2020浙江新高考英语二轮复习教师用书：专题一　阅读理解2第二部分　题型应对策略3第三讲　理解主旨要义——主旨大意题

第三讲　理解主旨要义——主旨大意题
主旨大意题是阅读理解中难度较大的一类题目，是拉开分数差距的一个重要考查点。因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。此类题目可分为三大类：标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。
高考主旨大意题题量统计
考纲解读
年份
浙江卷
(1)主旨大意题考查的是考生对文章内容的深层次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。
(2)它既考查细节理解能力，又考查深层次的推理、概括能力，难度较大。
(3)有时从文章的第一个段落，甚至第一个句子即可得出文章的主旨要义；有时，文章的主旨要义则需从文章的字里行间进行推断。
2019.6
2(标题归纳题；段落大意题)
2018.11
1(标题归纳题)
2018.6
1(标题归纳题)
2017.11
1(文章大意题)
2017.6
1(文章大意题)


【考查特点】
Ⅰ.把握主旨大意题常见的命题方式：
(1)What would be the best title for the text？/What is the topic of the text?
(2)The main idea/The general idea/The main theme of this passage is ________．
(3)The last paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis on ________．
(4)What is mainly discussed in the text?
(5)What’s the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph?
(6)Which of the following statements is best supported by the text?
(7)The passage mainly focuses on ________．
Ⅱ.掌握主旨大意题的考查角度：
(1)标题类，要求考生选出文章的最佳标题。
(2)主题类(内容)，考查文章或段落的主旨大意。
　标题归纳题——概括凝练选标题
该类题目要求考生在理解文章的基础上， 结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。注意最佳标题的特点：精准性强(不改变原文的意义和感情色彩)；覆盖性强(能概括全文并体现文章的主旨)。
常见的设问方式：
◆The best title of the passage is ________．
◆Which of the following is the best title of the passage?
◆What would be the best title for the passage?
◆The most appropriate title of the passage is ________．
[典例]　(2019·全国卷Ⅲ·B)For Western designers, China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western creative.
“It’s no secret that China has always been a source(来源) of inspiration for designers，” says Amanda Hill, chief creative officer at A＋E Networks, a global media company and home to some of the biggest fashion(时尚) shows.
Earlier this year, the China Through A Looking Glass exhibition in New York exhibited 140 pieces of China­inspired fashionable clothing alongside Chinese works of art, with the aim of exploring the influence of Chinese aesthetics(美学) on Western fashion and how China has fueled the fashionable imagination for centuries. The exhibition had record attendance, showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.
“China is impossible to overlook，” says Hill. “Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion—they are central to its movement.” Of course, not only are today’s top Western designers being influenced by China—some of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese.“Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are taking on Galliano, Albaz, Marc Jacobs—and beating them hands down in design and sales，” adds Hill.
For Hill, it is impossible not to talk about China as the leading player when discussing fashion. “The most famous designers are Chinese, so are the models, and so are the consumers，” she says. “China is no longer just another market; in many senses it has become the market. If you talk about fashion today, you are talking about China—its influences, its direction, its breathtaking clothes, and how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that in many ways.”
7．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Young Models Selling Dreams to the World
B．A Chinese Art Exhibition Held in New York
C．Differences Between Eastern and Western Aesthetics
D．Chinese Culture Fueling International Fashion Trends

第一步　读文章，概括文意
文章以国外视角报道中国文化及中国美学对国际时尚的影响，展现了中国对国际时尚和设计发展的引领作用。
第二步　析选项，斟酌判断
A
向世界推销梦想的年轻模特
与文章内容不符
无中生有，曲解文意
B
在纽约举办的一次中国艺术展
本文提到了在纽约举办的一次中国艺术展，但这不是文章主要表达的内容
以偏概全，主次不分
C
东西方美学的差异
本文主要讲述的是中国引领国际时尚和设计发展，C项范围过大
主题过大，范围太广
D
中国美学影响国际时尚的发展趋势
此标题全面、精练地概括了文章内容
涵盖性强，覆盖全文
第三步　对比选项，确定答案
自主解答：D

理解标题的三大特点，巧用三大方法确定文章标题
一个好的标题应具备三大特点：
1．概括——准确而又简短。
2．针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符。
3．醒目——能引发读者的阅读欲望。
因此有必要掌握以下三大方法：
1．正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。
2．反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除不符选项。
3．研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。　
　文章大意题——明确中心定选项
主旨大意是作者在文章中所要表达的主要内容，是全文的核心思想，也是作者在文章中通过行文逻辑和各种细节来阐明的中心话题。
常见的设问方式：
◆What’s the main idea/point of the passage?
◆The passage is mainly about ________．
◆What is the text mainly about?
◆The general/main idea of the passage is about ________．
[典例]　(2018·全国卷Ⅲ·B)Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river. People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade. New York City, for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River. Over 300 years its population grew gradually from 800 people to 8 million.But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time. Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight. In 1896, Dawson, Canada, was unmapped wilderness(荒野)．But gold was discovered there in 1897, and two years later, it was one of the largest cities in the West, with a population of 30，000.
Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris. People went there for gold. They travelled over snow­covered mountains and sailed hundreds of miles up icy rivers. The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warning. An avalanche(雪崩) once closed the path, killing 63 people. For many who made it to Dawson, however, the rewards were worth the difficult trip. Of the first 20，000 people who dug for gold, 4，000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.
But no matter how rich they were, Dawson was never comfortable. Necessities like food and wood were very expensive. But soon, the gold that Dawson depended on had all been found. The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down, and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come. Today, people still come and go—to see where the Canadian gold rush happened. Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson City—its present population is 762.
27．What is the text mainly about?
A．The rise and fall of a city.
B．The gold rush in Canada.
C．Journeys into the wilderness.
D．Tourism in Dawson.

