2021届高考英语人教版一轮创新教学案：第2编专题十三构词法

专题十三　构词法1.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ，62)It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been ________ (poor) studied.答案：poorly　修饰动词studied应用形容词poor的副词形式poorly。2．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ，68)To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to ________ (strength) your leg muscles (肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes.答案：strengthen　在不定式符号to后面用动词原形。3．(2018·浙江高考，62)The obvious one is money; eating out once or twice a week may be ________ (afford) but doing this most days adds up.答案：affordable　be动词后应接形容词。affordable “付得起的”。4．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ，43)And, even if I weren't ________ (excite) enough about free credits, news about our instructor was appealing enough to me.答案：excited　系动词后面应用形容词，此处修饰人，故填excited。5．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ，55)________ (fortunate), after a brief stay in hospital, Ben was well enough to be allowed to leave and later the family met up for dinner.答案：Fortunately　副词作状语修饰整个句子，故用Fortunately。6．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ，59)I still can't believe what a ________ (coincident) it was.答案：coincidence　不定冠词a后面应接名词，故填coincidence。7．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ，48)In her ________ (excited), she didn't seem to realize that she was sharing the baby's photos with a complete stranger.答案：excitement　her后应接名词，故填excitement。8．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ，69)However, be ________  (care) not to go to extremes.答案：careful　名词加后缀­ful变成形容词，作表语或定语。此句用于be careful (not) to do sth.结构。9．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ，70)It is ________  (certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.答案：certainly　此处应用副词修饰形容词fun, certain加后缀­ly构成其副词形式。10．(2017·江苏高考，29，改编)Only five years after Steve Jobs' death, smart­phones defeated ________ (convention) PCs in sales.答案：conventional　此处应用形容词修饰名词PCs。名词后加后缀­al变成形容词，故填conventional。 常用的英语构词法名词加后缀构成形容词 续表动词加后缀构成形容词动词加后缀构成名词续表名词加后缀构成相应意义的抽象名词 ­hood childhood 儿童时代；童年　　boyhood少年时代neighbourhood 街区；四邻  brotherhood 手足情意；兄弟关系­ship championship  冠军称号　　citizenship 公民身份；公民的职责和权力 friendship友谊；友情    relationship 关系；血缘关系；交往scholarship奖学金；学问；学术研究  leadership 领导地位；领导权 形容词加后缀构成副词­ly actually 实际上；事实上　　entirely 完全地；全然地；整个地　　exactly 确实如此；恰好；确切地frequently 常常；频繁地      gradually 逐渐地；逐步地   personally 就个人而言；亲自地selflessly 无私地；忘我地      incerely真诚地；真挚地   unfortunately不幸地 形容词加后缀构成名词 ­nessbrightness 明亮；亮度；聪颖　　darkness 黑暗；漆黑　　fitness 健康happiness 幸福；快乐   illness 疾病            kindness 仁慈；好意sadness 悲哀；悲伤  seasickness 晕船         sickness 疾病；恶心 形容词加后缀构成动词(一) ­en blacken 使变黑　　brighten 使更明亮；使更有希望　　ripen 使成熟；成熟shorten 缩短；使变短  deepen 使……加深；变深  sharpen 使变得锋利weaken(对某事的决心)动摇；减弱；(使)变弱　　harden 变硬；硬化  widen 拓宽­izemodernize 使现代化　　realize 实现　　­ifysimplify 简化　　diversify 使……多样化  形容词加前缀构成动词(二) en­前缀，表示“使得……，使成为……”enlarge 扩大　　nable 使能够　　enrich 使富裕；充实；改善 常见的表示特定含义的前缀re­(重复，再) rearrange 重新整理　　reappear 再现　　rebuild 重建reconfirm 再证实  recount 重新计算                      recover 重新获得anti­(反，抗拒)anti­war 反战的　　anti­pollution 防止环境污染的　　anti­social 反社会的bi­(二，双)bilingual 双语的　　bilateral 双边的ex­(以前的)ex­president 前总统　　ex­husband 前夫　　ex­serviceman 退役军人 表示“人”的名词后缀­ist archaeologist 考古学家　　artist 艺术家　　chemist 药剂师；化学家cyclist 骑自行车的人    dentist 牙科医生  journalist 记者；新闻工作者novelist 小说家  pianist 钢琴家；钢琴演奏者    scientist 科学家tourist 旅行者；观光者  typist 打字员    violinist 小提琴演奏者­an/­ianAmerican 美国人　　Australian 