2020届新高考英语二轮教师用书：第二板块专题一第二部分第2讲　推理判断题

第二讲　推理判断题[整体感知·明方向]推理判断题是阅读理解的另一重要题型，属于深层理解类试题，要求考生在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系及细节的分析，进行推理和判断，从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义。推理判断题通常占阅读理解总题数的20%～35%，仅次于细节理解题。为更好地区分考生，这几年对推理判断题的考查，难度呈上升趋势。[常见设问方式]　熟悉4种常考题型1．细节推理判断题细节推理判断题要求考生根据语篇内容，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：It can be inferred from the text that ________.It can be concluded from the passage that ________.The writer/author indicates/suggests/implies that ________.2．观点、态度推理判断题该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：The attitude of the author towards somebody/something is ________.The author's attitude towards...can be best described as ________.The tone of this passage is best described as ________.3．写作意图推理判断题该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：The main purpose of this text is ________.What's the author's purpose in writing this article?It can be concluded that the passage is mainly written for ________.The author writes this passage to ________.The author in this passage intends to________.4．文章出处推理判断题该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：This passage most likely comes from ________.In which part of a newspaper can you most probably read the text?Where does the text most probably come from?From which is the text probably taken?[正确选项特征]1．不是文中直接或明确说明的内容，是间接表达出来的，除符合文章主旨外，还符合逻辑，让考生有推敲的余地。2．正确选项大多含义深刻，不是常识选项。[干扰选项特征]1．夸大事实：对于原文中的细节或诊断的某方面进行了夸大处理。2．无中生有：捏造原文并不存在的信息，并以此作为依据进行推理。3．掺入常识：考生已有的常识是正确的，但不是基于文章。4．推理过度：引申过度，使结论过于绝对化。5．以细节代替推断：只是原文简单的复述，而非推断出来的结论。[分类例析·通技法]逻辑关联得结论◆[解题攻略]1．抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理：要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理。2．整合全文(段)信息进行推断：有时需要在弄懂全文(段)意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，确定最佳结论。3．以事实为依据：推断一定要以文章所提供的事实为依据，不能凭空想象，这样才能做出合理的推断。◆[典例](2019·全国卷Ⅰ·B片段)Whaley got the idea of this second­grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president. The answer broke his heart. Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public. He wants these kids to learn to boast(夸耀)about themselves.“Boasting about yourself，and your best qualities，” Whaley says，“is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident.”26．We can infer that the purpose of Whaley's project is to________.A．help students see their own strengthsB．assess students' public speaking skillsC．prepare students for their future jobsD．inspire students' love for politics[解题思路][第一步]　确定题干中的关键信息infer that the purpose of Whaley's project is to________.[第二步]　定位到原文信息句，并标出进行推断的关键词Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public.He wants these kids to learn to boast(夸耀)about themselves可知，Whaley想帮助学生发现自己的长处。[第三步]　进行合理推断得出答案A忠于措辞定态度◆[解题攻略]1．注意作者或文中人物的措辞：文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的观点或态度往往隐含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰词之中。(1)正确掌握字里行间所隐含或流露的意思，切不可用自己的观点来代替作者或文中人物的观点。(2)留意那些描写所处氛围的语言及表达情感、态度或观点的词语或句子。(3)结合平时所积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等的背景知识来进行合理的推断。2．牢记常见有关作者情感态度的词语(1)表示支持或肯定：positive积极乐观的；supportive支持的；optimistic乐观的；humorous幽默的；enthusiastic热情的；pleasant愉快的。(2)表示中立：indifferent不感兴趣的，漠不关心的；uninterested不感兴趣的；objective客观的；neutral中立的；not mentioned未提及的。(3)表示反对或否定：disgusted憎恶的，厌恶的；critical批评的；negative否定的，消极的；suspicious/skeptical怀疑的；disappointed失望的；disapproving不赞成的。◆[典例](2019·北京卷·C片段)The problem of robocalls has gotten so bad that many people now refuse to pick up calls from numbers they don't know.By next year，half of the calls we receive will be scams(欺诈)．We are finally waking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools，apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from getting through.Unfortunately，it's too little，too late.By the time these“solutions”(解决方案)become widely available，scammers will have moved onto cleverer means.In the near future，it's not just going to be the number you see on your screen that will be in doubt.Soon you will also question whether the voice you're hearing is actually real.38．How does the author feel about the solutions to the problem of robocalls?A．Panicked.B．Confused.C．Embarrassed.D．Disappointed.[解题思路][第一步]　确定题干中的关键信息the solutions to the problem of robocalls[第二步]　定位到原文信息句，并标出体现观点态度的关键词。By the time these‘solutions’(解决方案)become widely available，scammers will have moved onto cleverer means可知，等这些“解决方案”被广泛使用时，不法分子就会转向更聪明的手段；由此可推知作者对自动语音电话问题的解决方案感到很失望。[第三步]　进行合理推断得出答案D文体特点看意图◆[解题攻略]常见文体的写作特点1．记叙文：一般会在首段或尾段出现高度概括的总结性的语言，且往往有一定的哲理性，所有的叙述都是围绕该哲理展开。2．广告类应用文：文章中有对某种物品或服务的详尽介绍，使用具有明显支持倾向的语言。3．说明文：写作目的有赖于对文章主旨的把握，阅读时需要找准主题句。4．议论文：提出论点——进行论证——得出结论，作者的意图往往隐含于最后一部分中。