第一步　读文章，概括文意
本文主要介绍了加拿大道森的历史、发展与现状。
第二步　析选项，斟酌判断
A
一个城市的兴衰
本文主要以道森为例，讲述了城市的兴衰
涵盖性强，覆盖全文
B
加拿大淘金热
本文只在第二段提到了淘金热
以偏概全，主次不分
C
荒野之旅
本文没提到荒野之旅
无中生有，曲解文意
D
道森的旅游业
范围太小，不能涵盖道森的过去
以偏概全，主次不分
第三步　对比选项，确定答案
自主解答：A

在寻找和归纳一篇文章的主题句时，应做到以下几点：
1．关注文章的首段和符合主题句特点的句子，留意下文是否对其有解释和支撑作用；
2．快速通读文章主体部分的每一段，结合每一段的主题句，判断各个段落是否与文章开头和结尾的主题句形成呼应关系；
3．注意文章的末尾，看此处出现的主题句和文章开头的主题句是否呼应。
如果文章的首句语言精练，且在中间被从多角度来说明或论证，又与尾段的句子相呼应，则这个句子是全文的主题句。此处，如果文章中出现了两种及以上的不同观点，则文章最后作者的观点为文章的主要观点。此时要注意表示转折含义的词语如but, yet, however, although, in spite of, by contrast, on the contrary等，因为这些词语之后的内容往往是作者的观点，也是文章的主旨大意。
此外，利用逆向法也可以很快地排除错误选项，选出正确答案。
　段落大意题——分析结构细揣摩
每一个文段都要围绕一个特定的主题按照一定的逻辑顺序展开，所以，段落的结构也有一定的规律性。一般有如下四种结构：
1．总分式。作者在段落开头概括主题，然后再按照一定的逻辑顺序展开段落；有时候，作者也会在开头先用一个引子导入主题，从而使主题句出现在第二句，但从整体上看，段落仍然是总分式结构。
2．分总式。除了总分式外，还有很多段落在开头通过举例子或论述层层推进，直到最后才得出段落的主题句，这种结构叫分总式。分总式也是很常见的一种段落结构。
3．分总分式。一个段落也可以采用分总分的模式，往往在开头讲述一个具体的事例，通过事例得出一个结论，也就是这个段落的主题句，然后继续例证或拓展这个观点所包含的内容。
4．无主题句式。英语中也有少量的段落并没有主题句，犹如汉语中的散文一样，讲究用一个主题将表面互不相连的一些事例或者表述连接起来。段落虽然没有主题句，但读完整个段落，你仍能发现，这些表面不相连的内容却都指向了同一个主题，这些不明显的主题通过一些关键词或者相似结构表现出来。
常见的设问方式：
◆What does the author tell us in paragraph...?
◆The main idea of the second paragraph probably is ________．
◆The first paragraph is mainly about ________．
◆Which of the following can best summarize para.1?
[典例]　(2019·全国卷Ⅰ·D片段)Popularity is a well­explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. The likables’ plays­well­with­others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump­start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.
33．What is the second paragraph mainly about?
A．The classification of the popular.
B．The characteristics of adolescents.
C．The importance of interpersonal skills.
D．The causes of dishonorable behavior.

第一步　读文章，概括段意
本段介绍了受欢迎的两类人：讨人喜欢的人和追求地位的人。
第二步　析选项，斟酌判断
A
受欢迎人的分类
A项是对本段内容的精练总结和概括
涵盖性强，覆盖全文
B
青少年的特征
本文没有涉及青少年的特征，纯属无中生有
无中生有，曲解文意
C
交际技能的重要性
涉及交际技能，但是以偏概全，不是本段的主题
以偏概全，主次不分
D
不光彩行为的原因
涉及不光彩行为，但没有介绍其原因，不是本段的主题
以偏概全，主次不分
第三步　对比选项，确定答案
自主解答：A

方法1：概括段落大意
要准确概括某段的大意，务必要知道该段的逻辑结构。如该段是按总分顺序组织，首句做总的说明，其他句子对其进行具体论述，这种结构的主题句就在段首；如果按分总顺序组织，主题句就在段尾；如果按分总分的顺序组织，则主题句就在这段话的中间；如果对比各事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。
方法2：揣摩段落大意
有时，作者可能不直接写出主题句，而是通过各种方法暗示给读者，这就需要充分发挥读者的想象力与判断力，揣摩段落大意。

(2019·浙江卷6月·C)California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor(因素)．
The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.
Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick McIntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources(资源)．
But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010, McIntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.
The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt(融雪)．
Since the 1930s, McIntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.
【解题导语】　文章主要讲述了美国加利福尼亚州的森林中大树急剧减少的现象，并分析了其原因。
27．What is the second paragraph mainly about?
A．The seriousness of big­tree loss in California.
B．The increasing variety of California big trees.
C．The distribution of big trees in California forests.
D．The influence of farming on big trees in California.
A　解析：段落大意题。根据文章第二段中“The number of trees...declined by 50 percent...more than 55 percent...75 percent”提到的数字可知，该段主要描述了加州森林中大树急剧减少的严重性，故选A项。
28．Which of the following is well­intentioned but may be bad for big trees?
A．Ecological studies of forests.
B．Banning woodcutting.
C．Limiting housing development.
D．Fire control measures.
D　解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Aggressive wildfire control...compete with big trees for resources(资源)”可知，声势浩大的森林防火措施虽然一定程度上保护了森林，但同时也导致小树泛滥，与大树争抢资源，从而导致大树数量减少，故选D项。
29．What is a major cause of the water shortage according to McIntyre?
A．Inadequate snowmelt.　　 B．A longer dry season.
C．A warmer climate. D．Dampness of the air.
C　解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Since the 1930s，McIntyre said...have been rising temperatures...reduces the water supply”可知，McIntyre认为水资源短缺的主要原因是逐渐上升的气温，故选C项。
30．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．California’s Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone?
B．Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon
C．Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests?
D．Patrick McIntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California
A　解析：标题判断题。根据全文可知，文章主要讲述了美国加州森林中大树数量急剧下降的现象，并分析了其原因。因此A项能很好地概括全文。

找主题句的五个小窍门
1．段落中出现表转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually, while, on the contrary, in contrast等)时，其后的句子很可能是主题句。
2．首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是主题句。
3．作者有意识地反复强调的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
4．首段出现具体例子或假设时，例子或假设后面的内容可能是主题句。
5．表示总结或结论的词语常有therefore, in short等。


A
(2019·宁波十校联考)As parents, we walk a fine line between caring for our children and teaching them how to care for themselves. When they’re little, they need our help with everything. Over time, kids usually take the lead on things like feeding and dressing themselves, but it can be difficult to know when it’s time for them to start doing some basic things, such as packing their own lunches for school or solving problems with teachers without a parent’s help.
Blogger Amy Carney recently shared a post about the things parents should stop doing for their teens. In it, Carney shared the basic skills that she expects her kids to master by the time they hit 13, such as waking themselves up in the morning, making their own breakfast and lunch, and finishing their own homework.
Barb Harvey, a childhood behavior expert, gave me her answer：The age at which children learn to master certain skills will be different depending upon the maturity(成熟) and interest level of the child.
I asked the same question among my friends. They gave all kinds of answers, which can explain Harvey’s opinion.
Therefore, there’s only one expert who can determine when your kids have the ability to deal with certain skills, and that’s you. If your kids aren’t ready to pack their own lunches—don’t sweat it. Help them learn the skills they’re ready to deal with and keep working towards the end goal of raising responsible and able adults. Because if there’s one thing that we can all agree on as parents, it’s that time moves quickly when you’re raising kids. One day you will wish they could just do things without you and the next day, you will feel upset that they do.
