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2020江苏高考英语二轮讲义：专题三阅读理解第四讲 根据上下文推断词句的含义——词句猜测题
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第四讲 根据上下文推断词句的含义——词句猜测题[学生用书P82]
词句猜测题旨在考查考生根据上下文推断单词、短语或句子的本意或外延含义的能力，既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新意，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。
除了直接的命题外，在阅读理解的文章中，常常有一些单词或短语超出了考试大纲，但又没有附加注释，也需要考生猜测词义才能准确理解文章，这是词义猜测题的一种简单命题形式。
高考江苏卷词句猜测题题量统计
考纲解读
年份
个数
(1)正确理解文章中单词或短语的含义是理解文章的第一步，也是理解文章的基础。
(2)英语单词的含义并非完全等同于词典中所标注的汉语意思，其含义在不同的语境中会有所不同。能根据上下文正确理解灵活变化的词义，才算是真正初步具备了一定的阅读理解能力。
(3)阅读文章时，常常会遇到一些过去未见过的词，但这类生词的词义可以通过上下文推断出来，这是阅读理解中经常考查的一种能力。
2019
1
2018
—
2017
2
[学生用书P83]
【考查特点】
Ⅰ.把握词句猜测题最常见的命题方式：
(1)The phrase“...” in the sentence could be replaced by “________”．
(2)The underlined word “...” in paragraph...refers to ________．
(3)What is the meaning of the underlined word in the...paragraph？/What does the underlined word mean in the...paragraph?
(4)Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the phrase “...”？
(5)The underlined word “...” most probably means “________”．
(6)The underlined sentence in the second paragraph implies that ________．
Ⅱ.掌握词句猜测题的考查角度：
(1)猜测生词或熟词的含义。
(2)猜测短语的意义。
(3)猜测替代词所替代的内容(如it，one，they，this，that，these，those等)。
(4)猜测句意。
词义猜测题——语境分析猜词义
无论是直接的词义猜测题，还是文章中需要理解的生词，考生都可以利用构词法、同义词、近义词、反义词、逻辑关系、定义和解释、例证、同等关系及生活常识和文化背景等方法猜出单词或短语的意思，这些方法体现了高考对考生的文化品格要求越来越高。掌握了这些方法，考生猜测词义的准确度也会越来越高。
1．利用构词法猜词义
阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词，考生可以根据构词法猜测词义。
构词法有合成法、派生法和转换法(即单词的词性转变而词形不变)。
[典例] (2018·北京卷·D片段)A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrolpowered private cars worldwide with electric, selfdriving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ridehailing services, considering the cost of selfdriving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.
49．What does the underlined word “fielded” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A．Employed. B．Replaced.
C．Shared. D．Reduced.
[解析] A 词义猜测题。利用构词法解题。field常用作名词， 表示“场地，领域”，此处用作动词，引申为“使用，应用”。根据上段中画线词所在句的前半部分内容“The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly”并结合下句中的“as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology”可知，随着价格的降低以及人们对这项技术开始应用自如，第一批上市的无人驾驶车辆会“被应用”到“叫车服务”中。故选A。
2．利用同义、近义词猜词义
在生词所出现的上下文中，有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。表示同义或近义的信号词/词组常见的有：and，or，similarly，likewise等。
[典例] (2017·全国卷Ⅱ·A片段)By translating the rich and humorous text of Love’s Labour’s Lost into the physical language of BSL, Deafinitely Theatre creates a new interpretation of Shakespeare’s comedy and aims to build a bridge between deaf and hearing worlds by performing to both groups as one audience.
[点拨] 根据上文中的“By translating the rich and humorous text of Love’s Labour’s Lost into the physical language of BSL”中的translating可知，interpretation与translating同义，意为：翻译。
3．利用反义词猜词义
有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。表示对比或反义的信号词/词组常见的有：(whether)．..or，unlike，but，yet，however，while，although，nevertheless，instead，rather than，in contrast，on the contrary，on the other hand等。
[典例] (福建卷·E片段)If you’re tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored，you can attend an upbeat group fitness class that’ll keep your workout on track.
73．The underlined word “upbeat” in the second paragraph probably means “________”．
A．cheerful B．average
C．serious D．temporary
[解析] A 词义猜测题。根据上文语境可知，upbeat应与上文中的“tired of”意义相反，可猜测为“快乐的，乐观的”，故选A。
4．利用逻辑关系猜词义
任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。考生可以利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义。常见的上下文之间的关系有：因果关系、转折关系、并列关系、递进关系、解释关系等。
[典例] (2019·北京卷·D片段)Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface, where they pull carbon dioxide(二氧化碳) into the ocean while giving off oxygen. When these organisms die, they bury carbon in the deep ocean, an important process that helps to regulate the global climate. But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean’s warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth, since they need not only sunlight and carbon dioxide to grow, but also nutrients.
43．What does the underlined word “vulnerable” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．Sensitive. B．Beneficial.
C．Significant. D．Unnoticeable.
[解析] A 词义猜测题。根据上段尾句“Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth...but also nutrients.”可知，温度变化对phytoplankton有很大的影响；由此可推知phytoplankton对海洋的温度很敏感。故选A。
5．利用例证猜词义
为了说明或证实，文章中经常会举例，往往用来列举说明前面较难理解的词，这些例子可以帮助考生猜测生词。举例时，常常会用一些连接性的词，如such as，like, for example, for instance等。
[典例] (2018·全国卷Ⅰ·C片段)In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nationstate and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
29．Which of the following best explains “dominant” underlined in paragraph 2?
A．Complex. B．Advanced.
C．Powerful. D．Modern.
[解析] C 词义猜测题。根据“dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over”可知，英语、西班牙语和汉语正在替代其他语言。由此推知，dominant languages意为“强有力的语言”。故选C。
6．利用同等关系猜词义
同等关系是指一个词、一个词组或短语在句中作同一成分，而且他们的词义属于同一范畴。只要认出其中一个或几个词或短语，即可以确定同等关系中生词的词性、作用和大概的意思。常见的表示同等关系的信号词有：or，namely, that is, in other words, that is to say, to be more exact, to put in another way等。
[典例] (2018·全国卷Ⅱ·B片段)If you have a_juicer,_you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a “softserve” creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a children’s party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.
26．What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph?
A．A dessert. B．A drink.
C．A container. D．A machine.
[解析] D 本段对juicer的功能做了描述，从其中的“you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a ‘softserve’ creamy dessert...”这些字眼可以看出juicer是一种机器，是一种将冷冻的香蕉、浆果等制成果汁的机器，此外，最后一句中的“they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below”明确指出画线词指的是一种机器(榨汁机)。故选D。
7．利用生活常识和文化背景猜词义
[典例] (2019·全国卷Ⅰ·B片段)But he’s nervous. “I’m here to tell you today why you should...should...” Chris trips on the “ld，” a pronunciation difficulty for many nonnative English speakers. His teacher, Thomas Whaley, is next to him, whispering support. “...Vote for...me...” Except for some stumbles,_Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion, Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.
25．What does the underlined word “stumbles” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Improper pauses. B．Bad manners.
C．Spelling mistakes. D．Silly jokes.
[解析] A 词义猜测题。根据文章内容可知，老师借助竞选演说鼓励同学们学会赞美自己。文中Chris Palaez的母语不是英语，他学英语才三年多，说话不流利，而且他在演讲时非常紧张，所以说话磕磕绊绊，故选A。
代词指代题——就近原则判指代
此类题目要求考生根据语境判断代词(this, that, it, they, them, one, which等)究竟指代什么。
[典例] (2017·全国卷Ⅰ·C片段)Despite the celebrations, though, in the U．S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.
It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change that. As the Kennedy Center’s artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.
29．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A．Jazz becoming more accessible.
B．The production of jazz growing faster.
C．Jazz being less popular with the young.
D．The jazz audience becoming larger.