◆[典例](2019·北京卷，D片段)By the end of the century，if not sooner，the world's oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate，according to a new study.At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms(海洋微生物)called phytoplankton.Because of the way light reflects off the organisms，these phytoplankton create colourful patterns at the ocean surface.Ocean colour varies from green to blue，depending on the type and concentration of phytoplankton.Climate change will fuel the growth of phytoplankton in some areas，while reducing it in other spots，leading to changes in the ocean's appearance.45．What is the main purpose of the passage?A．To assess the consequences of ocean colour changes.B．To analyse the composition of the ocean food chain.C．To explain the effects of climate change on oceans.D．To introduce a new method to study phytoplankton.[解题思路][第一步]　确定题干中的关键信息the main purpose of the passage[第二步]　定位到原文信息句，并标出关键句By the end of the century，if not sooner，the world's oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate，according to a new study.可推知气候变暖影响phytoplankton这一海洋微生物的生长，进而导致海洋颜色的变化。[第三步]　归纳概括得出答案C语言特色推出处◆[解题攻略]1．具备一定常识：考生本身要具备一定的常识，把文章的内容与自己所具备的常识结合起来做出正确的判断。2．了解语言特色：要对报纸、杂志、网络、小说、童话、广告、说明书、旅游指南、药品说明、操作指南等文章的语言特色，特别是其专用词汇有基本的了解，根据文章的语言特色和其专用词汇对号入座，快速选出最佳答案。◆[典例](2019·全国卷Ⅰ，C)As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物测量)technologies－like fingerprint scans－to keep others out of private e­spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low­cost device(装置)that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏)with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user's typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people's identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it's connected to－regardless of whether someone gets the password right.It also doesn't require a new type of technology that people aren't already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch”four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic­like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future. 31．Where is this text most likely from?A．A diary.B．A guidebook.C．A novel.D．A magazine.[解题思路][第一步]　确定题干中的关键信息this text most likely from[第二步]　定位到原文信息句，并标出关键词第一段：As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物测量)technologies－like fingerprint scans－to keep others out of private e­spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.可推知讲的是科学技术方面的事。第二段：Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low­cost device(装置)that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. 推知，讲的是智能键盘，也应是科技方面的事。第三段：It also doesn't require a new type of technology that people aren't already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.又出现信息词technology.[第三步]　进行合理推断得出答案D写作思路辨结构◆[解题攻略]1．了解文章通常的写作方法：按事件发展的顺序；按时间的先后顺序；按地点或空间的变换；按内容的总分关系；按人物的活动内容。2．准确把握写作思路：在理解全文的基础上对所描述事件的发展顺序、所说明事物的结构层次或在论证观点过程中使用的论证方法进行推理、分析、判断、总结时，准确把握作者的写作思路尤为重要。◆[典例](2019·天津卷，D片段)Would you BET on the future of this man？He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning，and he has often been in prison. Driven by heaven­knows­what motives，he determines to write a book. The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. That former prisoner was Cervantes，and the book was Don Quixote(《堂吉诃德》). And the story poses an interesting question: why do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days，while others go to seed long before?51．The passage starts with the story of Cervantes to show that________. A．loss of freedom stimulates one's creativityB．age is not a barrier to achieving one's goalC．misery inspires a man to fight against his fateD．disability cannot stop a man's pursuit of success[解题思路][第一步]　确定题干中的关键信息starts with the story...to show that ________.[第二步]　定位到原文信息句，并标出关键词And the story poses an interesting question: why do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days，while others go to seed long before?[第三步]　归纳概括得出答案B[小题夯基练]1．(全国卷Ⅰ，阅读C节选)“Jazz seems like it's not really a part of the American appetite，” Moran tells National Public Radio's reporter Neal Conan.“What I'm hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and white anymore.It's actually color，and it's actually digital.”Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost.“The music can't be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958.It has to continue to move，because the way the world works is not the same，” says Moran.Q：What can we infer about Moran's opinion on jazz?A．It will disappear gradually.B．It remains black and white.C．It should keep up with the times.D．It changes every 50 years.解析：C　[根据节选第一段Moran说的“...jazz is not black and white anymore.It's actually color，and it's actually digital.”及节选第二段中的“The music can't be presented today the way it  was in 1908 or 1958.It has to continue to move，because the way the world works is not the same”可知，他认为世界在变，爵士乐应该与时俱进。故选C。]2．