【解题导语】　 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了父母和孩子成长的关系。
1．What is Amy Carney’s expectation when her children are 13?
A．To be a skillful cook.
B．To follow Harvey’s opinion.
C．To be an expert.
D．To have basic skills.
D　解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“In it, Carney shared the basic skills that she expects her kids to master by the time they hit 13, such as waking themselves up in the morning, making their own breakfast and lunch, and finishing their own homework.”可知，Amy Carney期望自己的孩子们在13岁时可以掌握一些基本技能。故选D。
2．Who can decide when the children will learn to care for themselves?
A．Amy Carney.　　　　　　 B．Barb Harvey.
C．The children. D．The parents.
D　解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句“Therefore, there’s only one expert who can determine when your kids have the ability to deal with certain skills, and that’s you.”可知，孩子们什么时候可以照顾自己取决于父母。故选D。
3．Why will parents feel upset when their children grow up?
A．Their kids can do nothing.
B．They feel less important.
C．Their children become able adults.
D．Their kids disagree on anything.
B　解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“One day you will wish they could just do things without you and the next day, you will feel upset that they do.”和对第一段的整体理解可推知，当孩子们长大了，真的可以自己做自己的事情时，父母会觉得失落是因为父母觉得孩子们不再需要自己了，自己对他们来讲没有那么重要了。故选B。
4．What does the text mainly talk about?
A．Walking a fine line.
B．Blogger Amy Carney.
C．Parents and their children’s growth.
D．A childhood behavior expert.
C　解析：主旨大意题。根据第一段第一句“As parents, we walk a fine line between caring for our children and teaching them how to care for themselves.”点题，并结合对全文的整体理解可知，本文主要讲述的是父母和孩子成长的关系。故选C。
[长难句分析]　In it, Carney shared the basic skills that she expects her kids to master by the time they hit 13, such as waking themselves up in the morning, making their own breakfast and lunch, and finishing their own homework.(第二段第二句)
分析：本句是一个复合句。句中that she expects her kids to master是that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词the basic skills。
译文：在这篇文章里，Carney分享了一些她期望她的孩子们到他们13岁时应该掌握的一些基本技能，譬如早上自己醒来，自己做早餐和午餐，自己完成家庭作业。
B
(2019·绍兴诊断性考试)I recently spent a day clearing out my late mother’s wardrobe. It has been two years since she died so it was time to move on. There were four wardrobes and two chests of drawers—10 black bags full of clothes for charity, and seven large boxes of other pieces that I will wear myself, give to family and friends and sell to raise money for Kidney Research.
What struck me as I sorted through the rails was first, what consistent taste my mother had—lots of black, lots of layers—and second, how she never threw anything away. She didn’t buy clothes excessively, rather accumulated them over a lifetime. And every piece she bought, whether it was from St Michael(a luxury brand), H&M or Helmut Lang(fast­fashion brands), she treated as equals. A vintage kimono, a coat she made in the 80s from a Kenzo Vogue dressmaking pattern, the smart black jacket ordered from Asos(an online shop), or the 40­year­old oversized T­shirt from Miss Selfridge was all perfectly kept, carefully hung up or folded, buttons all in one piece, not a stitch out of place. She did not differentiate between high­street bargains and Sunday best. She cherished all her clothes, whatever the price tag.
So, when Dr. Mark Sumner, a lecturer in fashion and sustainability at the University of Leeds, told MPs at the environmental audit committee’s investigation into the sustainability of the fact­fashion industry that high­street clothes can be more durable than fast­fashion ones, it rang true to me. “There’s no correlation to say that price will give you an indication to say which product will wear out，” he said.
Some fast fashion is cheap and nasty and will fall apart after a few washes. The same can be true of designer clothing. It is a misconception that expensive in any way equates to sustainable, or, as Dr.Sumner says, durable(though it’s worth remembering that cheap clothes often mean labor exploitation). As my mother’s wardrobe testifies, if you have a good eye for clothes that are stylish rather than fashionable, choose carefully: look for the best­quality fabrics you can afford, and treat the clothes you buy with the utmost respect, care and love. Your clothes—whatever the price tag—will repay you with years of service.
【解题导语】　本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者在收拾已故母亲的衣服时，发现母亲的衣服保存得非常好，很耐穿，但这些衣服并不是时尚的衣服，后来作者想要通过Dr. Mark Sumner的话和自己的感悟告诉大家：昂贵的衣服不等于耐穿的衣服。
5．What do we know about the writer’s late mother?
A．She was only fond of designer clothes.
B．She liked collecting fashionable clothes.
C．She had preference for black.
D．She often bought clothes online.
C　解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第一句中的“what consistent taste my mother had—lots of black”可知，作者的母亲喜欢黑色。故选C。
6．How will the writer treat her late mother’s clothes?
A．She will donate them all to a charity.
B．She will keep some for her own use.
C．She will sell them to fund research.
D．She will give them all to her friends.
B　解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“and seven large boxes of other pieces that I will wear myself, give to family and friends and sell to raise money for Kidney Research”可知，作者会留一些自己穿。故选B。
7．What does the author intend to prove in the last two paragraphs?
A．Expensive clothes don’t mean long­lasting clothes.
B．Expensive clothes aren’t easily worn­out clothes.
C．Expensive clothes don’t involve labor exploitation.
D．Expensive clothes mean a good eye for fashion.
A　解析：推理判断题。根据最后两段内容尤其是最后一段第三句“It is a misconception that expensive in any way equates to sustainable, or, as Dr. Sumner says, durable(though it’s worth remembering that cheap clothes often mean labor exploitation)．”可推知，作者想要证明的是昂贵的衣服不一定耐穿。故选A。
8．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Can Cheap Clothes Be Stylish?
B．Can Price Tag Indicate Fashion?
C．Can Fast Fashion Be Sustainable?
D．Can Designer Clothing Sell More?
C　解析：标题归纳题。通读全文可知，作者在收拾已故母亲的衣服时，发现母亲的衣服保存得非常好，很耐穿，但这些衣服并不是时尚的衣服，然后作者通过Dr.Mark Sumner的话和自己的感悟想要告诉大家：昂贵的衣服不等于耐穿的衣服。故选C。
[长难句分析]　“There’s no correlation to say that price will give you an indication to say which product will wear out，” he said.(第三段最后一句)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。主句是there be 句型，动词不定式作后置定语；that引导宾语从句；which引导宾语从句。
译文：他说：“这并不是说价格会告诉你哪种产品会容易磨损。”

主旨大意题——标题归纳题
(建议用时：25分钟)
A
(2019·浙江五校联考)Recently whenever I turned on my computer or my mobile phone, news about the great effect of Hurricane Harvey on thousands of people caught my eye. I saw many unfortunate events. However, there was also the bright news that confirmed the goodness of mankind. As a journalist, I wrote many human­interest stories during my career. That’s why the story about the guys in the bakery caught my eye.