第一步 确定题干中的关键信息
the_underlined_word_“that”_in_paragraph_3
第二步 定位到原句，并找出该词所代替的内容
the_jazz_audience_continues_to_shrink_and_grow_older,_and_the_music_has_failed_to_connect_with_younger_generations_
第三步 综合判断得出答案
由关键句可知，that指代爵士乐听众的数量减少并且趋于老龄化，不受年轻人喜欢的现状。
自主解答：C
代词指代判断三法
1．返回原文，找出指代词(it, they, them, this等)。
2．向上(有时向下)搜索，找最近的名词、代词、短语或句子(就近原则)。
3．将找到的词、词组或句子代入替换该指代词，看其意思、逻辑关系是否通顺，并最终确定最佳答案。
句意猜测题——意义吻合定句意
高考阅读理解有时对某一个句子的外延含义进行考查，因此要求考生准确理解前后句所表达的含义，巧解句意猜测题。
[典例] (2019·浙江卷6月·B片段)Money_with_no_strings_attached. It’s not something you see every day. But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month, a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read, “Give What You Can, Take What You Need.”
24．What does the expression “money with no strings attached” in paragraph 1 mean?
A．Money spent without hesitation.
B．Money not legally made.
C．Money offered without conditions.
D．Money not tied together.
第一步 确定题干中的关键信息
“money_with_no_strings_attached”_in_paragraph_1
第二步 定位到原句，并找出与该句相关的信息句
Give_What_You_Can,_Take_What_You_Need._
第三步 综合判断得出答案
由“尽你所能，取你所需”可知，此处money_with_no_strings_attached的意思应该是“无条件提供钱”。
自主解答：C
句意猜测两注意
句意猜测题要求考生通过阅读文章，用合适的语句对其进行解释性的描述。
1．返回原文，找到该句，对原句进行语法和逻辑关系的准确分析。对需要推理的句意理解，首先要理解句子前后的语境，其次对此句在文章中的意思进行合理的推断，最后再归纳总结。
2．一般来说，正确选项的意思与原句的意思完全相同，只是用其他的英语词汇和句式来表达相同的意思。
[学生用书P85]
(2019·江苏卷·B)In the 1960s，while studying the volcanic history of Yellowstone National Park，Bob Christiansen became puzzled about something that，oddly，had not troubled anyone before：he couldn’t find the park’s volcano. It had been known for a long time that Yellowstone was volcanic in nature—that’s what accounted for all its hot springs and other steamy features. But Christiansen couldn’t find the Yellowstone volcano anywhere.
Most of us, when we talk about volcanoes, think of the classic cone(圆锥体) shapes of a Fuji or Kilimanjaro, which are created when erupting magma(岩浆) piles up. These can form remarkably quickly. In 1943, a Mexican farmer was surprised to see smoke rising from a small part of his land. In one week he was the confused owner of a cone five hundred feet high. Within two years it had topped out at almost fourteen hundred feet and was more than half a mile across. Altogether there are some ten thousand of these volcanoes on Earth，all but a few hundred of them extinct. There is, however, a second less known type of volcano that doesn’t involve mountain building. These are volcanoes so explosive that they burst open in a single big crack, leaving behind a vast hole, the caldera. Yellowstone obviously was of this second type, but Christiansen couldn’t find the caldera anywhere.
Just at this time NASA decided to test some new highaltitude cameras by taking photographs of Yellowstone. A thoughtful official passed on some of the copies to the park authorities on the assumption that they might make a nice blowup for one of the visitors’ centers. As soon as Christiansen saw the photos，he realized why he had failed to spot the caldera: almost the whole park—2.2 million acres—was caldera. The explosion had left a hole more than forty miles across—much too huge to be seen from anywhere at ground level. At some time in the past Yellowstone must have blown up with a violence far beyond the scale of anything known to humans.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。20世纪60年代，Bob Christiansen在研究黄石国家公园的火山历史时，对一件以前从未困扰过任何人的事情感到困惑：他找不到公园里的火山。
58．What puzzled Christiansen when he was studying Yellowstone?
A．Its complicated geographical features.
B．Its everlasting influence on tourism.
C．The mysterious history of the park.
D．The exact location of the volcano.
D 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Bob Christiansen became puzzled about something that, oddly, had not troubled anyone before: he couldn’t find the park’s volcano”可知，Bob Christiansen对黄石国家公园的火山位置感到困惑。
59．What does the second paragraph mainly talk about?
A．The shapes of volcanoes.
B．The impacts of volcanoes.
C．The activities of volcanoes.
D．The heights of volcanoes.
A 解析：段落大意题。根据第二段内容尤其是其中的“Most of us, when we talk about volcanoes, think of the classic cone(圆锥体) shapes of Fuji or Kilimanjaro”和“a second less known type of volcano that doesn’t involve mountain building...a vast hole”可知，该段主要讲两类火山的形状。
60．What does the underlined word “blowup” in the last paragraph most probably mean?
A．Hotair balloon. B．Digital camera.
C．Big photograph. D．Bird’s view.
C 解析：词义猜测题。根据画线词前的“NASA decided to...by taking paragraphs of Yellowstone”和本段中的“As soon as Christiansen saw the photos, he realized why he had failed to spot the caldera: almost the whole park—2.2 million acres—was caldera.”可知，NASA拍摄了黄石国家公园的照片，Christiansen在照片上看到公园的全景。由此可推知，blowup意为“放大的照片”。
[学生用书P86]
A
(2019·无锡教学质量抽测)When she first started learning about the climate change from one of her elders, Fawn Sharp was invited on a helicopter flight over the Olympic Mountains to survey the Mount Anderson glacier. But the glacier was gone, melted by the warming climate. Sharp had a deep sense of loss when she discovered the glacier wasn’t there any more.
Loss is a growing issue for people working and living on the front lines of climate change. And that gave Jennifer Wren Atkinson, a fulltime lecturer at the University of Washington Bothell, US, an idea for a class.
This term, she taught students on the Bothell campus about the emotional burdens of environmental study. She used the experiences of Native American tribes, scientists and activists, and asked her 24 students to face the reality that there is no easy fix—that “this is such an intractable problem that they’re going to be dealing with it for the rest of their lives.”
Student Cody Dillon used to be a climate science skeptic(怀疑论者). Then he did his own reading and research, and changed his mind.
Dillon wasn’t going into environmental work—he was a computerscience major. Yet, the potential for a worldwide environmental catastrophe seemed so real to him five years ago that he quit his job and became a fulltime volunteer for an environmental group that worked on restoration projects.
Six months into the work, he decided that Atkinson’s class was just what he was looking for—a place where he could discuss his concerns about a changing climate.
Atkinson said she hoped the class helped her students prepare themselves for the amount of environmental loss that will happen over their lifetimes.
“We are already changing the planet—so many species are going to be lost, displaced or massively impacted，” she said. “The future isn’t going to be what they imagined.”
【解题导语】 本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要报道了Jennifer Wren Atkinson给同学们上环境研究的情感负担课，意在通过这类课程告诉学生气候变化日益严峻，没人能够独善其身，因此要更加关注环境问题。
1．Why did the author mention the case of Fawn Sharp?
A．To lay a basis for Fawn Sharp’s further research.
B．To prove Fawn Sharp’s work is similar to Atkinson’s.
C．To lead into the issue of loss caused by climate change.
D．To show scientists’ concern about the Mount Anderson glacier.
C 解析：推理判断题。根据第一段内容可知，Fawn Sharp被邀请乘坐直升机飞越奥林匹克山脉，调查Mount Anderson冰川。但是因气候变暖，冰川融化消失了，当Fawn Sharp 发现冰川已经不在那里时，她有一种深深的失落感。由此可推知，作者通过Fawn Sharp发现冰山消失以及她的感受来引入“气候变化导致环境损失”的主题。故选C。
2．What’s the main purpose of Atkinson’s class?
A．To explore how different people deal with climate change.
B．To get students more concerned about environmental issue.
C．To find solutions to the Olympic Mountains environmental issue.
D．To teach students how to conduct a research about environment.
B 解析：细节理解题。根据倒数第二段Atkinson said she hoped the class helped her students prepare themselves for the amount of environmental loss that will happen over their lifetimes.可知，Atkinson的课的主要目的是让学生更加关注环境问题。故选B。
3．Which of the following best explains the underlined word “intractable” in paragraph 3?
