2021高三统考人教英语一轮（经典版）学案：第二部分专题一第9讲构词法（词性转换）

第9讲　构词法(词性转换)

考点一 合成法

1．复合名词的主要构成方式

2．复合形容词的主要构成方式

3．复合动词的主要构成方式

即时练1　写出所给汉语的英文

1．合成形容词

①               漂亮的

②               著名的

③               省时的

④               人造的

⑤               环保的

⑥               心不在焉的

答案：①good­looking　②well­known　③time­saving　④man­made　⑤environmentally­friendly　⑥absent­minded

2．合成名词/动词

①               缺点

②               空调

③               行李箱

④               吃得太多

⑤               过路人

⑥               爱看电影的人

⑦               密码

⑧               起飞

⑨               收入

答案：①drawback　②air­conditioning　③suitcase　④overeat　⑤passer­by　⑥film­goer　⑦password　⑧take­off　⑨income

考点二 转化法

即时练2　写出下列句中黑体单词的意思和词性

1．①He backed his car into the garage.       

②You are not alone, and we are all backing you.       

③She's the kind of person who talks about you behind your back.       

答案：①倒退(v.)　②支持(v.)　③背后(n.)

2．①He headed the rebellion.       

②He headed his boat for the shore.       

③He was shot in the head, dead.       

答案：①领导(v.)　②使……对着某处行进(v.)　③头部(n.)

3．①I lack words with which to express my thanks.       

②Lack of proper funding is making our job more difficult.       

答案：①缺乏(v.)　②缺乏(n.)

4．①The dog succeeded in clearing the fence.       

②He cleared the table by taking plates, forks and knives away.       

③To make yourself clear without using facial expressions can be very difficult.       

答案：①越过(v.)　②清理(v.)　③清楚的(adj.)

5．①Your shoes need cleaning.       

②Try to keep your room clean and tidy.       

答案：①清洁(v.)　②干净的(adj.)

6．①What do you mean by saying that？       

②He has always been mean with his money.       

答案：①意思(v.)　②吝啬的(adj.)

考点三 派生法

1．前缀构词法

续表

2．后缀构词法

(1)名词后缀

续表

(2)形容词后缀

(3)动词后缀

(4)副词后缀

即时练3　单句语法填空

①Therefore, let's take the          (responsible) to build up a low­carbon city by riding bicycles. Come on and join us!

②As far as I am concerned, my          (suggest) is that we should always have a notebook and a Chinese­English dictionary within easy reach.

③My presence is something they can draw real          (strong) and hope from.

④Life is a          (mix) of good times and bad times, and happy moments and unhappy moments.

⑤After some time, when both of you have renewed your          (confident) in each other, go back to the time when you nearly fell apart.

⑥The Forbidden City attracts visitors because of its long history and          (culture) significance, but perhaps it should add one more thing to its list of attractions: earthquake shelter.

⑦Many fads are          (harm). Back in my day, people cut the sleeves and collars of sweat shirts off and wore them inside out. No big deal.

⑧While your IQ tells you how          (intelligence) you are, your EQ tells you how well you use your intelligence.

⑨The old people there were talkative and they told us their          (person) stories cheerfully.

⑩My little boy, do you feel more          (comfort) now than before?

⑪Or maybe it was just the          (gentle) blowing sea breeze that would blow through your hair.

⑫It is          (absolute) necessary to help those who cannot read.

⑬They all come from the plant Camellia sinensis (茶树), and are          (simple) processed in different ways.

⑭I would bring back what I wrote and my mother would look at it          (careful)．

⑮He added that people have become so used to not showing signs of weakness          (intention) due to social media being used to celebrate achievements.

答案：①responsibility　②suggestion　③strength　④mixture　⑤confidence　⑥cultural　⑦harmless　⑧intelligent　⑨personal　⑩comfortable　⑪gently　⑫absolutely　⑬simply　⑭carefully　⑮intentionally

误区　词性的误用

(1)【误】I was supposed to arrive at the airport on time. Unfortunate, I was held up by the heavy traffic jam.

【正】I was supposed to arrive at the airport on time. Unfortunately, I was held up by the heavy traffic jam.

[分析]　修饰整个句子作状语应用副词，根据句意可知应表示“不幸的是”，故应用Unfortunately。

(2)【误】You'd better take account of your able accurately before attempting to do such a business.

【正】You'd better take account of your ability accurately before attempting to do such a business.

[分析]　根据your可知，此处应用名词ability，表示“能力”。句意：你最好在尝试做这笔生意前准确地考虑一下自己的能力。

(3)【误】The black people were against slavery and fought for their freedom brave.

【正】The black people were against slavery and fought for their freedom bravely.

[分析]　修饰动词fought应用副词，故应用bravely。

(4)【误】Excellent oral and written communication skills in Chinese and English are of important.

【正】Excellent oral and written communication skills in Chinese and English are of importance.

[分析]　介词之后要接名词。be of importance＝be important。

(5)【误】However, in the past few months, the situation has worse considerably.

【正】However, in the past few months, the situation has worsened considerably.

[分析]　分析句子结构可知，此句缺少谓语动词，故用worsen表示“恶化”。句意：然而，在过去的几个月，情况恶化得相当严重。

[注意]　若想避免以上错误的发生，要做到：

1词性转换的基本规则，要在平时阅读和训练时不断积累并反复强化，才能运用地熟练而准确。

2词性转换后，要注意所填词的形式是否正确，如名词需不需进一步转换为复数形式，以及副词的拼写是否正确等。

1．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been          (poor) studied.

答案：poorly

2．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to          (strength) your leg muscles (肌肉)．

答案：strengthen

3．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)A taste for meat is          (actual) behind the change.

答案：actually

4.(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She is determined to carry on with her           (educate)．

答案：education

5．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asia's biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top          (attract)．

答案：attraction

1．如果要填的词在句中作主语、宾语或表语，要考虑名词形式。

2．如果要填的词被形容词、定冠词或形容词性物主代词所修饰要考虑名词形式。

3．在平时学习中储备构词法知识，并根据需要变换成相应的词性形式。

4.利用句子成分定词性：看到空格词作定语、表语、主语补足语或宾语补足语，要想到用形容词；看到空格词作状语，要想到用副词。

5．利用修饰语功能定词性：看到空格词修饰名词，要想到用形容词；看到空格词修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子在句中作状语，要想到用副词。

1．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Immediate, I raised my hand.

答案：Immediate→Immediately

2．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest.

答案：honest→honesty

3．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)I enjoyed studying difference kinds of cars and planes, playing pop music, and collecting the latest music albums.

答案：difference→different

4．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)At one time, I even felt my parents couldn't understand me so I hoped I could be freely from them.

答案：freely→free

1．如果修饰名词，要用形容词。

2．如果修饰动词、形容词、副词和分词应为副词。

3．作定语、表语、主语补足语或宾语补足语，要想到应为形容词。

4．作状语要想到应为副词。