(全国卷Ⅲ，阅读C节选)The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolves.The U．S.Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone.Today，the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone.Elk，deer，and coyote populations are down，while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback.The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.Q：What is the author's attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project?A．Doubtful.B．Positive.C．Disapproving.D．Uncaring.解析：B　[观察四个选项可以看出是四种不同的态度；A项怀疑；B项积极；C项不赞成；D项不关心(中立)。根据节选段最后一句中的“a valuable experiment”可知，作者认为这项工程很有价值，因此他的态度应当是积极肯定的。故选B项。]3．(2018·北京卷阅读C)Plastic­Eating WormsHumans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year.Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans.So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics.The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it.To confirm that the worms' chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste(糊状物) and applied it to plastic films.14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass—apparently broken down by enzymes(酶)from the worms' stomachs.Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.Federica Bertocchini, co­author of the study, says the worms' ability to break down their everyday food—beeswax—also allows them to break down plastic. “Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon­carbon bond, is there as well, ”she explains.“The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond.”Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene.But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting.The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown.Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team's findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills.But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process—not simply “millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.”Q：What is the main purpose of the passage?A．To explain a study method on worms.B．To introduce the diet of a special worm.C．To present a way to break down plastics.D．To propose new means to keep eco­balance.解析：C　[作者通过本文介绍了一项消除塑料垃圾的研究，显然是为人们提供了一条清除塑料垃圾的新途径。故选C项。]4．(2019·衡水二模，B)Don't wander aimlessly through life.Get confused on your goals，start helping others in need，and live life to the fullest！Life is too short to be anything but happy.Visit my blog and find what you've been missing.Sign up for my newsletter(时事通讯)and get seven free e­books，too！Read hundreds of articles while you're there in the article section，which is updated daily.Q：This text must be taken from ________.A．a radio programB．a websiteC．a newspaperD．a TV program解析：B　[根据文中的几个关键词Visit my blog，e­books，Sign up，updated可知这篇文章选自网站。故选B。]5．(四川卷，D)A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good night's sleep.But now a study has found it really does help people nod off—if it is milked from a cow at night.Researchers have discovered that“night milk”contains more melatonin(褪黑激素)，which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.The study，by researchers from Seoul，South Korea，involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.…Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content，which helps people to relax.Q：How does the author support the theme of the text?A．By giving examples.B．By stating arguments.C．By explaining statistical data.D．By providing research results.解析：D　[根据文章信息 But now a study has found it really does help people nod off...Researchers have discovered that“night milk”contains more melatonin...The study...involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.和Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content...可知，作者是通过列举研究结果来支撑主题。故选D项。][大题提能练]AIndian actor Aamir Khan is sealing his major celebrity status in China with the cinema of social relevance.Aamir Khan was in China to promote his latest Hindi film Secret Superstar.During his weeklong stay，the Indian actor also found out that he has become a major celebrity in a country where Bollywood's reach has been traditionally limited.Some local analysts compare his stardom in China to that of Hollywood actors Tom Hanks，Tom Cruise and Leonardo Dicaprio.Others don't think Khan is an activist actor.Still others describe him as a feminist.The Chinese media seem to have settled for Mishu，or Uncle Aamir.The surprising rise in popularity of the 52­year­old Bollywood star is owing to his cinema of social relevance that Chinese moviegoers don't get enough of from their own industry as well as his savvy marketing and China outreach.At more than 1 million，Khan has the most followers for an Indian on Sina Weibo，the country's Twitter­like platform.Secret Superstar had made more than $63 million earlier this week.The