A．Simple. B．Difficult.
C．Complicated. D．Interesting.
B 解析：词义猜测题。根据本句中的“and asked her 24 students to face the reality that there is no easy fix”可知，Atkinson让她的24名学生面对这样一个现实：没有简单的解决办法；再根据破折号可知，此处表示这是一个如此棘手的问题，他们将在余生中处理它。由此可推知，intractable意为“困难的”，与difficult意义相近。故选B。
4．How did Atkinson’s class influence Dillon?
A．Dillon worked as a parttime volunteer for restoration projects.
B．It made him realize a planetwide climate disaster would happen.
C．It encouraged him to be more involved in environmental protection.
D．It discouraged him to work on restoration projects for the environment.
C 解析：推理判断题。根据第五段第二句“Yet, the potential for a worldwide environmental catastrophe seemed so real to him five years ago that he quit his job and became a fulltime volunteer for an environmental group that worked on restoration projects.”可知，五年前，Dillon认为世界环境灾难的可能性是如此真实，以至于他辞去了工作，成了一名致力于修复项目的环保组织的全职志愿者；又根据第六段“Six months into the work, he decided that Atkinson’s class was just what he was looking for—a place where he could discuss his concerns about a changing climate.”可知，工作六个月后，他认为Atkinson的课正是他想要的——一个他可以讨论他对不断变化的气候的担忧的地方。由此可推知，Atkinson的课鼓励了Dillon更多地参与环境保护。故选C。
[长难句分析] Yet，the potential for a worldwide environmental catastrophe seemed so real to him five years ago that he quit his job and became a fulltime volunteer for an environmental group that worked on restoration projects.(第五段第二句)
分析：本句是一个复合句。so...(第一个)that...引导结果状语从句；第二个that引导定语从句，修饰先行词an environmental group。
译文：然而，五年前，Dillon认为世界环境灾难的可能性看起来如此真实，以至于他辞去了工作，成了一名致力于修复项目的环保组织的全职志愿者。
B
(2019·南京四校联考)Have you ever caught yourself saying “I hate small talk！” the minute you walk into a party? If so, you might be an introvert(内向的人). Introverts hate to chat about “small” subjects with people. They are fine when you talk oneonone but seem to get lost in the crowd when there’s a group around.
If you’re talking to an introvert, you might find that your first few conversations go one of two ways. Either they’ll seem to get bored and not say much or they’ll seem to skate over small talk in favor of more indepth topics. What you need to know is that the introvert are not being rude. It’s just that they don’t like small talk. Here’s why.
Small talk serves as a gateway toward deeper conversations. Some introverts don’t realize that small talk will actually help them get to the bigger topics. You don’t need to stay on small talk forever. However, sometimes introverts feel that even the short amount of time it takes to get into the real conversation is a waste of time. Small talk is very fast. Someone says something and this should be followed up with a quick response. But introverts like to chew on their words before saying them aloud. Before they answer, they’ll mull_over different thoughts.
Small talk in its very nature invites more people to join in. The more people who join in the conversation, the more the introvert will tend to step back. As a result, they’ll be quiet.
Small talk is about throwing out subjects in the hope that one or more of them can be turned into a common point of interest.
The listening involved with small talk is not indepth. The purpose is about listening “lightly” so you can figure out the right topics to spend some time on. Introverts tend to be great listeners, but they use active listening rather than light listening. This makes them wonderful friends, but can also make it difficult for new people to understand why they’re so quiet.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了内向的人不喜欢闲聊及其原因，引导我们正确地认识闲聊的作用并理解内向的人。
5．How do introverts respond to a chat?
A．They try to avoid it.
B．They get excited about it.
C．They give it their full attention.
D．They focus on unimportant topics.
A 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Either they’ll seem to get bored and not say much or they’ll seem to skate over small talk in favor of more indepth topics.”可知，性格内向者要么很厌烦不想多说，要么避免闲谈。故选A项。
6．What do we know about small talk?
A．It goes slowly.
B．It costs people a lot of time.
C．It contributes to deeper topics.
D．It provides much useful information.
C 解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Small talk serves as a gateway toward deeper conversations. Some introverts don’t realize that small talk will actually help them get to the bigger topics.”可知，闲聊有助于引出更深层次的话题。故选C项。
7．What does the underlined phrase “mull over” in paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．Give up. B．Think over.
C．Write down. D．Forget about.
B 解析：词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“But introverts like to chew on their words before saying them aloud.”可知，内向的人喜欢在说话前仔细斟酌，也就是说，他们回答前会仔细考虑不同的想法。think over意为“认真考虑”，符合语境。give up意为“放弃”；write down意为“写下；记下”；forget about意为“忘记”。故选B项。
8．How can we become a good talker in small conversations?
A．Figure out the deep meaning of questions.
B．Think twice before answering questions.
C．Try to find shared topics.
D．Be a quiet listener.
C 解析：推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Small talk is about throwing out subjects in the hope that one or more of them can be turned into a common point of interest.”可知，想要成为一个健谈的人，需要找到共同的话题。故选C项。
[长难句分析] However, sometimes introverts feel that even the short amount of time it takes to get into the real conversation is a waste of time.(第三段第四句)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句，句子主语为introverts, feel是谓语，that引导宾语从句作feel的宾语；宾语从句中，the short amount of time is a waste of time 是句子主干， it takes to get into the real conversation是定语从句，修饰限定先行词the short amount of time, 从句中省略了引导词。
译文：然而，有时候性格内向者感觉甚至用很短的时间来进入真正的谈话都是浪费时间。
词句猜测题[学生用书P149(单独成册)]
(建议用时：25分钟)
A
(2019·常州学业水平监测)The pumpkin(南瓜) theme is everywhere at Butler’s Orchard in Germantown, Maryland. It has thousands of pumpkins, including a pumpkin patch where people can pick their own pumpkin. There are also other things to do, like riding a pony, rushing down a slide or walking around a corn maze with its confusing winding pathways. Some children discover the big orange fruits way more than they think. Visitors can pick their own in season fruits, vegetables and flowers. Butler’s Orchard opened more than sixty years ago, as one of the first pick your own farms in the area.
Ken Merriam brought his children. He says Butler’s Orchard brings back good memories of growing up on a farm in Honduras.“It’s a little bit of what I used to have as a kid, so that’s why I think it’s nice to bring them over here. Get them out of the city.” Shirley Butler’s grandchildren who are in their 30s are now the third generation to run the farm. General manager Tyler Butler says children who usually only see pumpkins in grocery stores can learn how pumpkins are grown.
“I didn’t know pumpkins came from a vine. There are flowers on this vine. There are roots.”These little girls are learning about pumpkins during their first trip to a pumpkin patch to feel the nature and the fruits. For Tristan Piazza’s mother, the Fall Festival is an annual event. “My parents have always brought me. I bring my kid now. I hope he stays in the area and he can bring his kids.” Since family funds are hard to keep_afloat these days, Tyler Butler appreciates the tens of thousands of visitors who come to the Fall Festival each year.
【解题导语】 本文主要介绍了Butler自助果园的一些活动项目和它对于他人的家庭所起到的独一无二的作用。
1．At Butler’s Orchard, visitors can experience ________.
A．picking vegetables in person
B．growing vegetables by themselves
C．tasting fruits off season
D．selling pumpkins online
A 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段倒数第二句“Visitors can pick their own in season fruits, vegetables and flowers.”可知，游客可以在Butler果园里亲自采摘当令的水果、蔬菜和鲜花。故选A项。
2．Why did Ken Merriam take his children to the farm?
A．They want to run it.
B．They want to grow vegetables.
C．It reminds him of his childhood.
D．It provides them with fun activities.
C 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“He says Butler’s Orchard brings back good memories of growing up on a farm in Honduras.”可知，他带孩子来这里是因为这里让他想起了他的童年。故选C项。
3．Which of the following best explains “keep afloat”underlined in the last paragraph?
A．Guarantee. B．Earn.
C．Expand. D．Spend.