When the staff at a Mexican bakery chain in Houston were trapped inside the building for two days, they didn’t sit there feeling sorry for themselves. They used their time wisely after flooding caused by Hurricane Harvey. While they were waiting for the eventual rescue that came on Monday morning, four decided to make as many loaves of bread as possible for their community.
The flood water rose in the street outside. They took advantage of their emergency power supply to bake bread. They used more than 4，200 pounds of flour to create hundreds of loaves and sheets of sweet bread. Although the water kept rising, they continued baking to help more people. By the time the owner managed to get to them, they had made so much bread that they took the loaves to loads of emergency centers across the city for people affected by the floods.
The store manager, Brian Alvarado, told The Independent, “Whenever a disaster occurs, nobody should just feel forlorn. Instead, we should take positive action to save ourselves and help others. Our acts of kindness will make a big difference.”
【解题导语】　本文是一篇记叙文。一家连锁面包店的员工们在面对哈维飓风带来的洪水、断电时，在等待救援的同时采取积极的行动，利用应急电源烤面包去帮助社区受洪水影响的居民。
1．What did the bakery store workers do after flooding caused by Hurricane Harvey?
A．They volunteered to make bread for their community.
B．They managed to live by selling more bread in the store.
C．They felt sorry that they couldn’t escape from the store.
D．They ate nothing but to wait for their community to rescue them.
A　解析：细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“While they were waiting for the eventual rescue that came on Monday morning, four decided to make as many loaves of bread as possible for their community.”可知，当这家面包房的员工们在等待周一上午的最终救援时，四人决定为他们的社区烤尽可能多的面包。故选A项。
2．Which of the following best explains “forlorn” underlined in the last paragraph?
A．Fortunate.　　　　　　　 B．Hopeful.
C．Shallow. D．Desperate.
D　解析：词义猜测题。根据最后一段中的“Instead, we should take positive action to save ourselves and help others.”可知，相反，我们应该采取积极的行动来拯救自己和帮助他人。由Instead可知，forlorn的意思与positive相反，故forlorn与desperate(绝望的)意思相近。故选D项。
3．What can we infer from the text?
A．Alvarado organized his workers to bake much bread.
B．Hurricane Harvey caused a power failure in Houston.
C．The staff in the bakery sent enough flour to emergency centers.
D．The author preferred to write stories about people facing disasters.
B　解析：细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“They took advantage of their emergency power supply to bake bread.”可知，他们利用应急电源烤面包。由此可推知，哈维飓风造成休斯敦停电。故选B项。
4．What can be the best title for the text?
A．A Popular Mexican Bakery Chain in Houston
B．Wait for the Eventual Rescue in a Big Disaster
C．All Kinds of Disasters Caused by Hurricane Harvey in Houston
D．Bake Bread to Make a Difference in the Face of Hurricane Harvey
D　解析：标题归纳题。根据第二三段的内容和最后一段中的“Our acts of kindness will make a big difference.”可知，D项(在面对哈维飓风时，烤面包起了很大作用)作为标题最能概括全文内容。故选D项。
B
Every year between May and September, all 54 employees of Basecamp, a Chicago­based web application company, have a short work week: just four days—a total of 32 hours. Also, they usually work five days a week for the rest of the year.
“That’s plenty of time to get great work done. This is all we expect and all we want from people，” says Jason Fried, a co­founder. “Working 50­， 60­， or 70­plus hours is unnecessary. In fact, if you have to work 50­， 60­， or 70­plus hours a week, there’s a management problem.”
The company’s summer workload must fit reduced hours, Mr.Fried insists, otherwise the benefits of a shorter week—to recover from work, enjoy time with family and pursue(追求) outside interests—would be undone.
His new research finds that it is not just long hours that are harmful to employees’ physical and mental health. It is also the intensity(强度) of work. Moreover, it suggests that intense work harms career prospects. That is because unbearable hours and intensity are in the opposite direction, reducing the quality of the work.
The research concludes that the level of intensity we apply to the work we do is generally “a stronger predictor of unfavorable outcomes than overtime work”．
The research compared people of similar jobs and education levels, and found they were more likely to suffer poorer happiness and worse career prospects, including satisfaction, security and promotion, when they worked at an intense level for long periods.
【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文。本文以一家总部位于芝加哥的网络应用公司Basecamp的54名员工将近半年时间每周只工作4天，共32小时的情况为例说明了较短的工作周有益于人们的身心健康，并以一项研究来证明。
5．What do we know about Basecamp’s four­day work week?
A．It lasts nearly half a year.
B．The work pressure is too high.
C．There are some management problems.
D．Employees work more than 8 hours a day.
A　解析：细节理解题。根据第一段可知，一家总部位于芝加哥的网络应用公司Basecamp的54名员工在每年5月到9月期间每周的工作时间都很短：只有四天，共32小时，持续5个月，大概半年时间。故选A项。
6．What does Mr.Fried intend to say in paragraph 2?
A．Given plenty of time, people can do more.
B．To get work done well needs plenty of time.
C．People can do a job very well in a short work week.
D．A long work week is appropriate for reduced workload.
C　解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Working 50­， 60­， or 70­plus hours is unnecessary. In fact, if you have to work 50­， 60­， or 70­plus hours a week, there’s a management problem.”可知，弗里德先生认为一周工作五六十个小时，甚至七十几个小时是没有必要的。如果真这么做了，反而会出现管理上的问题，由此推知，弗里德先生认为人们可以在短时间内把工作做好，故选C项。
7．What does the research mentioned in the text want to tell us?
A．Getting much more rest.
B．Improving work quality.
C．Refusing a five­day work week.
D．Avoiding working too intensely.
D　解析：推理判断题。根据题干中的the research可定位到第四至六段。通读这几段，尤其是第四段可知，这个新研究发现长时间工作不只对员工的身心健康有害，工作的强度也会影响员工的职业前景。这是因为难以忍受的工作时长和工作强度会降低工作质量。第五六段进一步说明了长时间高强度工作的坏处。由此可以推知，该研究是建议人们要避免高强度工作，故选D项。
8．What can be the best title for this passage?
A．More Work, More Profits
B．Less Work, Less Benefits
C．Shorter Week, Better Reward
D．Longer Hours, Higher Intensity
C　解析：标题归纳题。本文以一家总部位于芝加哥的网络应用公司Basecamp为例，说明了较短的工作周的好处。除此之外，还介绍了一项有关工作时长和工作强度对人的影响的研究，由此更进一步印证了较短工作周对人身心方面的益处。因此C项最能概括全文内容。
C
It’s common knowledge that some countries have higher life expectancies than others, but the city you live in can also affect your health.
