2021版高三英语人教版一轮复习讲义：必修一Unit4　Earthquakes

Unit 4　Earthquakes阅读词汇1.earthquake n.　　　地震2.quake n. 震动;地震3.well n.  井4.crack n. 裂缝;噼啪声vt.& vi.   (使)开裂;破裂5.smelly adj.  发臭的;有臭味的6.farmyard n.  农场;农家7.pipe n.  管;导管8.million n.   百万9.canal n. 运河;水道10.steam n. 蒸汽;水汽11.dirt n. 污垢;泥土12.extreme adj. 极度的13.survivor n. 幸存者;生还者;残存物14.brick n. 砖;砖块15.dam n.  水坝;堰堤16.track n. 轨道;足迹;痕迹17.mine n. 矿;矿山;矿井18.miner n. 矿工19.shelter n.  掩蔽;掩蔽处;避身处20.reporter n. 记者21.bar n.  条;棒;条状物22.outline n.  要点;大纲;轮廓23.headline n. 报刊的大字标题24.cyclist n.  骑自行车的人识记词汇1.burst vi.　　　　　爆裂;爆发n. 突然破裂;爆发2.event n. 事件;大事3.nation n. 民族;国家;国民4.ruin n. 废墟;毁灭vt. 毁灭;使破产5.suffering n. 苦难;痛苦6.injure vt. 损害;伤害7.destroy vt. 破坏;毁坏;消灭8.useless adj. 无用的;无效的;无益的9.shock vt.& vi. (使)震惊;震动n. 休克;打击;震惊10.rescue n.& vt. 援救;营救11.trap vt. 使陷入困境n. 陷阱;困境12.electricity n. 电;电流;电学13.disaster n. 灾难;灾祸14.bury vt. 埋葬;掩埋;隐藏15.title n. 标题;头衔;资格16.damage n.& vt. 损失;损害识记词汇17.frighten vt.　　　　使惊吓;吓唬18.frightened adj. 受惊的;受恐吓的19.frightening adj. 令人恐惧的20.congratulation n. 祝贺;(复数)贺词21.judge n. 裁判员;法官vt. 断定;判断;判决22.sincerely adv. 真诚地;真挚地23.express vt. 表示;表达n. 快车;速递拓展词汇1.nation n. 民族;国家;国民→national adj. 民族的;国家的;国民的→nationality n.              国籍2.shock vt.& vi.(使)震惊;震动 n. 休克;打击;震惊→shocking adj. 令人震惊的→shocked adj.              感到震惊的3.injure vt. 损害;伤害→injury n. 伤害;损害→injured adj. 受伤的4.express vt. 表示;表达 n. 快车;速递→expression n. 表达;表情5.frighten vt. 使惊吓;吓唬→frightened adj. 受惊的;受恐吓的→frightening adj.              令人恐惧的6.congratulation n. 祝贺;(复数)贺词→congratulate vt. 祝贺7.sincerely adv.真诚地;真挚地→sincere adj. 真诚的;真挚的短语记忆1.a (great) number of　　许多;大量的 2.dig out 掘出;发现3.at an end 结束;终结4.right away 立刻;马上5.as if 仿佛;好像6.in ruins 严重受损;破败不堪句型整理1.In the farmyards,the chickens and even the pigs were too nervous to eat.在农家大院里的鸡,甚至连猪都紧张得不想吃食。2.It seemed as if the world was at an end!仿佛到了世界末日!3.Thousands of families were killed and many children were left without parents.成千上万个家庭遇难,许多孩子变成了孤儿。4.All hope was not lost.不是所有的希望都破灭了。重点语法The Attributive Clause(Ⅰ) (that,which,who,whose)[定语从句(Ⅰ) (that,which,who,whose)] 1.burst vi.破裂;胀破;爆裂n.爆发;突然爆裂 归纳拓展①burst out 突然迸发;爆发②burst out doing sth.=burst into+n.突然……起来③burst in∕into 闯进;突然破门而入④burst with anger∕grief∕joy勃然大怒∕心痛欲绝∕乐不可支 完成句子①These are volcanoes so explosive that they burst open (它们迸发开来)in a single big crack,leaving behind a vast hole.