A 解析：词义猜测题。根据对画线短语所在句的理解可知，本句是说果园的经营者对来果园参加节日活动的游客表示感激，因为这些日子果园的资金有些周转不开，由此可推知，画线短语和guarantee“保证”含义相近。故选A项。
4．What’s the main idea of the passage?
A．The Fall Festival is an annual event.
B．Pumpkins at Butler’s Orchard are organic.
C．Pick your own farms are increasingly popular.
D．Butler’s Orchard strengthens the bond of the family.
D 解析：主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了Butler果园的一些活动项目和它在巩固他人家庭关系上发挥的作用。故D项最能概括文意。
[长难句分析] It has thousands of pumpkins, including a pumpkin patch where people can pick their own pumpkin.(第一段第二句)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。主句是It has thousands of pumpkins, 后面的动名词短语作状语，状语中含有where 引导的定语从句，修饰先行词a pumpkin patch, where在从句中作地点状语。
译文：这个果园有成千上万的南瓜，包括一个南瓜地，在那里人们可以采摘他们自己的南瓜。
B
When I was a kid, I was the girl who kept the training wheels on my bike as long as possible. Even my younger sister had got rid of them much earlier than me. But as I began to grow older, this changed.
All this happened on the Bike Safety Day. It is supposed to be a fun day at school when all of us kids bring our bikes to school and the school provides us with the opportunity to ride outside and learn proper bike safety. Sounds like fun, right? No. In fact, it caused me to panic. What was I going to say when my friends asked me about my training wheels?
With the pressure of everyone seeing my training wheels, I determined to let them go. This was the first big change I’d ever made on my own.
I went to my parents and told them all about my dilemma. They were more than happy to help. We went outside and got my bike. Instead of running away and hiding behind, I stood in front of my bike and took great pride in my decision as my dad removed the training wheels.
I got on and steadied myself. My heart raced but my feet and hands were calm. My dad started to push before my feet even moved and suddenly I was off. The fear faded away and a relaxed mind came into its place. It was crazy to think how quickly I learned something that took so long for me to even try!
My confidence soared(高涨). This was going to be the start of a brand new world for me. My accomplishment would carry me forth to new goals and wins. I realized that if I set my mind on doing something, I could achieve it.
【解题导语】 本文讲述了作者小时候迟迟不敢去掉自行车的稳定轮，在学校“自行车安全日”来临之前因为害怕同学看见她的稳定轮而最终下决心去掉它们。
5．What does the school expect the students to do on Bike Safety Day?
A．Have their bikes checked.
B．Ride outside for fun.
C．Acquire bike safety skills.
D．Remove the training wheels.
C 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“the school provides us with the opportunity to ride outside and learn proper bike safety”可知，学校想让学生在“自行车安全日”学会一些自行车安全技能，故选C项。
6．What does the underlined word “them” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A．The author’s friends. B．The author’s parents.
C．The safety problems. D．The training wheels.
D 解析：代词指代题。根据语境及画线词所在句的前半部分“With the pressure of everyone seeing my training wheels”可知，作者迫于害怕别人看见自己的自行车稳定轮的压力才决心去掉它们，故画线词指的就是“稳定轮”，故选D项。
7．What happened when the author finally rode without the training wheels?
A．She felt extremely embarrassed.
B．Everything turned out to be easy.
C．She ended up falling down.
D．Her sisters followed her example.
B 解析：推理判断题。根据倒数第二段最后一句“It was crazy to think how quickly I learned something that took so long for me to even try！”可知，长时间不敢尝试的东西，作者竟学得很快，由此对于作者来说骑没有稳定轮的自行车后，事情变得容易了，故选B项。
8．What does the author think is necessary for her to achieve a goal?
A．Patience. B．Determination.
C．Pressure. D．Concentration.
B 解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“I realized that if I set my mind on doing something, I could achieve it.”可知，作者意识到如果自己下定决心做一件事的话，自己就会做到。由此可推知，作者认为对于她来说实现一个目标的关键在于决心，故选B项。
[长难句分析] When I was a kid, I was the girl who kept the training wheels on my bike as long as possible.(第一段第一句)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。I was the girl为句子的主干；句中When引导时间状语从句；who引导定语从句修饰the girl。
译文：当我还是个孩子的时候，我是那个把自行车的稳定轮尽可能长时间地留在我的自行车上的女孩。
C
One form of social prejudice against older people is the belief that they cannot understand or use modern technology. Activities like playing computer games and going on the Net are only for the youngsters. Isn’t it unfair that older people enjoying a computer game should be frowned upon by their children and grandchildren?
Nowadays older people have more control over their lives and they play a full part in society. Moreover, better health care has left more people in their sixties and seventies feeling fit and active after retirement. Mental activity, as well as physical exercise, can contribute to better health. Playing computer games is a very effective way of exercising the brain.
When personal computers were first introduced, most older people didn’t believe they would ever familiarize themselves with it. Now computers have been around for a few generations and retired people have gradually become more relaxed about using them for fun. Gamers over 65 prefer playing puzzle games and card games. Kate Stevens, aged 72, says, “I find it very relaxing. It’s not very demanding, but you still need to concentrate.”
Another development that has favored “grey gamers” is a change in the type of videogames available on the market. There’s a greater variety of games to choose from, including more intellectual and complex strategy and simulation(模拟) games. Internet Chess and Train Simulator are among the most popular of these. Train Simulator is based on realworld activities. Players can choose from a variety of challengers, such as keeping to a stricttimetable and using helper engines during a winter storm.
Some people argue that “grey gamers” simply don’t have the skills required for computer games, and that teenagers are better. This_couldn’t_be_further_from_the_truth. Most computer games require the kind of analytical thinking that improves with practice, which means that the “grey gamers” may well be far better than gamers half a century younger than them. In games where speed is the main consideration, older people would be at a disadvantage because they may have slower reaction time. On the other hand, “grey gamers” have a preference for slower paced, mind challenging games.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章分析了当今老年人的身心状况、社会地位以及他们在电脑游戏方面的优秀表现等。
9．What is the purpose of paragraph 2?
A．To show the best way to exercise the brain.
B．To stress the importance of good health.
C．To explain why grey gamers exist.
D．To teach how to play videogames.
C 解析：写作意图题。根据第二段可知，当今的老年人对自己的生活有更多的支配权。更好的医疗保健让他们即便六七十岁仍然身体硬朗。不仅身心方面的锻炼有助于健康，而且玩电脑游戏也有助于锻炼大脑。由此可知，对于老年人来说，玩电脑是很正常的活动。所以第二段是为了说明为什么现在有很多老龄游戏玩家的存在。故C项正确。
10．What was older people’s attitude towards personal computers at first?
A．Doubtful. B．Concerned.
C．Enthusiastic. D．Supportive.
A 解析：观点态度题。根据第三段第一句“When personal computers were first introduced, most older people didn’t believe they would ever familiarize themselves with it.”可知，老年人起初对电脑持怀疑态度。故A项正确。
11．Which method does the author use to develop paragraph 4?
A．Offering analyses. B．Giving examples.
C．Making comparisons. D．Providing details.
B 解析：写作手法题。通读第四段可知，第四段首句讲另一个有利于老龄玩家的发展是在市场上可找到的电子游戏的类型的改变，然后通过举例介绍了Internet Chess和Train Simulator这样的游戏。所以作者采用了举例说明的方法。故B项正确。
12．What does the author mean by saying “This couldn’t be further from the truth.” in paragraph 5?
A．Mind challenging games are not suitable for older people.
B．Children should improve their skills with practice.
C．Playing computer games requires analytical thinking.
D．Older people can perform well in some computer games.
