似的含有that引导的定语从句的主从复合句(It is ... that ...)；区分的方法也很简单，就是看that是不是在句中作成分，作成分则不是强调句型。

4．强调句型的判断方法

判断一个句子是否是强调句型可采用还原法，即把it is/was和that/who去掉，如果剩下的部分仍然能组成一个完整的句子，该句就是强调句型，否则就不是。

①It was Wei Fang that/who met me in the park yesterday.

昨天在公园遇见我的人是魏芳。

(把It was和that/who去掉可以得到句子：Wei Fang met me in the park yesterday.此句句意和结构均完整，故原句为强调句)

②It is a pity that we missed the wonderful film.

遗憾的是我们错过了那部好电影。

(把It is和that去掉之后，无论是将a pity放在句首还是句末，句子均不合理，很显然原句不是强调句。本句中，it作形式主语，that引导主语从句。)

即时练2　单句语法填空

①Lily said that          was because of her strong interest in medicine that she chose the course.

②But the fighting scenes alone don't explain the movie's success—it's also the patriotism (爱国主义) and spirit of the film projects          have deeply impressed Chinese audiences.

③This technology did not spread to Europe until the 19th century, and it was by using the technology           the Americans drilled the first oil well in Pennsylvania in 1859.

④It was not until I returned to China this winter after living so long abroad          I began to experience safety and happiness.

⑤Though your father shouted at you just now, he          love you indeed.

答案：①it　②that　③that　④that　⑤does

考点三 省略句

1．在when, while, whenever, till,  if, unless, as   if, though, than, as等引导的状语从句中，若谓语部分含有be动词，而主语又与主句主语相同或主语是it时，从句的主语和be动词常被省略。

①The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise, if carried out regularly, can improve our health.

实验表明，如果有规律地进行适量运动，人们能强身健体。

②Work hard when (you are) young, or you'll regret.

少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

③While walking along the street, I heard my name called.

走在大街上时，我听见有人叫我的名字。

[注意]　特殊的省略结构：if省略结构，常作为插入语来处理。

if so 如果这样的话

if not 若非如此

if ever 如果曾经有的话

if necessary 如果有必要的话

if possible 如果可能的话

if any 如果有的话

If necessary， ring me. 如有必要，给我打电话。

If possible， let me know beforehand. 如有可能，事先通知我。

④Get up early tomorrow, if not (you don't get up early), you will miss the first bus.

明天早点起床，如果不的话，你将会错过头班公共汽车。

⑤Whenever (it is) possible, he will come to my help.

他会在任何可能的时候来帮助我。

2．I'm afraid, I think, I believe, I hope, I guess等作答句，后面跟so与not分别相当于肯定或否定，宾语从句可省去。

①—Do you think it will rain?

—I hope not/that it will not rain.

 ——你认为会下雨吗？

——我希望不要下。

②—Do you believe our team will win?

—I guess so.

——你相信我们队会赢吗？

——我猜会赢。

3．不定式省略，即单独使用不定式符号to。

(1)用来代替动词不定式后被省略的动词，常在be afraid/glad/happy, expect, forget, hope, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, refuse, seem, try, want, wish等的后边。

①I asked him to see a film, but he didn't want to.

我请他去看电影，但他不想去。

②—Will you join in the game?

—I'd be glad to.

——你愿意加入游戏吗？

——我很高兴加入。

(2)如果不定式中含有be, have, have been，通常保留be,   have和have been。

③—Are you a sailor?

—No, but I used to be.

——你是海员吗？

——不，但我过去是。

(3)省略不定式符号to的情况。

a．当主语部分含有动词do的某种形式时，作表语的不定式可省略to。

④The only thing you have to do is press the button.

你唯一要做的事情就是按按钮。

b．不定式作介词but, except的宾语，前面有实义动词do的某种形式时，不定式常省略to。

⑤Brian had nothing to do but play computer games this afternoon.

今天下午布莱恩除了玩电脑游戏外无事可做。

c．当两个或两个以上的不定式并列时，后面的不定式符号to可省略，但表示对比关系时则不能省略。

⑥I'm really puzzled what to think of and express.

我真的不知道想什么和表达什么。

⑦It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.

制订计划比执行计划容易。

d．在see, watch, hear, feel, observe, notice, look at, listen to等感官动词及使役动词let, make, have后作宾语补足语的不定式不加to，但当宾语补足语变为主语补足语时，不定式要加上to。

⑧She saw him walk into the house.

她看到他走进了那座房子。

⑨He was seen to walk into the house.

有人看到他走进了那座房子。

⑩He had two boys wash his car.

他让两个男孩给他洗车。

e．you'd better/why not后跟不带to的不定式。

⑪Why not try it again?

为什么不再试试？

⑫You'd better get up early when you want to keep up with  others.

当你想追赶他人时，你最好起得早些。

即时练3　单句语法填空

①—Who should be responsible for the action?

—The boss is to blame. The employees just carried out the order as          (tell)．

②When          (expose) to danger and conflict, men tend to increase blood pressure, feeling nervous or anxious.

③The city now is much noisier than it used          (be)．

④I may take a long lunch break tomorrow. If         ， I can go to the hairdresser's then.