Some cities are hard on their residents. In places with poor city planning, for example Lagos, which was called out recently by the Economist Intelligence Unit, public spaces are few, making outdoor activities hard. Lack of infrastructure(基础设施) blocks the streets with cars and the air with pollutants, and residents work long hours for little money.
These are just some of the factors added up by Spotahome, a rental agency. They’ve analyzed data from a range of sources, including the World Health Organization, TripAdvisor and the CIA World Factbook to score each city on health, gym availability and quality, life expectancies, obesity, green space and other elements to make a list to work out which are the world’s healthiest cities.
The list is certainly Eurocentric and sunshine is seen as a positive factor. It does go some way toward suggesting which cities are getting it right in providing a good life for their residents. It may not be surprising to learn that most of the healthiest cities are in northern Europe, known for its people­first approach to city planning. The cities of Australia and Canada also do well. However, the first American city is only in 34th place. The U．K. doesn’t fare too well either—its only city in the top 50 list is London, in 40th.
Whether you’re planning a wholesome holiday, or simply wondering what your city can do better in its quest for happy citizens, the list of the 50 healthiest cities will give you pause for thought about the future of city planning. Here are the slender, healthy­eating, clean­aired cities that are getting it right.
【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究者们通过调查发现城市建设会影响居民的健康。通过分析健康、绿化、预期寿命等因素，研究者们还列出了一个世界上最健康的城市的清单。
9．What plays the key role in building a healthy city according to the text?
A．Local culture.
B．City planning.
C．Economic condition.
D．Geographical position.
B　解析：细节理解题。根据第一段可知，大家都知道一些国家比其他国家拥有更高的预期寿命，但是人们居住的地市也会影响人们的健康，即城市规划在创建一个健康城市方面扮演着一个很重要的角色，故选B项。
10．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about?
A．How the list of the healthiest cities came into being.
B．What Spotahome discovered in the recent study.
C．The reasons why Spotahome carried out the study.
D．The places where the data of the study came from.
A　解析：段落大意题。第三段主要介绍了研究者们通过从各种来源中分析数据，然后根据健康、体育设备的利用率和质量、预期寿命、肥胖指数、绿化方面和其他的一些因素对每个城市进行打分来制订清单并列出世界上最健康的城市。由此可知，本段主要介绍了这份最健康城市的清单是怎样形成的，故选A项。
11．What can we learn from the text?
A．Cities in America lack enough sunshine.
B．The U．K. ranked higher than America in the list.
C．Australia and Canada have the best city planning.
D．Some people in Lagos may live a poor life.
D　解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Lack of infrastructure(基础设施) blocks the streets with cars and the air with pollutants, and residents work long hours for little money.”可知，在拉各斯，一些居民可能过着贫穷的生活，故选D项。
12．What may be the best title for the text?
A．The Best Places to Have a Rich Life
B．The Happiest Lifestyle in the World
C．The City Factors Affecting Your Health
D．The Nice Countries to Keep Healthy
C　解析：标题归纳题。纵观全文可知，本文主要介绍了城市建设对居民健康的影响，故选C项。
主旨大意题——文章大意题
(建议用时：25分钟)
A
(2019·浙江部分重点中学联考)Five­year­old Prisilla Perez, a student at Meador Elementary School in Willis, was unhappy with her recent haircut, which resulted from a severe disease. When students in her class started calling Prisilla a boy, she felt ashamed, often crying and losing focus in school.
Her teacher, Shannon Grimm, sympathized with her unhappiness. Grimm and Prisilla’s mom were concerned, but their ideas didn’t work. “We had classroom discussions about how girls have short hair and boys have long hair, and I showed them photos of movie stars with different looks，” Grimm said. “However, it wasn’t sinking in.”
Grimm thought about Prisilla throughout the winter break, and one morning, she had an idea: Cut off her hair—a scary thought for Grimm, who wore her hair long and took pride in it. “I’ve never had short hair, and I stressed about it for two weeks before making a decision，” she said. On Jan. 4, Grimm invited a hairstylist friend to her home. “I told him to keep going, even if I cried，” she said.
The class loved their teacher’s new do, especially Prisilla, who excitedly ran off the school bus that afternoon yelling, “Mom, Ms. Grimm cut her hair！” The teacher also bought matching bows for herself and the girl, so they could style their hair together.
In February, the teacher recommended Prisilla for the school district’s Student of the Month Award, but during the Monday ceremony, she received a surprise “hero medal” from the girl. “Now we have matching awards，” says Grimm.
Prisilla’s mother, Maria, said that Grimm’s thoughtfulness brought her to tears. “I was shocked. I was crying. I couldn’t believe it—she did something I wouldn’t have the bravery to do. I will never forget that.”
【解题导语】　本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了Grimm老师剪短头发以帮助学生Prisilla的故事。
1．Why was Prisilla unhappy at school?
A．She wasn’t satisfied with her teacher.
B．She couldn’t concentrate in class.
C．She was laughed at by her classmates.
D．She couldn’t get on well with others.
C　解析：细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“When students in her class started calling Prisilla a boy, she felt ashamed, often crying and losing focus in school.”可知，Prisilla在学校不开心是因为她被同学嘲笑。
2．What made Grimm have her own hair cut?
A．Praise from her students.
B．Devotion to her students.
C．Request of Prisilla’s mother.
D．Suggestion from the hairstylist.
B　解析：推理判断题。根据第三段的内容，尤其是“Grimm thought about Prisilla...she had an idea: Cut off her hair”可知，Prisilla因为是短头发而被同学嘲笑，为了安慰Prisilla, Grimm老师决定把自己的头发剪短。由此可推知，Grimm老师出于对学生的关爱才剪短了头发。
3．What can we know about Grimm?
A．She had her hair cut together with Prisilla.
B．She expressed her sincere thanks to her pupils.
C．She hesitated a lot before having her hair cut.
D．She won a gold medal for facing difficulties bravely.
C　解析：细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“‘I’ve never had short hair, and I stressed about it for two weeks before making a decision，’ she said.”可知，Grimm老师剪短头发之前很犹豫。
4．What is the text mainly about?
A．How Grimm helped her student out.
B．What problem Prisilla had at school.
C．Why Prisilla won the Month Award.
D．When Grimm got her new hairstyle.
A　解析：主旨大意题。通读全文可知，Prisilla因为是短头发而被同学嘲笑，她在学校很不开心，Grimm老师为了帮助、安慰她而剪短了自己的头发，故A项正确。
[长难句分析]　I couldn’t believe it—she did something I wouldn’t have the bravery to do.(最后一段第四句)
分析：句中“I wouldn’t have the bravery to do”是省略了关系代词that的定语从句。
译文：她做了连我都没有勇气去做的事儿，我难以相信。
B
Thomas Cheatham had planned to study Latin during his time at Hebron High School in Texas. But when he learned that the school district was going to offer a Mandarin(普通话) class, he quickly changed his mind.