D 解析：句意理解题。根据画线句前面的内容可知，有些人认为老龄玩家不具备电脑游戏所需要的技巧，而年轻人就好多了；再根据其后面的内容可知，大多数电脑游戏都需要一种经过实践不断改进的分析能力，这意味着老龄玩家可能比年轻玩家要优秀得多。由此可推知，画线句的意思是对其前内容的否定，即老年人在一些电脑游戏中表现很不错。故D项正确。
[长难句分析] Playing computer games is a very effective way of exercising the brain.(第二段最后一句)
分析：Playing computer games为动名词短语作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。
译文：玩电脑游戏是锻炼大脑的一种非常有效的方式。
第四讲 根据上下文推断词句的含义——词句猜测题[学生用书P82]
词句猜测题旨在考查考生根据上下文推断单词、短语或句子的本意或外延含义的能力，既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新意，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。
除了直接的命题外，在阅读理解的文章中，常常有一些单词或短语超出了考试大纲，但又没有附加注释，也需要考生猜测词义才能准确理解文章，这是词义猜测题的一种简单命题形式。
高考江苏卷词句猜测题题量统计
考纲解读
年份
个数
(1)正确理解文章中单词或短语的含义是理解文章的第一步，也是理解文章的基础。
(2)英语单词的含义并非完全等同于词典中所标注的汉语意思，其含义在不同的语境中会有所不同。能根据上下文正确理解灵活变化的词义，才算是真正初步具备了一定的阅读理解能力。
(3)阅读文章时，常常会遇到一些过去未见过的词，但这类生词的词义可以通过上下文推断出来，这是阅读理解中经常考查的一种能力。
2019
1
2018
—
2017
2
[学生用书P83]
【考查特点】
Ⅰ.把握词句猜测题最常见的命题方式：
(1)The phrase“...” in the sentence could be replaced by “________”．
(2)The underlined word “...” in paragraph...refers to ________．
(3)What is the meaning of the underlined word in the...paragraph？/What does the underlined word mean in the...paragraph?
(4)Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the phrase “...”？
(5)The underlined word “...” most probably means “________”．
(6)The underlined sentence in the second paragraph implies that ________．
Ⅱ.掌握词句猜测题的考查角度：
(1)猜测生词或熟词的含义。
(2)猜测短语的意义。
(3)猜测替代词所替代的内容(如it，one，they，this，that，these，those等)。
(4)猜测句意。
词义猜测题——语境分析猜词义
无论是直接的词义猜测题，还是文章中需要理解的生词，考生都可以利用构词法、同义词、近义词、反义词、逻辑关系、定义和解释、例证、同等关系及生活常识和文化背景等方法猜出单词或短语的意思，这些方法体现了高考对考生的文化品格要求越来越高。掌握了这些方法，考生猜测词义的准确度也会越来越高。
1．利用构词法猜词义
阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词，考生可以根据构词法猜测词义。
构词法有合成法、派生法和转换法(即单词的词性转变而词形不变)。
[典例] (2018·北京卷·D片段)A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrolpowered private cars worldwide with electric, selfdriving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ridehailing services, considering the cost of selfdriving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.
49．What does the underlined word “fielded” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A．Employed. B．Replaced.
C．Shared. D．Reduced.
[解析] A 词义猜测题。利用构词法解题。field常用作名词， 表示“场地，领域”，此处用作动词，引申为“使用，应用”。根据上段中画线词所在句的前半部分内容“The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly”并结合下句中的“as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology”可知，随着价格的降低以及人们对这项技术开始应用自如，第一批上市的无人驾驶车辆会“被应用”到“叫车服务”中。故选A。
2．利用同义、近义词猜词义
在生词所出现的上下文中，有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。表示同义或近义的信号词/词组常见的有：and，or，similarly，likewise等。
[典例] (2017·全国卷Ⅱ·A片段)By translating the rich and humorous text of Love’s Labour’s Lost into the physical language of BSL, Deafinitely Theatre creates a new interpretation of Shakespeare’s comedy and aims to build a bridge between deaf and hearing worlds by performing to both groups as one audience.
[点拨] 根据上文中的“By translating the rich and humorous text of Love’s Labour’s Lost into the physical language of BSL”中的translating可知，interpretation与translating同义，意为：翻译。
3．利用反义词猜词义
有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。表示对比或反义的信号词/词组常见的有：(whether)．..or，unlike，but，yet，however，while，although，nevertheless，instead，rather than，in contrast，on the contrary，on the other hand等。
[典例] (福建卷·E片段)If you’re tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored，you can attend an upbeat group fitness class that’ll keep your workout on track.
73．The underlined word “upbeat” in the second paragraph probably means “________”．
A．cheerful B．average
C．serious D．temporary
[解析] A 词义猜测题。根据上文语境可知，upbeat应与上文中的“tired of”意义相反，可猜测为“快乐的，乐观的”，故选A。
4．利用逻辑关系猜词义
任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。考生可以利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义。常见的上下文之间的关系有：因果关系、转折关系、并列关系、递进关系、解释关系等。
[典例] (2019·北京卷·D片段)Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface, where they pull carbon dioxide(二氧化碳) into the ocean while giving off oxygen. When these organisms die, they bury carbon in the deep ocean, an important process that helps to regulate the global climate. But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean’s warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth, since they need not only sunlight and carbon dioxide to grow, but also nutrients.
43．What does the underlined word “vulnerable” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．Sensitive. B．Beneficial.
C．Significant. D．Unnoticeable.
[解析] A 词义猜测题。根据上段尾句“Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth...but also nutrients.”可知，温度变化对phytoplankton有很大的影响；由此可推知phytoplankton对海洋的温度很敏感。故选A。
5．利用例证猜词义
为了说明或证实，文章中经常会举例，往往用来列举说明前面较难理解的词，这些例子可以帮助考生猜测生词。举例时，常常会用一些连接性的词，如such as，like, for example, for instance等。
[典例] (2018·全国卷Ⅰ·C片段)In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nationstate and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
29．Which of the following best explains “dominant” underlined in paragraph 2?
A．Complex. B．Advanced.
C．Powerful. D．Modern.
[解析] C 词义猜测题。根据“dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over”可知，英语、西班牙语和汉语正在替代其他语言。由此推知，dominant languages意为“强有力的语言”。故选C。
6．利用同等关系猜词义
同等关系是指一个词、一个词组或短语在句中作同一成分，而且他们的词义属于同一范畴。只要认出其中一个或几个词或短语，即可以确定同等关系中生词的词性、作用和大概的意思。常见的表示同等关系的信号词有：or，namely, that is, in other words, that is to say, to be more exact, to put in another way等。
[典例] (2018·全国卷Ⅱ·B片段)If you have a_juicer,_you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a “softserve” creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a children’s party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.
26．What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph?
A．A dessert. B．A drink.
C．A container. D．A machine.
[解析] D 本段对juicer的功能做了描述，从其中的“you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a ‘softserve’ creamy dessert...”这些字眼可以看出juicer是一种机器，是一种将冷冻的香蕉、浆果等制成果汁的机器，此外，最后一句中的“they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below”明确指出画线词指的是一种机器(榨汁机)。故选D。
7．利用生活常识和文化背景猜词义
[典例] (2019·全国卷Ⅰ·B片段)But he’s nervous. “I’m here to tell you today why you should...should...” Chris trips on the “ld，” a pronunciation difficulty for many nonnative English speakers. His teacher, Thomas Whaley, is next to him, whispering support. “...Vote for...me...” Except for some stumbles,_Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion, Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.
25．What does the underlined word “stumbles” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Improper pauses. B．Bad manners.
C．Spelling mistakes. D．Silly jokes.
[解析] A 词义猜测题。根据文章内容可知，老师借助竞选演说鼓励同学们学会赞美自己。文中Chris Palaez的母语不是英语，他学英语才三年多，说话不流利，而且他在演讲时非常紧张，所以说话磕磕绊绊，故选A。
代词指代题——就近原则判指代
此类题目要求考生根据语境判断代词(this, that, it, they, them, one, which等)究竟指代什么。
[典例] (2017·全国卷Ⅰ·C片段)Despite the celebrations, though, in the U．S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.
It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change that. As the Kennedy Center’s artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.
29．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A．Jazz becoming more accessible.
B．The production of jazz growing faster.
C．Jazz being less popular with the young.
D．The jazz audience becoming larger.