⑤—It seems that there is something wrong with your camera.

—I hope         ， because it cost me a fortune.

答案：①told　②exposed　③to be　④so　⑤not

考点四 反意疑问句及其他

1．反意疑问句

(1)祈使句式的反意疑问句

a．肯定的祈使句，简短问句用will you/won't you。

b．否定的祈使句，简短问句用will you。

c．let's和let us引导的祈使句：let's表“建议，征询”之意时，含听话者在内，故简短问句用shall we；let us表“建议、征询”之意时，不含听话者在内，故简短问句用will you。

①Let's go out for a walk after supper, shall we?

晚饭后我们散散步，好吗？

(2)must表示猜测时的反意疑问句

a．“must be”对现在的情况进行推测，按一般现在时或现在进行时的附加疑问句进行处理。

②He must be honest, isn't he?

他肯定很诚实，不是吗？

b．“must＋完成时”用来推测过去的动作，强调对现在的影响。句中没有表示过去时间的状语时，按现在完成时的附加疑问句来处理；如有明确的表过去的时间状语，按一般过去时处理。

③They must have gone there last night, didn't they?

昨天晚上他们肯定去那里了，不是吗？

④He must have known the truth, hasn't he?

他肯定知道了真相，不是吗？

(3)主从复合句中，反意疑问句应与主句的主谓语保持一致。

⑤He left in a hurry because there was no time left, didn't he?

他匆忙离开了，因为没有时间了，不是吗？

[注意]　主句中含有think/believe/suppose/consider/ ... ＋宾语从句的情况：

(1)若陈述部分为“I/We think/believe/suppose/consider/ ... ＋宾语从句”，简短问句的主语和谓语与宾语从句的主语和谓语分别保持一致，且简短问句用否定形式。

I suppose that she is careful, isn't she?

我认为她很认真，不是吗？

We believe she can do it better, can't she?

我们相信她能做得更好，不是吗？

(2)若陈述部分为“I/We don't think/believe/suppose/consider/ ... ＋宾语从句”，简短问句的主语和谓语与宾语从句的主语和谓语保持一致，且简短问句用肯定形式。

I don't think that you can do it, can you?

我认为这件事你做不了，你能吗？

We don't believe that the news is true, is it?

我们认为消息不实，是吗？

(3)若陈述部分为“主语(非第一人称)＋think/believe/suppose/consider/ ... ＋宾语从句”，简短问句的主语和谓语与主句的主语和谓语保持一致，而且简短问句是用肯定形式还是否定形式由主句决定。

They all think that English is very useful, don't they?

他们都认为英语很重要，是吗？

He doesn't think that I can make it, does he?

他认为我办不到，是吗？

2．祈使句＋and/or/otherwise＋简单句(多用将来时)

(1)祈使句/名词短语＋and＋简单句　表示“如果……，就……”

①“Only two centimeters higher，and you will break the world record，” encouraged the coach.

“只要再高两厘米，你将打破世界纪录。”教练鼓励说。

②Bring the flowers into a warm room and they'll soon open.

将花带到暖和的房间里，它们将会很快开放。

(2)祈使句＋or/otherwise＋简单句　表示“……，否则……”

③Don't drive so fast, or/otherwise you'll have an accident.

不要开那么快，否则你会出事的。

[注意]　分词作状语结构＋主句与该句型，如不细心容易弄混，关注有没有连词即可。

3．感叹句

(1)what引导的感叹句

a．What＋a/an＋adj.＋单数可数名词(＋主语＋谓语)!

①What a good heart you have!

你的心肠真好！

b．What＋adj.＋不可数名词/可数名词复数(＋主语＋谓语)!

②What interesting stories he's told us!

他给我们讲的故事真有趣！

(2)how引导的感叹句

a．How＋adj./adv.＋(主语＋谓语)!

③How clever the boy is!

这个男孩多么聪明啊！

b．How＋adj.＋a/an＋单数可数名词(＋主语＋谓语)!

④How clever a boy he is!

他是一个多么聪明的男孩啊！

4．There be句型

There be 句型表示“某时间/空间存在/有……”，there本身没有词义，be是谓语动词，be后面的名词/代词是主语。be可以有不同的形式，而且可以和情态动词连用。

(1)There be句型中的be

a．There be句型中的谓语动词be在人称和数上应与其后的主语保持一致。

①There is a flower in the bottle.

瓶中有一朵花。

②There are five books on the desk.

桌上有五本书。

b．若There be句型中主语为并列结构，be的数和人称遵循就近原则。

③There is a boy, a girl and two women in the house.

房子里有一个男孩、一个女孩和两个妇女。

④There are ten students and a teacher in the office.

办公室里有十个学生和一个老师。

(2)There be句型的变体

There be结构中的谓语动词be有时可用remain, stand, lie, go, exist, follow, live, come, occur等替换。

⑤Once upon a time there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.

从前在海边的一个村庄里住着一位老渔夫。

即时练4　单句改错

①They seldom come late, don't they?

②One more day, I will get everything ready.

③I try not to show the passers­by what scared I really am, but it's not possible.