澳大利亚人　　European 欧洲人Russian 俄国人  Asian 亚洲人     musician 音乐家politician 政治家    librarian 图书管理员  historian 历史学家 常用的否定前缀un­(不，非)＋形容词unable 不能的；不会的　　unbearable 难以忍受的；不能容忍的uncertain 不确切的；无把握的  uncomfortable 不舒服的；不舒适的unfair不公正的；不公平的  unusual 不同寻常的；独特的dis­dislike 不喜欢　　disagree 不同意　　disbelief 不信；怀疑disorder 失调；紊乱  disappearance 消失  disagreement 分歧；不一致il­，im­， in­， ir­illegal 违法的　　illiterate 不通顺的；文盲　　immoral 不道德的impossible 不可能的           inaccurate 不准确的  incorrect 不正确的irregular 不规则的        irresistible 不可抵抗的non­否定前缀non­stop 中途不停的；直达的　　　　　　　　　　non­violent 非暴力的non­smoker 不吸烟的人     non­profit 非营利的  Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．(2020·南昌市重点中学高三年级段考试题)________ (consequent), power walking, in addition to a healthy diet, helps manage your weight.答案：Consequently　分析句子成分可知，设空处放在句首，修饰整个句子，作状语，应用其副词形式。2．Speech is the fastest method of ________ (communicate) between people.答案：communication　介词of之后要用名词形式communication作宾语。3．(2019·四川省成都外国语学校学期初考试)A new habit is not about performance; it's about ________ (consistent) taking action.答案：consistently　修饰后面的动词短语taking action，使用副词作状语，故填consistently。4．Chinese scientists ________ (recent) had a chance to study a wild female panda with a newborn baby.答案：recently　修饰谓语动词应用副词形式。形容词recent＋­ly构成副词。5．The college years are supposed to be a time for important ________ (grow)  in autonomy (自主性) and the development of adult identity.答案：growth　前面有形容词important修饰，此处应填名词growth和后面的development构成并列关系。6．She went through a period of emotional ________ (adjust) after her marriage broke up.答案：adjustment　空格前有形容词emotional修饰，故应填名词。7．As a volunteer of environmental protection, I am writing to raise your ________ (aware) of protecting the environment.答案：awareness　在形容词性物主代词your后面，用名词形式。句意：作为环保志愿者，我书面倡议大家提高环保意识。8．(2019·四川省眉山一中办学共同体月考)Travelers can see these ________  (amaze) natural structures from the air or underwater.答案：amazing　应用形容词修饰后面的natural structures，作定语，指令人惊叹的自然风景。amazing “令人惊叹的”。9．(2019·山东省烟台一中高三质量检测)It's a chance for you to learn more about traditional Chinese culture. I am sure it will ________ (broad) your horizons.答案：broaden　句意：这是一个让你更多地学习中国传统文化的机会。我确信它会扩大你的视野。根据空格前面的will可知，后面应该使用动词，而broad是一个形容词，故填broaden。 10．(2019·深圳耀华实验学校高三第一次月考)Life is just a blank cloth—you can paint a beautiful scene, or you can paint black ghosts (鬼) and ________  (danger) people.答案：dangerous　修饰后面的名词people，使用形容词作定语，指“危险的人们”，故填dangerous。Ⅱ.单句改错1．In the laboratory, chimps don't naturally share food either. Human children, on the other hand are extremely cooperate.________________________________________________________________答案：cooperate→cooperative　此处用形容词作表语。由派生构词法可知，v.＋­ive构成形容词。2．The fruits are small in size, but juicy and taste._________________________________________________________________答案：taste→tasty　形容词small, juicy和句子最后一个词为并列表语，故句末的词应改为其形容词形式。由派生构词法可知，v.＋­y构成形容词。3．Let's make joint efforts to create a green and harmony environment. Your cooperation would be much appreciated._________________________________________________________________答案：harmony→harmonious　修饰后面的名词environment，用形容词形式。4．Now let's express our thanks to Hayden for his great contribute to us and our school._______________________________________________________________答案：contribute→contribution　在形容词性物主代词his后面，用名词形式。5．Although he could understand few words, he was still amazing to see the colorful costumes and the unique way of performing._________________________________________________________________答案：amazing→amazed　说明人的感受，用amazed。