“I thought Mandarin would be more beneficial than Latin，” said Cheatham, who is now in his second year of studying the language.
He speaks Mandarin to order food at Chinese restaurants and can read social media posts from his Chinese­speaking friends. While it’s a difficult language to master, the high school junior, who plans to study computer engineering, thinks it will be important for his career. “Chinese is a good language to know, especially with China becoming a growing power，” he said.
Many experts agree that proficiency(熟练) in a language spoken by a billion people worldwide will give American students an edge in the global economy.
“People are looking at China as our next economic competitor, and interest in Mandarin is growing fast，” said Marty Abbott, director of the American Council(议会) on the Teaching of Foreign Languages. “We’re seeing it in all parts of the country.”
Abbott predicts that as many as 100，000 students are now studying Mandarin in public and private schools throughout the US. She said the US government has designated(指定) Mandarin as an “important needs” language and provides professional development programs for teachers. “Our government wants to increase our language ability for national security and economic competitiveness，” Abbott added.
At the same time, the Chinese government is spreading knowledge of the Chinese language and culture through Confucius Institutes set up in many US states. For example, the Confucius Institute at the University of Texas in Dallas has been the home of a Confucius Institute for 10 years. It sponsors Confucius Classrooms at 21 local public and private schools, where tens of thousands of students are learning Mandarin.
【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲了普通话在美国学生中日益流行。
5．Why did Thomas Cheatham decide to study Mandarin instead of Latin?
A．Mandarin was easier to learn than Latin.
B．Mandarin could be helpful to his future career.
C．Mandarin might help him learn more about China.
D．Mandarin could enable him to study computer engineering.
B　解析：细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“While it’s a difficult language to master, the high school junior, who plans to study computer engineering, thinks it will be important for his career.”可知，Thomas希望中国普通话能够对他今后职业发展的道路有所帮助。故选B。
6．The underlined word “edge” in paragraph 4 probably means “________”．　
A．a slight advantage　　　　 B．the outside limit
C．a sharp tone of voice D．an exciting quality
A　解析：词义猜测题。根据第四段可知，许多专家同意熟练掌握一种被全球10亿人说的语言将会给美国学生在全球经济方面带来优势。故选A。
7．Which of the following statements might Marty Abbott agree with?
A．Mandarin should be taught in classrooms throughout the US.
B．Those skilled at Chinese will be the most competitive in the future.
C．The US government’s policy has helped popularize Mandarin in the US.
D．Americans learn Mandarin because they worry about their national security.
C　解析：推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“She said the US government has designated(指定) Mandarin as an ‘important needs’ language and provides professional development programs for teachers.”可知美国政府对于中国普通话的重视，将中国普通话归类为“重要需求”并为教师提供职业培训项目，促使更多的学生学习中国普通话。故选C。
8．What does the author mainly talk about in this passage?
A．The rising popularity of Mandarin among American students.
B．The great benefits of learning Mandarin for American students.
C．The influence of China’s growing power on American education.
D．The effect of Confucius Institutes in promoting Mandarin in the US.
A　解析：主旨大意题。通读全文可知，作者主要介绍了美国学生学习中国普通话的热情升温的现象，并分析出现该现象的背景和原因。故选A。
[长难句分析]　While it’s a difficult language to master, the high school junior, who plans to study computer engineering, thinks it will be important for his career.(第三段第二句)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。while引导让步状语从句；who引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语，修饰先行词the high school junior；句中“it will be important for his career”是省略了that的宾语从句，作及物动词think 的宾语。
译文：尽管对于这个计划学习计算机工程的高中三年级学生来讲，这是门很难掌握的语言，但是他认为这对他的职业来讲将会是重要的。
C
Are you a procrastinator(拖延者)? It’s a common problem. And it can be harmful, as previous research has shown that people who procrastinate have higher levels of stress and lower well­being, reported the Association for Psychological Science in the US. But a new study has found a way to deal with this problem: Be more connected to your future self.
Psychologists think that each person believes that they are really two people：“Present Me” and “Future Me”. “People act as if they prefer their current selves’ needs and desires to those of their future selves，” wrote psychologists Neil Lewis and Daphna Oyserman.
Oyserman and Lewis decided to try to find a way to make “Present Me” imagine exactly how “Future Me” would feel the night before a big paper was due, though “Present Me” hadn’t started yet. They made “Present Me” think about a far­off event a number of days away, not months or years.
Thinking about events in this__way meant that something like a friend’s wedding seemed 16.3 days sooner when considered in days rather than months and 11.4 months sooner when considered in months rather than years.
The researchers also tried to find out whether people would take action sooner if they were told a certain event was happening in several days rather than years. For example, participants imagined they had a newborn child, and that the child would need to go to college in either 18 years or 6，570 days. The researchers found those in the “days” condition planned to start saving four times sooner than those in the “years” condition.
So if you think of your life in days instead of years, you may get things done quicker.
【解题导语】　本文主要探究了一种应对拖延症的方法。
9．What did Oyserman and Lewis intend to do through their study?
A．To work on a solution to test if someone is a procrastinator.
B．To find out whether human beings usually have two different characters.
C．To discover procrastinators are more likely to have a lower sense of well­being.
D．To prove it’s helpful to connect our current selves more with future selves.
D　解析：细节理解题。根据对第三段的整体理解可知，Oyserman和Lewis想要通过他们的研究去验证把“现在的我”和“将来的我”联系起来是否会对应对拖延症有一定的帮助，故选D。
10．The underlined part “this way” in paragraph 4 refers to “________”．
A．setting up tough deadlines
B．following schedules strictly
C．counting in smaller units of time
D．imagining how your future self will feel
C　解析：推理判断题。承接第三段最后一句“They made ‘Present Me’ think about a far­off event a number of days away, not months or years.”可推知，画线部分是指用更小的时间单位去计量，故选C。
11．What helps prevent people from procrastinating?
A．Comparing their future selves with present selves.
B．Considering their current selves’ needs and desires.
C．Thinking about far­off events in days rather than years.
D．Marking important events on a calendar as a reminder.
C　解析：推理判断题。根据第五段的内容以及最后一段“So if you think of your life in days instead of years, you may get things done quicker.”可推知，用天而不是用年去考虑将来所发生的事情会帮助拖延者不再拖延，故选C。
12．What does the passage mainly talk about?
A．A way to get things done in time.
B．The harmful effects of procrastination.
C．The reason to overlook future needs and desires.
D．The way to reduce stress and improve happiness.