第一步 确定题干中的关键信息
the_underlined_word_“that”_in_paragraph_3
第二步 定位到原句，并找出该词所代替的内容
the_jazz_audience_continues_to_shrink_and_grow_older,_and_the_music_has_failed_to_connect_with_younger_generations_
第三步 综合判断得出答案
由关键句可知，that指代爵士乐听众的数量减少并且趋于老龄化，不受年轻人喜欢的现状。
自主解答：C
代词指代判断三法
1．返回原文，找出指代词(it, they, them, this等)。
2．向上(有时向下)搜索，找最近的名词、代词、短语或句子(就近原则)。
3．将找到的词、词组或句子代入替换该指代词，看其意思、逻辑关系是否通顺，并最终确定最佳答案。
句意猜测题——意义吻合定句意
高考阅读理解有时对某一个句子的外延含义进行考查，因此要求考生准确理解前后句所表达的含义，巧解句意猜测题。
[典例] (2019·浙江卷6月·B片段)Money_with_no_strings_attached. It’s not something you see every day. But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month, a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read, “Give What You Can, Take What You Need.”
24．What does the expression “money with no strings attached” in paragraph 1 mean?
A．Money spent without hesitation.
B．Money not legally made.
C．Money offered without conditions.
D．Money not tied together.
第一步 确定题干中的关键信息
“money_with_no_strings_attached”_in_paragraph_1
第二步 定位到原句，并找出与该句相关的信息句
Give_What_You_Can,_Take_What_You_Need._
第三步 综合判断得出答案
由“尽你所能，取你所需”可知，此处money_with_no_strings_attached的意思应该是“无条件提供钱”。
自主解答：C
句意猜测两注意
句意猜测题要求考生通过阅读文章，用合适的语句对其进行解释性的描述。
1．返回原文，找到该句，对原句进行语法和逻辑关系的准确分析。对需要推理的句意理解，首先要理解句子前后的语境，其次对此句在文章中的意思进行合理的推断，最后再归纳总结。
2．一般来说，正确选项的意思与原句的意思完全相同，只是用其他的英语词汇和句式来表达相同的意思。
[学生用书P85]
(2019·江苏卷·B)In the 1960s，while studying the volcanic history of Yellowstone National Park，Bob Christiansen became puzzled about something that，oddly，had not troubled anyone before：he couldn’t find the park’s volcano. It had been known for a long time that Yellowstone was volcanic in nature—that’s what accounted for all its hot springs and other steamy features. But Christiansen couldn’t find the Yellowstone volcano anywhere.
Most of us, when we talk about volcanoes, think of the classic cone(圆锥体) shapes of a Fuji or Kilimanjaro, which are created when erupting magma(岩浆) piles up. These can form remarkably quickly. In 1943, a Mexican farmer was surprised to see smoke rising from a small part of his land. In one week he was the confused owner of a cone five hundred feet high. Within two years it had topped out at almost fourteen hundred feet and was more than half a mile across. Altogether there are some ten thousand of these volcanoes on Earth，all but a few hundred of them extinct. There is, however, a second less known type of volcano that doesn’t involve mountain building. These are volcanoes so explosive that they burst open in a single big crack, leaving behind a vast hole, the caldera. Yellowstone obviously was of this second type, but Christiansen couldn’t find the caldera anywhere.
Just at this time NASA decided to test some new highaltitude cameras by taking photographs of Yellowstone. A thoughtful official passed on some of the copies to the park authorities on the assumption that they might make a nice blowup for one of the visitors’ centers. As soon as Christiansen saw the photos，he realized why he had failed to spot the caldera: almost the whole park—2.2 million acres—was caldera. The explosion had left a hole more than forty miles across—much too huge to be seen from anywhere at ground level. At some time in the past Yellowstone must have blown up with a violence far beyond the scale of anything known to humans.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。20世纪60年代，Bob Christiansen在研究黄石国家公园的火山历史时，对一件以前从未困扰过任何人的事情感到困惑：他找不到公园里的火山。
58．What puzzled Christiansen when he was studying Yellowstone?
A．Its complicated geographical features.
B．Its everlasting influence on tourism.
C．The mysterious history of the park.
D．The exact location of the volcano.
D 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Bob Christiansen became puzzled about something that, oddly, had not troubled anyone before: he couldn’t find the park’s volcano”可知，Bob Christiansen对黄石国家公园的火山位置感到困惑。
59．What does the second paragraph mainly talk about?
A．The shapes of volcanoes.
B．The impacts of volcanoes.
C．The activities of volcanoes.
D．The heights of volcanoes.
A 解析：段落大意题。根据第二段内容尤其是其中的“Most of us, when we talk about volcanoes, think of the classic cone(圆锥体) shapes of Fuji or Kilimanjaro”和“a second less known type of volcano that doesn’t involve mountain building...a vast hole”可知，该段主要讲两类火山的形状。
60．What does the underlined word “blowup” in the last paragraph most probably mean?
A．Hotair balloon. B．Digital camera.
C．Big photograph. D．Bird’s view.
C 解析：词义猜测题。根据画线词前的“NASA decided to...by taking paragraphs of Yellowstone”和本段中的“As soon as Christiansen saw the photos, he realized why he had failed to spot the caldera: almost the whole park—2.2 million acres—was caldera.”可知，NASA拍摄了黄石国家公园的照片，Christiansen在照片上看到公园的全景。由此可推知，blowup意为“放大的照片”。
[学生用书P86]
A
(2019·无锡教学质量抽测)When she first started learning about the climate change from one of her elders, Fawn Sharp was invited on a helicopter flight over the Olympic Mountains to survey the Mount Anderson glacier. But the glacier was gone, melted by the warming climate. Sharp had a deep sense of loss when she discovered the glacier wasn’t there any more.
Loss is a growing issue for people working and living on the front lines of climate change. And that gave Jennifer Wren Atkinson, a fulltime lecturer at the University of Washington Bothell, US, an idea for a class.
This term, she taught students on the Bothell campus about the emotional burdens of environmental study. She used the experiences of Native American tribes, scientists and activists, and asked her 24 students to face the reality that there is no easy fix—that “this is such an intractable problem that they’re going to be dealing with it for the rest of their lives.”
Student Cody Dillon used to be a climate science skeptic(怀疑论者). Then he did his own reading and research, and changed his mind.
Dillon wasn’t going into environmental work—he was a computerscience major. Yet, the potential for a worldwide environmental catastrophe seemed so real to him five years ago that he quit his job and became a fulltime volunteer for an environmental group that worked on restoration projects.
Six months into the work, he decided that Atkinson’s class was just what he was looking for—a place where he could discuss his concerns about a changing climate.
Atkinson said she hoped the class helped her students prepare themselves for the amount of environmental loss that will happen over their lifetimes.
“We are already changing the planet—so many species are going to be lost, displaced or massively impacted，” she said. “The future isn’t going to be what they imagined.”
【解题导语】 本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要报道了Jennifer Wren Atkinson给同学们上环境研究的情感负担课，意在通过这类课程告诉学生气候变化日益严峻，没人能够独善其身，因此要更加关注环境问题。
1．Why did the author mention the case of Fawn Sharp?
A．To lay a basis for Fawn Sharp’s further research.
B．To prove Fawn Sharp’s work is similar to Atkinson’s.
C．To lead into the issue of loss caused by climate change.
D．To show scientists’ concern about the Mount Anderson glacier.
C 解析：推理判断题。根据第一段内容可知，Fawn Sharp被邀请乘坐直升机飞越奥林匹克山脉，调查Mount Anderson冰川。但是因气候变暖，冰川融化消失了，当Fawn Sharp 发现冰川已经不在那里时，她有一种深深的失落感。由此可推知，作者通过Fawn Sharp发现冰山消失以及她的感受来引入“气候变化导致环境损失”的主题。故选C。
2．What’s the main purpose of Atkinson’s class?
A．To explore how different people deal with climate change.
B．To get students more concerned about environmental issue.
C．To find solutions to the Olympic Mountains environmental issue.
D．To teach students how to conduct a research about environment.
B 解析：细节理解题。根据倒数第二段Atkinson said she hoped the class helped her students prepare themselves for the amount of environmental loss that will happen over their lifetimes.可知，Atkinson的课的主要目的是让学生更加关注环境问题。故选B。
3．Which of the following best explains the underlined word “intractable” in paragraph 3?
A．Simple. B．Difficult.