④There are a cup, two bottles and some apples on the shelf.

答案：①don't→do　②I前加and　③what→how　④are→is

误区一　倒装句中助动词、系动词、情态动词的缺失或主谓一致的误用

(1)【误】Only when he was 30 years old he begin to learn English.

【正】Only when he was 30 years old did he begin to learn English.

[分析]　当only和所修饰的状语位于句首时，引起部分倒装，根据语境可知，主句应用一般过去时，故倒装后应提取助动词did。

(2)【误】Next door to ours lives a foreign couple, who seem to have settled into life in China.

【正】Next door to ours live a foreign couple, who seem to have settled into life in China.

[分析]　此句是完全倒装结构，句子的真正主语是a foreign couple，故谓语动词用复数形式live。

[注意]　造成以上错误是因为对倒装句掌握不牢，建议加强对考点一的学习。

误区二　强调句型与三大从句(名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句)的误用

【误】It's more than half a century that my grandfather joined the Party and became a servant of the people.

【正】It's more than half a century since my grandfather joined the Party and became a servant of the people.

[分析]　此句是“It is＋一段时间＋since ...”句型。

[注意]　造成上面错误主要是对强调句型的判断方法(详参考点二第4点)认识不清而致，强调句型与三大从句的区别：

(1)与名词性从句区别：

强调句型去掉It is/was和that之后，句子结构仍然完整，语义通顺，而名词性从句却不能。

It is there that accidents often happen.(强调句)

正是在那儿经常发生事故。

It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.(名词性从句)

英语作为一门国际语言正被广为接受是个事实。

(2)与定语从句区别：

强调句中that没有语义，且不作任何成分，而定语从句中that为关系代词，在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。

It is novels that Miss William enjoys reading.(强调句)

威廉小姐喜欢读的是小说。

It is a question that needs careful consideration.(定语从句)

这是一个需认真考虑的问题。

(3)与时间状语从句区别：

强调句型去掉It is/was和that后，结构完整，而It is ... when ... 中，it指代时间。

It was at six o'clock that I got up today. (强调句)

今天我是在六点起的床。

It was six o'clock when I got up today. (时间状语从句)

今天我起床时已六点了。

误区三　省略句中to的缺失

【误】She was reading in bed, and her mother told her not.

【正】She was reading in bed, and her mother told her not to.

[分析]　动词不定式在like, love, care, want, hope, wish, expect, prefer, refuse, decide, mean, intend, try, promise等动词后作宾语时，为了避免重复，常常省略不定式后的内容，但要保留不定式符号to。

[注意]　加强对考点三“不定式的省略”部分的学习。

误区四　感叹句中what与how的误用

【误】You simply can't imagine how a wonderful time we have been having!

【正】You simply can't imagine what a wonderful time we have been having!

[分析]　句意：你们简直无法想象我们过得有多么愉快！

[注意]　加强对考点四第3点“感叹句”的学习，要熟知其结构，了解how修饰的中心词为形容词或副词，而what修饰的中心词为名词。

误区五　祈使句、反意疑问句中的常见误用

(1)【误】They don't believe she is an engineer, isn't she?

【正】They don't believe she is an engineer, do they?

[分析]　当主句的主语为二、三人称时，其反意疑问句应与主句一致，与从句无关。

(2)【误】Study hard, or you'll succeed.

【误】Studying hard, and you'll succeed.

【正】Study hard, and you'll succeed.

【正】Studying hard, you'll succeed.

[分析]　本句要么用“祈使句＋and/or/otherwise＋简单句”结构，因逗号前后为并列递进关系，故应用and；要么用非谓语动词作状语的形式，但必须有主句，故将Study改为Studying，并将and去掉。

[注意]　反意疑问句的错误主要集中在对肯定、否定及人称把握不准上；祈使句的错误主要集中在“祈使句＋and/or/otherwise＋简单句”的句型与非谓语动词的混淆上。应加强对考点四第1点和第2点的学习。

1．(2019·天津高考)The professor warned the students that on no account          they  use mobile phones in his class.

答案：should

2．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Diets have changed in China—and so too          its top crop.

答案：has

3．(2018·天津高考)It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house          we saw Lily in the passenger seat.

答案：that

4．(2017·江苏高考)         it not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her difficulty.

答案：Were

5．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)It could be anything—gardening, cooking, music, sports—but whatever it is,          (make) sure it's a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about.

答案：make

解题两步骤

第1步　注意分析句式结构，确定为何种特殊句式。

第2步　根据特殊句式的结构特点填入适当的词。

1．(2018·北京高考)In any unsafe situation, simply pressing the button and a highly­trained agent will get you the help you need.

答案：pressing→press

2．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)The instructor kept repeating the words, “Speed up！” “Slow down！” “Turning left！”

答案：Turning→Turn

遇到特殊句式，要注意主谓一致、强调句、倒装句、省略句、感叹句等的构成特点。

[温馨提示]　特殊句式虽种类繁多，但在高考的语法填空和短文改错中出现的频率并不是很高，大部分为对固定句式结构的考查。在复习时，认真研读例句，勤练高考真题和模拟题，熟练掌握基础知识，便可轻松应对。