story of a teenage Muslim girl's fight against ugly patriarchy to realize her dreams was released in China on Jan 19,2018.Last year，his film Dangal，inspired by the real journey of an Indian wrestler through a conservative landscape to turn his daughters into world­class athletes，had made nearly 1.3 billion yuan.In 2011，Khan's work first got major attention from Chinese moviegoers with Three Idiots，which was released in India much earlier.Film critics and fans alike recommended it to their friends.Some film critics say the education systems，gender discrimination and domestic violence (that Secret Superstar shows) are among clear similarities of social issues in India and China.The audience is also getting a bit bored with Hollywood films shown in China.While it's still early to estimate if Hollywood's influence on the Chinese market is on the wane，the local audience's appetite for diverse cinema is definitely  on show and is helping Khan.[语篇解读]　 继《摔跤吧！爸爸》之后，印度影星“米叔”的又一部力作《神秘巨星》在中国大火。那么，为什么他的每部作品都能在中国走红呢？1．How did Khan market his film wisely?A．By recommending it through film critics.B．By attracting followers on Sina Weibo.C．By posting film introductions on Twitter.D．By inviting Hollywood stars to advertise it.解析：B　[细节理解题。根据第四段可知，他借助微博来推广他的电影。]2．Why did Three Idiots win the hearts of Chinese audience?A．It reflects serious family violence.B．It is about a girl to achieve her success.C．It tells the education systems similar to that of China.D．It is adapted from a real story.解析：C　[推理判断题。根据倒数第二段最后一句话推知，《三傻大闹宝莱坞》这部电影反映了与中国相似的教育制度，故受到中国观众的欢迎。]3．What is the common theme of Khan's film?A．Social issues.B．Romantic love.C．Cruel wars.D．Family relationships.解析：A　[推理判断题。根据第一段及第四段第一句推知，他的电影主题往往是社会问题。]4．What can we infer from the last paragraph?A．Bollywood replaces Hollywood on the Chinese market.B．It is often boring to watch Hollywood films.C．Hollywood films have lost the market in China.D．Chinese audience are developing a diverse appetite for films.解析：D　[推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，现在中国的观众形成了多种不同的电影文化口味。]B(2019·大连高三一模)Emilia Dobek traces her interest in space and the universe back to third grade when she and her father watched a blood moon—a total lunar eclipse(月食)—on the roof of their house.Now a seventh grader at East Prairie Elementary School，Dobek recently won the national Discovery Education Lockheed Martin Beyond Challenge by designing a space station for travelling to Mars.She says that night watching the lunar eclipse started a strong desire in her that has yet to run out of fuel.So when her teacher Andrea Smeeton received information about the national challenge，Smeeton said she immediately had one student in mind.“I knew she would love the challenge and that she would go way beyond in her search，”Smeeton said.“She immediately started researching bone density(密度)of astronauts and how to have food on Mars.”“My design will ensure the safety of the astronauts but also make sure their comfort is out of this world，”Dobek says.Dobek's design calls for building the MSS or Mars Storage Station to put the supplies in.It also includes the SGF or self­Growing Farm，and she details how it would work with the elements on Mars.Then there is physical and leisure activity for the astronauts under Dobek's design.A simulator(模拟装置)allows astronauts to choose their exercise machine and virtual reality environment.Rooms have circular ceilings so astronauts will be able to watch downloaded shows and even see places on Earth，such as their homes.“I want to tell other kids to follow their passions，”Dobek said.“whatever they want to do，they should push for it and always try their best.”[语篇解读]　 该文主要介绍了小学生Emilia Dobek设计太空站，并赢得挑战的相关内容。5．Dobek first became interested in space when ________.A．she was still a seventh graderB．she studied at a junior high schoolC．she lived on the top of their houseD．she watched an eclipse of the moon解析：D　[考查细节理解。根据第一段“Emilia Dobek traces her interest in space and the universe back to third grade when she and her father watched a blood moon—a total lunar eclipse(月食)—on the roof of their house”可知，Dobek对太空感兴趣是从她在三年级时的一个晚上观看一次月食开始的。]6．Smeeton recommended that Dobek take the challenge because ________.A．she knew Dobek liked challenges in lifeB．she had no other students interested in MarsC．Dobek knew how to research bone density of astronautsD．she was sure that Dobek would have outstanding performance解析：D　[考查推理判断。根据第四段Smeeton的话可推知，她对Dobek很了解，对其可以接受这项挑战并出色地完成充满信心。]7．What does Dobek focus on when designing the space station?A．The environment on Mars.B．The safety of the supplies.C．The activities for astronauts.D．The comfort of the astronauts.解析：D　[考查推理判断。根据文章第五段中的“make sure their comfort is out of this world”并结合对倒数第二段的整体理解可推知，Dobek的设计包含身体和休闲活动，让宇航员在太空中也感到舒适。]