C．Complicated. D．Interesting.
B 解析：词义猜测题。根据本句中的“and asked her 24 students to face the reality that there is no easy fix”可知，Atkinson让她的24名学生面对这样一个现实：没有简单的解决办法；再根据破折号可知，此处表示这是一个如此棘手的问题，他们将在余生中处理它。由此可推知，intractable意为“困难的”，与difficult意义相近。故选B。
4．How did Atkinson’s class influence Dillon?
A．Dillon worked as a parttime volunteer for restoration projects.
B．It made him realize a planetwide climate disaster would happen.
C．It encouraged him to be more involved in environmental protection.
D．It discouraged him to work on restoration projects for the environment.
C 解析：推理判断题。根据第五段第二句“Yet, the potential for a worldwide environmental catastrophe seemed so real to him five years ago that he quit his job and became a fulltime volunteer for an environmental group that worked on restoration projects.”可知，五年前，Dillon认为世界环境灾难的可能性是如此真实，以至于他辞去了工作，成了一名致力于修复项目的环保组织的全职志愿者；又根据第六段“Six months into the work, he decided that Atkinson’s class was just what he was looking for—a place where he could discuss his concerns about a changing climate.”可知，工作六个月后，他认为Atkinson的课正是他想要的——一个他可以讨论他对不断变化的气候的担忧的地方。由此可推知，Atkinson的课鼓励了Dillon更多地参与环境保护。故选C。
[长难句分析] Yet，the potential for a worldwide environmental catastrophe seemed so real to him five years ago that he quit his job and became a fulltime volunteer for an environmental group that worked on restoration projects.(第五段第二句)
分析：本句是一个复合句。so...(第一个)that...引导结果状语从句；第二个that引导定语从句，修饰先行词an environmental group。
译文：然而，五年前，Dillon认为世界环境灾难的可能性看起来如此真实，以至于他辞去了工作，成了一名致力于修复项目的环保组织的全职志愿者。
B
(2019·南京四校联考)Have you ever caught yourself saying “I hate small talk！” the minute you walk into a party? If so, you might be an introvert(内向的人). Introverts hate to chat about “small” subjects with people. They are fine when you talk oneonone but seem to get lost in the crowd when there’s a group around.
If you’re talking to an introvert, you might find that your first few conversations go one of two ways. Either they’ll seem to get bored and not say much or they’ll seem to skate over small talk in favor of more indepth topics. What you need to know is that the introvert are not being rude. It’s just that they don’t like small talk. Here’s why.
Small talk serves as a gateway toward deeper conversations. Some introverts don’t realize that small talk will actually help them get to the bigger topics. You don’t need to stay on small talk forever. However, sometimes introverts feel that even the short amount of time it takes to get into the real conversation is a waste of time. Small talk is very fast. Someone says something and this should be followed up with a quick response. But introverts like to chew on their words before saying them aloud. Before they answer, they’ll mull_over different thoughts.
Small talk in its very nature invites more people to join in. The more people who join in the conversation, the more the introvert will tend to step back. As a result, they’ll be quiet.
Small talk is about throwing out subjects in the hope that one or more of them can be turned into a common point of interest.
The listening involved with small talk is not indepth. The purpose is about listening “lightly” so you can figure out the right topics to spend some time on. Introverts tend to be great listeners, but they use active listening rather than light listening. This makes them wonderful friends, but can also make it difficult for new people to understand why they’re so quiet.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了内向的人不喜欢闲聊及其原因，引导我们正确地认识闲聊的作用并理解内向的人。
5．How do introverts respond to a chat?
A．They try to avoid it.
B．They get excited about it.
C．They give it their full attention.
D．They focus on unimportant topics.
A 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Either they’ll seem to get bored and not say much or they’ll seem to skate over small talk in favor of more indepth topics.”可知，性格内向者要么很厌烦不想多说，要么避免闲谈。故选A项。
6．What do we know about small talk?
A．It goes slowly.
B．It costs people a lot of time.
C．It contributes to deeper topics.
D．It provides much useful information.
C 解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Small talk serves as a gateway toward deeper conversations. Some introverts don’t realize that small talk will actually help them get to the bigger topics.”可知，闲聊有助于引出更深层次的话题。故选C项。
7．What does the underlined phrase “mull over” in paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．Give up. B．Think over.
C．Write down. D．Forget about.
B 解析：词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“But introverts like to chew on their words before saying them aloud.”可知，内向的人喜欢在说话前仔细斟酌，也就是说，他们回答前会仔细考虑不同的想法。think over意为“认真考虑”，符合语境。give up意为“放弃”；write down意为“写下；记下”；forget about意为“忘记”。故选B项。
8．How can we become a good talker in small conversations?
A．Figure out the deep meaning of questions.
B．Think twice before answering questions.
C．Try to find shared topics.
D．Be a quiet listener.
C 解析：推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Small talk is about throwing out subjects in the hope that one or more of them can be turned into a common point of interest.”可知，想要成为一个健谈的人，需要找到共同的话题。故选C项。
[长难句分析] However, sometimes introverts feel that even the short amount of time it takes to get into the real conversation is a waste of time.(第三段第四句)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句，句子主语为introverts, feel是谓语，that引导宾语从句作feel的宾语；宾语从句中，the short amount of time is a waste of time 是句子主干， it takes to get into the real conversation是定语从句，修饰限定先行词the short amount of time, 从句中省略了引导词。
译文：然而，有时候性格内向者感觉甚至用很短的时间来进入真正的谈话都是浪费时间。
词句猜测题[学生用书P149(单独成册)]
(建议用时：25分钟)
A
(2019·常州学业水平监测)The pumpkin(南瓜) theme is everywhere at Butler’s Orchard in Germantown, Maryland. It has thousands of pumpkins, including a pumpkin patch where people can pick their own pumpkin. There are also other things to do, like riding a pony, rushing down a slide or walking around a corn maze with its confusing winding pathways. Some children discover the big orange fruits way more than they think. Visitors can pick their own in season fruits, vegetables and flowers. Butler’s Orchard opened more than sixty years ago, as one of the first pick your own farms in the area.
Ken Merriam brought his children. He says Butler’s Orchard brings back good memories of growing up on a farm in Honduras.“It’s a little bit of what I used to have as a kid, so that’s why I think it’s nice to bring them over here. Get them out of the city.” Shirley Butler’s grandchildren who are in their 30s are now the third generation to run the farm. General manager Tyler Butler says children who usually only see pumpkins in grocery stores can learn how pumpkins are grown.
“I didn’t know pumpkins came from a vine. There are flowers on this vine. There are roots.”These little girls are learning about pumpkins during their first trip to a pumpkin patch to feel the nature and the fruits. For Tristan Piazza’s mother, the Fall Festival is an annual event. “My parents have always brought me. I bring my kid now. I hope he stays in the area and he can bring his kids.” Since family funds are hard to keep_afloat these days, Tyler Butler appreciates the tens of thousands of visitors who come to the Fall Festival each year.
【解题导语】 本文主要介绍了Butler自助果园的一些活动项目和它对于他人的家庭所起到的独一无二的作用。
1．At Butler’s Orchard, visitors can experience ________.
A．picking vegetables in person
B．growing vegetables by themselves
C．tasting fruits off season
D．selling pumpkins online
A 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段倒数第二句“Visitors can pick their own in season fruits, vegetables and flowers.”可知，游客可以在Butler果园里亲自采摘当令的水果、蔬菜和鲜花。故选A项。
2．Why did Ken Merriam take his children to the farm?
A．They want to run it.
B．They want to grow vegetables.
C．It reminds him of his childhood.
D．It provides them with fun activities.
C 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“He says Butler’s Orchard brings back good memories of growing up on a farm in Honduras.”可知，他带孩子来这里是因为这里让他想起了他的童年。故选C项。
3．Which of the following best explains “keep afloat”underlined in the last paragraph?
A．Guarantee. B．Earn.
C．Expand. D．Spend.
A 解析：词义猜测题。根据对画线短语所在句的理解可知，本句是说果园的经营者对来果园参加节日活动的游客表示感激，因为这些日子果园的资金有些周转不开，由此可推知，画线短语和guarantee“保证”含义相近。故选A项。
4．What’s the main idea of the passage?