A　解析：主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“But a new study has found a way to deal with this problem: Be more connected to your future self.”，并结合对全文的整体理解可推知，本文主要探究了一种应对拖延症的方法，故选A。
[长难句分析]　The researchers also tried to find out whether people would take action sooner if they were told a certain event was happening in several days rather than years.(第五段第一句)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。whether引导宾语从句，作find out的宾语；if引导条件状语从句；“a certain event was happening in several days rather than years”是省略了that的宾语从句，作told的宾语。
译文：研究人员也试图弄清楚如果人们被告知某事将在几天后而不是几年后发生，他们是否会更快采取行动。
主旨大意题——段落大意题
(建议用时：25分钟)
A
(2019·嘉兴高中学科基础测试)I read a newspaper article about a new concept. The idea is simple, but revolutionary(革命性的): combining a residential home for the elderly with a nursery school in the same building. The children and the residents(住户) eat lunch together and share activities such as music, painting and gardening. In the afternoons, the residents enjoy reading stories to the children and, if a child is feeling sad or tired, there is always a kind lap to sit on and a hug.
Nowadays there is less and less contact between the old and the young. There are many reasons for this, including the breakdown of the extended family, working parents with no time to care for ageing relations, and smaller flats with no room for grandparents. But the result is the same: increasing numbers of children without grandparents and old people who have no contact with children. It’s a major problem in many societies.
That’s why inter­generational(代际的) programs are growing in popularity all over the world. There are examples of successful actions all over the world. Using young people to teach IT skills to older people is one obvious example. Using old people as volunteer assistants in schools is another. One successful scheme in London pairs young volunteers with old people who are losing their sight. The young people help with practical things such as writing letters, reading bank statements and helping with shopping, and the older people can pass on their knowledge and experience to their young visitors. For example, a retired judge may be paired with a teenager who wants to study law.
But it isn’t only the individuals concerned who gain from inter­generational activities. The advantages to society are huge too. If older people can understand and accept the youth of today, there will be less conflict in a community. And we can use the strengths of one generation to help another. Then perhaps getting old won’t be so sad after all.
【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文。如今老年人和青少年之间的联系越来越少，这是一个很严重的问题，因此以为老年人和青少年创造联系的桥梁代际计划越来越受欢迎。
1．Why does the author mention the newspaper article he read?
A．To argue for a new concept.
B．To show his interest in the topic.
C．To introduce the topic of the text.
D．To draw our attention to a social problem.
C　解析：写作意图题。根据第一段第二句“The idea is simple, but revolutionary(革命性的): combining a residential home for the elderly with a nursery school in the same building.”可知，作者在报纸上读到的那篇文章主张将养老院和幼儿园结合起来，将它们建在一起；再根据后面作者所讲述的内容可判断出，作者之所以提到那篇文章是为了引出要讲的话题。故正确答案为C。
2．What is the purpose of the inter­generational programs?
A．To provide a good job opportunity for the young.
B．To bring the old and the young together.
C．To teach the young to respect the old.
D．To ask the old to care for the young.
B　解析：推理判断题。根据第二段最后两句“But the result is the same: increasing numbers of children without grandparents and old people who have no contact with children. It’s a major problem in many societies.”和第三段第一句“That’s why inter­generational(代际的) programs are growing in popularity all over the world.”可知，目前没有祖父母照顾的孩子的数量以及没有机会和孩子联系的老人的数量都在增加，这是一个很大的问题，而代际计划就是为了解决这一问题的。由此可判断出代际计划的目的是使老人和孩子生活在一起。故正确答案为B。
3．What is paragraph 3 mainly about?
A．The reasons why inter­generational programs enjoy popularity in the world.
B．The inter­generational programs’ benefits to individuals.
C．The inter­generational programs all over the world.
D．The examples of inter­generational activities.
D　解析：段落大意题。根据第三段内容可判断出，本段主要介绍的是一些代际活动的例子。故正确答案为D。
4．What may be the best title for the text?
A．Building Bridges for the Old and the Young
B．A New Concept in Caring for the Old Is Born
C．Offering a Warm Home for the Young
D．Being Old Is No More Sad
A　解析：标题归纳题。通过全文可知，本文主要讲述的是：如今老年人和青少年之间的联系越来越少，这是一个很严重的问题，因此以为老年人和青少年创造联系的桥梁代际计划越来越受欢迎。A项体现了本文的核心，适合用作本文的标题。故正确答案为A。
[长难句分析]　One successful scheme in London pairs young volunteers with old people who are losing their sight.(第三段第五句)
分析：本句是一个复合句。who引导定语从句，修饰先行词old people。
译文：伦敦的一项成功的方案是将年轻的志愿者与视力渐失的老年人配对组合。
B
World Environment Day is celebrated annually on June 5th and was created to inspire people around the globe to take an active part in environmental protection and learn more about ways we can help to guarantee the future of our planet is safe.
The very first World Environment Day took place in 1974, established by the United Nations General Assembly on the first day of the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment that took place in 1972. Each year the United Nations picks a theme and a host city where anyone who is concerned about the environment can talk about environmental topics with others, followed by different kinds of exhibits to promote environmental awareness. Environmentalists, academics and scientists come together to bring new ideas on the table concerning the environment.
The 2018 World Environment Day is hosted by India, and the theme is Beat Plastic Pollution. It urges people to explore and choose supportable alternatives like paper or cloth bags to reduce the production and use of disposable plastic, which makes up 10% of all of the waste. Even though the United Nations picks a specific host city every year, people around the world still celebrate World Environment Day in their hometowns with parades(游行), concerts, cleaning up and tree planting and all kinds of green actions to work towards having a beautiful planet and battling pollution.
World Environment Day is not a public holiday, so you won’t be getting the day off work or school, but if you want to celebrate, why not bring it to the attention of your parents, friends, colleagues or classmates? World Environment Day is all about working together to take action for the planet, so try to get everyone you know interested in helping do something. Things as small as making sure people have a way to recycle can make a difference. You could also try beautifying your neighborhood by planting gardens, learn about green foods, raise money for a local wildlife conservation group or simply learn about the effects of different products on the earth.
【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了世界环境日的由来和情况，并呼吁全员行动起来帮助保护地球。
5．Why is World Environment Day set up?
A．To make people know more about nature.
B．To ask people to help to protect the globe.
C．To warn people of the danger of air pollution.
D．To encourage people to plan the earth’s future.
B　解析：细节理解题。从第一段中的“to inspire people around the globe to take an active part in environmental protection and learn more about ways we can help to guarantee the future of our planet is safe”可以看出，世界环境日的目的是鼓励人们积极参与环境保护并多学会些方法来帮助确保地球将来的安全。故选B。
6．What do people do on World Environment Day?
A．Decide a host city.
B．Hold a theme party.
C．Discuss environmental ideas.
D．Show some plastic products.
