2021高考英语人教版一轮教师用书：第二部分　语法专题十、定语从句

十、定语从句考点一　关系词的用法 关系词被修饰的先行词关系词在从句中充当的成分who指人的词主语、宾语whom指人的词宾语whose指人或物的词定语that指人或物的词主语、宾语、表语which指物的词或整个主句主语、宾语as指人或物的词或整个主句主语、宾语when表示时间的名词时间状语where表示地点的名词地点状语why表示原因的名词reason原因状语Some people who are successful language learners often fail in other fields.有些在语言学习上很有成就的人,在其他领域常常一无所成。I have many friends to whom I’m going to send postcards.我有很多朋友,我打算寄明信片给他们。Children who are not active or whose diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.很少进行体育锻炼或饮食富含脂肪的孩子体重会增加很快。He will tell you everything that he heard about it.他将告诉你他所听到的关于这件事的一切。This is the factory(which/that)we visited last year.这就是我们去年参观的那家工厂。As we know,smoking is harmful to one’s health.众所周知,吸烟有害健康。There are occasions when(=on which)one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。Beijing is the place where(=in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why(=for which)he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?whose指人或物,作定语。表示“……的”,可以转换为“of +关系代词”,指人时可以用of whom,指物时可以换成of which。The prize will go to the writer whose story/of whom the story shows the most imagination.所写故事最具想象力的作家将获奖。考点二　关系代词that和which的区别类别说明只用that不用which的情况先行词是everything,anything,nothing,few,little,all,none等不定代词或被all,little,few,much,any,every,no等修饰时先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身就是序数词、形容词最高级时先行词被the very,the only等修饰时当主句中的先行词是疑问词who或which时先行词既有人也有物时只用which不用that的情况非限制性定语从句中关系代词前有介词时先行词是that或those时There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.对他来说世界上好像没有不可能的事。Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?你知道他们正在谈论的人和事吗?My house,which I bought last year,has got a lovely garden.我去年买的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。The reason for which he refused the invitation is not clear.他拒绝邀请的原因不清楚。What’s that which was put in the car?被放入车内的是什么?考点三　关系副词when,where,why引导的定语从句1.关系副词when引导的定语从句先行词是表示时间的名词,从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语,引导词常用关系副词when,when在从句中充当时间状语,也可用“介词+which”结构代替。I still remember the day when I first came to this school.我还记得我第一次来这所学校的那天。The film brought the hours back to me,when I was taken good care of in that faraway village.这部电影把我带回到在那个偏僻的村子我被细心照顾的岁月。The book was written in 1946,since when the education system has witnessed great changes.这本书写于1946年。自那时以来,教育制度已经历了巨大的变化。2.关系副词where引导的定语从句(1)先行词是表示地点的名词时,从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语,引导词常用关系副词where,where在从句中充当地点状语。Jane paused in front of a counter where some attractive ties were on display.简停留在一个柜台前,一些吸引人的领带摆在那儿。(2)有时先行词是表示抽象意义的地点名词,像activity,business,career,case,job,point,position,race,stage,situation等,当从句中缺少状语时,用关系副词where。They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。It’s helpful to put children in a situation where they can see themselves differently.把孩子放在一个能使他们从不同角度认识自己的处境中对他们是有帮助的。3.关系副词why引导的定语从句关系副词why引导定语从句时,修饰表示原因的名词。只能在定语从句中作原因状语,可用for which代替,有时也可以省略。如:The reason why he didn’t pass the driving test was that he lacked practice.因为缺少实践,他没有通过驾驶考试。考点四　“介词+关系词”引导的定语从句1.一般来说,确定关系代词前的介词,可以从以下三方面入手:①先行词的意义;②从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配;③句子的意思。I’ll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.我永远不会忘记孩童时代我在乡村度过的时光。2.表示“整体和部分关系”或所属关系以及同位关系时,常用介词of。在some,any,few,none,all,both,neither,most,each等代词或数词的前、后可以用of which/whom。John invited about 40 people to his wedding,most of whom are the family members.约翰邀请了大约40人参加他的婚礼,他们当中绝大部分是家庭成员。3.有时“介词+where”可以引导定语从句,此时要和“介词+which”引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。His head soon appeared out of the window,from where he saw nothing but trees.他的头很快从窗口探了出来,从那里除了树木他什么也看不到。(from where相当于from out of the window,而不是from the window)考点五　as,which引导的定语从句1.as作关系代词用来引导非限制性定语从句,意为“正如,正像”,as引导的句子可放在句首、句末或句中。As everybody knows,China is a developing country.众所周知,中国是一个发展中国家。2.which引导定语从句代指前面整句话内容时,意为“这,这一点”。Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012,which made one of the Chinese people’s long-held dreams come true.