A．The Fall Festival is an annual event.
B．Pumpkins at Butler’s Orchard are organic.
C．Pick your own farms are increasingly popular.
D．Butler’s Orchard strengthens the bond of the family.
D 解析：主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了Butler果园的一些活动项目和它在巩固他人家庭关系上发挥的作用。故D项最能概括文意。
[长难句分析] It has thousands of pumpkins, including a pumpkin patch where people can pick their own pumpkin.(第一段第二句)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。主句是It has thousands of pumpkins, 后面的动名词短语作状语，状语中含有where 引导的定语从句，修饰先行词a pumpkin patch, where在从句中作地点状语。
译文：这个果园有成千上万的南瓜，包括一个南瓜地，在那里人们可以采摘他们自己的南瓜。
B
When I was a kid, I was the girl who kept the training wheels on my bike as long as possible. Even my younger sister had got rid of them much earlier than me. But as I began to grow older, this changed.
All this happened on the Bike Safety Day. It is supposed to be a fun day at school when all of us kids bring our bikes to school and the school provides us with the opportunity to ride outside and learn proper bike safety. Sounds like fun, right? No. In fact, it caused me to panic. What was I going to say when my friends asked me about my training wheels?
With the pressure of everyone seeing my training wheels, I determined to let them go. This was the first big change I’d ever made on my own.
I went to my parents and told them all about my dilemma. They were more than happy to help. We went outside and got my bike. Instead of running away and hiding behind, I stood in front of my bike and took great pride in my decision as my dad removed the training wheels.
I got on and steadied myself. My heart raced but my feet and hands were calm. My dad started to push before my feet even moved and suddenly I was off. The fear faded away and a relaxed mind came into its place. It was crazy to think how quickly I learned something that took so long for me to even try!
My confidence soared(高涨). This was going to be the start of a brand new world for me. My accomplishment would carry me forth to new goals and wins. I realized that if I set my mind on doing something, I could achieve it.
【解题导语】 本文讲述了作者小时候迟迟不敢去掉自行车的稳定轮，在学校“自行车安全日”来临之前因为害怕同学看见她的稳定轮而最终下决心去掉它们。
5．What does the school expect the students to do on Bike Safety Day?
A．Have their bikes checked.
B．Ride outside for fun.
C．Acquire bike safety skills.
D．Remove the training wheels.
C 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“the school provides us with the opportunity to ride outside and learn proper bike safety”可知，学校想让学生在“自行车安全日”学会一些自行车安全技能，故选C项。
6．What does the underlined word “them” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A．The author’s friends. B．The author’s parents.
C．The safety problems. D．The training wheels.
D 解析：代词指代题。根据语境及画线词所在句的前半部分“With the pressure of everyone seeing my training wheels”可知，作者迫于害怕别人看见自己的自行车稳定轮的压力才决心去掉它们，故画线词指的就是“稳定轮”，故选D项。
7．What happened when the author finally rode without the training wheels?
A．She felt extremely embarrassed.
B．Everything turned out to be easy.
C．She ended up falling down.
D．Her sisters followed her example.
B 解析：推理判断题。根据倒数第二段最后一句“It was crazy to think how quickly I learned something that took so long for me to even try！”可知，长时间不敢尝试的东西，作者竟学得很快，由此对于作者来说骑没有稳定轮的自行车后，事情变得容易了，故选B项。
8．What does the author think is necessary for her to achieve a goal?
A．Patience. B．Determination.
C．Pressure. D．Concentration.
B 解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“I realized that if I set my mind on doing something, I could achieve it.”可知，作者意识到如果自己下定决心做一件事的话，自己就会做到。由此可推知，作者认为对于她来说实现一个目标的关键在于决心，故选B项。
[长难句分析] When I was a kid, I was the girl who kept the training wheels on my bike as long as possible.(第一段第一句)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。I was the girl为句子的主干；句中When引导时间状语从句；who引导定语从句修饰the girl。
译文：当我还是个孩子的时候，我是那个把自行车的稳定轮尽可能长时间地留在我的自行车上的女孩。
C
One form of social prejudice against older people is the belief that they cannot understand or use modern technology. Activities like playing computer games and going on the Net are only for the youngsters. Isn’t it unfair that older people enjoying a computer game should be frowned upon by their children and grandchildren?
Nowadays older people have more control over their lives and they play a full part in society. Moreover, better health care has left more people in their sixties and seventies feeling fit and active after retirement. Mental activity, as well as physical exercise, can contribute to better health. Playing computer games is a very effective way of exercising the brain.
When personal computers were first introduced, most older people didn’t believe they would ever familiarize themselves with it. Now computers have been around for a few generations and retired people have gradually become more relaxed about using them for fun. Gamers over 65 prefer playing puzzle games and card games. Kate Stevens, aged 72, says, “I find it very relaxing. It’s not very demanding, but you still need to concentrate.”
Another development that has favored “grey gamers” is a change in the type of videogames available on the market. There’s a greater variety of games to choose from, including more intellectual and complex strategy and simulation(模拟) games. Internet Chess and Train Simulator are among the most popular of these. Train Simulator is based on realworld activities. Players can choose from a variety of challengers, such as keeping to a stricttimetable and using helper engines during a winter storm.
Some people argue that “grey gamers” simply don’t have the skills required for computer games, and that teenagers are better. This_couldn’t_be_further_from_the_truth. Most computer games require the kind of analytical thinking that improves with practice, which means that the “grey gamers” may well be far better than gamers half a century younger than them. In games where speed is the main consideration, older people would be at a disadvantage because they may have slower reaction time. On the other hand, “grey gamers” have a preference for slower paced, mind challenging games.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章分析了当今老年人的身心状况、社会地位以及他们在电脑游戏方面的优秀表现等。
9．What is the purpose of paragraph 2?
A．To show the best way to exercise the brain.
B．To stress the importance of good health.
C．To explain why grey gamers exist.
D．To teach how to play videogames.
C 解析：写作意图题。根据第二段可知，当今的老年人对自己的生活有更多的支配权。更好的医疗保健让他们即便六七十岁仍然身体硬朗。不仅身心方面的锻炼有助于健康，而且玩电脑游戏也有助于锻炼大脑。由此可知，对于老年人来说，玩电脑是很正常的活动。所以第二段是为了说明为什么现在有很多老龄游戏玩家的存在。故C项正确。
10．What was older people’s attitude towards personal computers at first?
A．Doubtful. B．Concerned.
C．Enthusiastic. D．Supportive.
A 解析：观点态度题。根据第三段第一句“When personal computers were first introduced, most older people didn’t believe they would ever familiarize themselves with it.”可知，老年人起初对电脑持怀疑态度。故A项正确。
11．Which method does the author use to develop paragraph 4?
A．Offering analyses. B．Giving examples.
C．Making comparisons. D．Providing details.
B 解析：写作手法题。通读第四段可知，第四段首句讲另一个有利于老龄玩家的发展是在市场上可找到的电子游戏的类型的改变，然后通过举例介绍了Internet Chess和Train Simulator这样的游戏。所以作者采用了举例说明的方法。故B项正确。
12．What does the author mean by saying “This couldn’t be further from the truth.” in paragraph 5?
A．Mind challenging games are not suitable for older people.
B．Children should improve their skills with practice.
C．Playing computer games requires analytical thinking.
D．Older people can perform well in some computer games.
D 解析：句意理解题。根据画线句前面的内容可知，有些人认为老龄玩家不具备电脑游戏所需要的技巧，而年轻人就好多了；再根据其后面的内容可知，大多数电脑游戏都需要一种经过实践不断改进的分析能力，这意味着老龄玩家可能比年轻玩家要优秀得多。由此可推知，画线句的意思是对其前内容的否定，即老年人在一些电脑游戏中表现很不错。故D项正确。
[长难句分析] Playing computer games is a very effective way of exercising the brain.(第二段最后一句)
分析：Playing computer games为动名词短语作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。
译文：玩电脑游戏是锻炼大脑的一种非常有效的方式。
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