C　解析：细节理解题。从第二段中的“where anyone who is concerned about the environment can talk about environmental topics with others”以及“Environmentalists, academics and scientists come together to bring new ideas on the table concerning the environment.”可以看出，人们主要是在这一天讨论环境问题。
7．Which of the following words is the closest in meaning to the underlined word “disposable” in paragraph 3?
A．High­cost.　　　　　　　 B．Poor­quality.
C．Second­hand. D．Single­use.
D　解析：词义猜测题。从第三段中的“Beat Plastic Pollution”可以看出，2018年的主题是“塑战速决”，再结合画线词前面的“It urges people to explore and choose supportable alternatives like paper or cloth bags”和后面的“which makes up 10% of all of the waste”可知，“disposable plastic”造成大量资源浪费，所以“一次性的”符合语境，故选D项。
8．What’s the main idea of the last paragraph?
A．Every bit of effort counts.
B．Doing is better than saying.
C．Many hands make light work.
D．Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.
A　解析：段落大意题。根据最后一段的内容可知，世界环境日不是公共节日，所以人们不放假。但如果你想庆祝的话，为何不让你周围的人关注它？所以最后一段主要是讲每个人都可以从身边小事做起，行动起来保护地球，每个人的微小努力都很重要，故选A项。Doing is better than saying“行胜于言”；Many hands make light work“众人拾柴火焰高”；Nothing is impossible to a willing heart“有志者事竟成”。
[长难句分析]　Each year the United Nations picks a theme and a host city where anyone who is concerned about the environment can talk about environmental topics with others, followed by different kinds of exhibits to promote environmental awareness.(第二段第二句)
分析：本文是一个主从复合句。where引导一个定语从句，修饰a host city，在这个定语从句中又有一个who引导的定语从句，followed by是过去分词短语作伴随状语。
译文：每年联合国都会选择一个主题和主办城市，在那里任何关心环境的人都可以与别人谈论环境话题，之后还有不同种类的展品展出以提高(人们的)环境意识。
C
At the age of seven, while his friends were spending their allowance on things like candy and toys, Jose Adolfo Quisocola was busy saving money for basic purchases. To try to get his peers(同龄人) to do the same, the boy from Peru came up with the idea of an eco­bank, the Bartselana Student Bank, which allows kids of all ages to become financially independent while also helping the environment.
Set up in 2012, the bank is the world’s first bank for kids. To become a member, a kid has to bring in at least 5 kilograms of solid waste and set a savings goal. Once accepted, all bank “partners” are required to deposit at least one additional kilogram of recyclables on a monthly basis and observe other requirements, such as attending financial education and environmental management workshops.
The waste accumulated is sold to local recycling companies, which, thanks to Jose’s efforts, pay a higher­than­market rate for everything brought in by the bank members. The money received is placed in the personal account where they collect until the savings goal is reached. The account holder can then withdraw the money, or choose to leave it and make it continue to grow for a bigger target. “At the beginning, my teachers thought I was crazy or that a child could not undertake this type of project，” Jose recalls. “They did not understand that we are not the future of the country but its present. Luckily, I had the support of the school headmaster and an assistant in my class.”
The boy’s efforts paid off, and by 2013, the bank had over 200 members, who brought in one ton of recyclable waste. Today, the eco­bank, which now has the support of several local institutions, boasts ten educational centers. They are designed to teach over 3，000 students, aged 10 to 18, to become financially independent, use their money wisely, and help the environment.
Not surprisingly, Jose’s efforts have earned him several national and international awards. On November 20, 2018, Jose won Children’s Climate Prize, which comes with a medal and $ 5，500 in prize money and is given to a child or youth who has accomplished an extraordinary achievement for the climate or environment.
【解题导语】　本文是一篇记叙文。当其他的孩子把零花钱花在糖果和玩具上时，七岁的Jose却想着如何储蓄。在校长的支持下，他成立了学生生态银行，让学生带废品开户，之后将废品销售给收购商。该银行受到了孩子们的欢迎。
9．Why did Jose set up the bank?
A．To raise money and set up a recycling company.
B．To buy necessities and donate them to needy kids.
C．To save much money and protect the environment.
D．To educate the students and help them win prizes.
C　解析：细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“To try to get his peers(同龄人) to do the same, the boy from Peru came up with the idea of an eco­bank, the Bartselana Student Bank, which allows kids of all ages to become financially independent while also helping the environment.”可知，为了让他的同龄人也这么做，这个来自秘鲁的男孩想出了一个生态银行的点子，这个银行能让各个年龄段的孩子变得经济独立，同时也有助于环境保护。据此可知，Jose创立生态银行旨在储蓄的同时保护环境，故C项正确。
10．How can a kid be admitted to the eco­bank?
A．By donating to the eco­bank.
B．By turning in one kilogram of waste in a month.
C．By sending in an application.
D．By presenting a savings goal and a certain amount of waste.
D　解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“To become a member, a kid has to bring in at least 5 kilograms of solid waste and set a savings goal.”可知，若要成为生态银行的一员，一个孩子必须至少上交5千克的固体垃圾，并设定一个储蓄目标，故D项正确。
11．How did the teachers feel about Jose’s program?
A．Doubtful.　　　　　　 B．Excited.
C．Moved. D．Worried.
A　解析：推理判断题。根据第三段第四句“‘At the beginning, my teachers thought I was crazy or that a child could not undertake this type of project，’Jose recalls.”可知，开始时老师们认为Jose疯了，认为一个孩子不能承担这种类型的项目。据此可推知，老师们对Jose的项目持怀疑态度，故A项正确。
12．What is paragraph 4 mainly about?
A．How the environment is improved.
B．What the project has achieved.
C．How tons of waste has been recycled.
D．What support the local institutions get.
B　解析：段落大意题。根据第四段第一句“The boy’s efforts paid off, and by 2013, the bank had over 200 members, who brought in one ton of recyclable waste.”可知，Jose的努力得到了回报，到2013年，该银行已有200多名成员，他们带来了一吨可回收垃圾；并结合该段其他内容可知，该段主要介绍了生态银行的成就，故B项正确。
[长难句分析]　To try to get his peers(同龄人) to do the same, the boy from Peru came up with the idea of an eco­bank, the Bartselana Student Bank, which allows kids of all ages to become financially independent while also helping the environment.(第一段第二句)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。句中“which allows kids of all ages to become financially independent while also helping the environment”为which引导的非限制性定语从句，which指代先行词the Bartselana Student Bank，在从句中作主语；句中动词不定式短语“To try to get his peers(同龄人) to do the same”作目的状语。
译文：为了让他的同龄人也这么做，这个来自秘鲁的男孩想出了一个生态银行——Bartselana学生银行的点子，这个银行能让各个年龄段的孩子变得经济独立，同时也有助于环境保护。