莫言被授予2012年诺贝尔文学奖,这使中国人长久以来拥有的梦想之一变成现实。3.as常用在下列习惯用语中。as (it) often happens,as I remember,as is often the case,as is expected,as is known to us,as is shown等。He shouts when he gets angry,as is often the case.他生气时就大叫,这是常有的情形。4.“such/so...as...”表“像……这样……”的意思,用来引导定语从句,as在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。Last term our maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem as none of us worked out.上学期我们数学老师出了一道很难的考试题,没有一个人能解出来。5.“the same...that...”表同一个人或物,而“the same...as...”表同种类的东西。I would like to use the same tool as you used yesterday.我想用你昨天使用的那种工具。I would like to use the same tool that you used yesterday.我想用你昨天使用的那件工具。考点六　定语从句中的主谓一致1.关系代词作从句的主语时,从句中谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致,先行词是句子时,从句的谓语动词用单数。The recorder that has been given to me is homemade.给我的那台录音机是国产的。2.“one of+复数名词”位于关系代词前作先行词时,关系代词在从句中作主语,从句的谓语动词常用复数,但当one前有the,the only,the very等修饰时,从句的谓语动词要用单数。He is one of the students who have made great progress.他是取得很大进步的学生之一。1.Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield,　　　　 she opened with her late husband Les.(2019全国Ⅱ) 2.They were well trained by their masters 　　　　 had great experience with caring for these animals.(2019全国Ⅲ) 3.Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 　　　　 showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.(2018全国Ⅰ) 4.Many westerners 　　　　come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.(2018浙江) 5. Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 　　　　is not good for the health.(2017全国Ⅰ) 答案及剖析:1.which　which引导非限制性定语从句,解释说明先行词the pet shop,which在从句中作opened的宾语。2.who　考查定语从句引导词。先行词是人,关系代词在从句中作主语,用who。3.that/which　此处用that / which引导定语从句修饰先行词study。4.who/that　考查关系代词。句中包含定语从句,先行词是westerners指人,在定语从句中作主语,用关系代词who/that引导,故填who/that。5.which　考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知,所填词引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中作主语,且指代整个主句的内容,故此处应填入关系代词 which。单句语法填空1.The students benefiting most from college are those　　　　are totally engaged in academic life,taking full advantage of the college’s chances and resources.(2019北京) 2.On the edge of the jacket,there is a piece of cloth 　　　　gives off light in the dark.(2019浙江) 3.But Sarah,　　　　 has taken part in shows along with top models,wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.(2017全国Ⅲ)  4.Will you think of those individuals 　　　　 have helped you get through difficulty when you are leading a comfortable life? 5.The number of smokers,　　　　is reported,has dropped by 17 percent in just one year. 6.Tibet is such a place 　　　　 all the people across the world are dreaming of visiting. 7.The movie Pompeii came out this February,　　　　 many people think brings a touching love story to the audience. 8.On an autumn afternoon,we were sent to a farm 　　　　 we learnt to plant potatoes. 9.As the smallest child of his family,Alex is always longing for the time 　　　　he should be able to be independent. 10.It is a truly delightful place,　　　　 looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages. 答案及剖析:1.who　those指代前面的students,后面定语从句修饰它,用who在从句中作主语。2.that/which　考查限制性定语从句。后半句句意:有一块在黑暗中发光的布。根据句子结构可知,此处为限制性定语从句,先行词为cloth,关系代词在从句中作主语,故要用that/which。3.who　此处先行词在从句中作主语且指人,故用who引导。4.who/that　句意:在你生活舒适时你会想起那些帮你度过艰难时光的人吗?该定语从句缺少主语,先行词为指人的individuals,故填who或that。5.as　此句为as引导的非限制性定语从句。as意为“正如,正像”,在定语从句中可作主语、宾语或表语;as在这里代替整个主句的内容;“as is reported”意为“正如被报道的那样”。句意:正如被报道的那样,烟民的数量在仅仅一年的时间就下降了17%。6.as　句意:西藏是一个全世界所有的人都梦想游览的地方。定语从句的先行词为a place,其前有such修饰,引导词应用关系代词as。7.which　句意:电影《庞贝末日》在今年二月上映,许多人认为它为观众带来了一个令人感动的爱情故事。逗号后为非限制性定语从句,先行词为the movie Pompeii,many people think为插入语,引导词在从句中作主语,故填which。8.where　句意:在一个秋天的下午,我们被送到一个农场,在那里我们学习了种植土豆。设空处引导定语从句,修饰先行词a farm,且在从句中作地点状语,故用where引导。9.when　分析句子结构可知,此处是定语从句,先行词为time。定语从句为空格后句子,缺少时间状语,用when引导。句意:作为家里最小的孩子,亚历克斯总是渴望他应该能独立的时候。10.which　此句是一个非限制性定语从句,先行词是place,定语从句中缺主语,故用关系代词which。句意:这真是一个宜人的地方,这里蜿蜒的小路和美丽的小村庄一定和100年前看起来是一模一样的。