(2019江苏,阅读理解B)②当我把那张礼品卡递给他,说他可以用来买他的家庭可能需要的任何东西时,他突然哭了起来。When I handed him the gift card,saying he could use it for whatever his family might need,he burst into tears.③警察突然闯进去,逮捕了那名毒品贩子。The police burst in and arrested the drug dealer.2.ruin n.[U] 毁坏;毁灭;崩溃 [C] (pl.)废墟,遗迹v.(使)破产,(使)堕落,毁灭 归纳拓展①in ruins 严重受损;破败不堪②fall into ruin 荒废;败落③bring...to ruin 使……毁灭;使……没落 用ruin相关词组填空①当他们第二天返回Rockaway时,他们发现他们的社区已成为一片废墟。When they returned to Rockaway the next day,they found their neighborhood in ruins.②这座古老的庙宇已经破败不堪,需要修理。The ancient temple has fallen into ruin and needs repairing.③醉驾不仅毁掉了他自己还导致几名路人丧生。Drunk driving not only ruined himself but also killed several passers-by.词语辨析:ruin表示“毁灭、毁坏”,是指在一定过程中逐渐对物体进行破坏,使其毁灭。还可用于抽象意义。可用作名词或动词,其名词复数形式表示“废墟,遗迹”。damage表示“损害、损坏”,通常是指对物体的部分损害,往往暗示损坏后价值、效率、功能可能降低,但这种破坏具有可修复性;也可用于抽象意义。可用作动词或名词,作名词时与介词to搭配,如cause damage to。destroy表示“毁坏”,通常指彻底毁掉或毁灭,其功能无法或难以修复,也可用于损坏抽象的东西,如希望、计划等。用ruin,damage,destroy的适当形式填空The palace was destroyed completely rather than was slightly damaged,which can’t be repaired,only leaving ruins.这座宫殿不是轻微地损坏,而是被彻底地破坏了,无法修复,只剩下废墟。3.injure vt.损害,伤害 归纳拓展①do an injury to sb.=do sb.an injury伤害某人②injured pride∕feelings 受伤的自尊∕情感单句填空①A month before my first marathon,one of my ankles was injured (injure)and this meant not running for two weeks,leaving me only two weeks to train.(2018北京,阅读理解A)②Don’t lift that tool-box—you’ll do yourself an injury(injure)!词语辨析:injure多指意外事故造成的伤害,也可指对名誉、地位的损害。其名词形式为injury。wound既可以作动词,也可以作名词,指人在战斗、攻击中受伤,身体上出现明显的伤口,多指枪伤、刀伤、刺伤等皮肉之伤。hurt既可以作动词,也可以作名词。多指精神上受到伤害,也可指身体上的疼痛。harm既可以作动词,也可以作名词,意为“伤害,损害”。指身体或精神上的损害或对周围事物的危害。常用短语do harm to “对……有害”。 选词(injure∕wound∕hurt∕harm)并用其适当形式填空He retired from the army because of being wounded in a fight.Soon after,he met with an accident,where he was not injured luckily but was hurt to some degree.他因在战斗中受伤退伍了。不久他遭遇了一次车祸,幸运的是他身体没有受伤,但在一定程度上心灵受了创伤。4.bury vt.埋葬;掩埋;隐藏;专心于 归纳拓展①bury...in...把……埋入……②完成句子①他埋头学习,不知道其他人都已经离开了。Buried in his study,he didn’t know that all the others had left.②自从搬到那里以后,他一直专注于研究工作。Ever since he moved there,he has buried himself in∕has been buried in his research work.5.judge v.判定;判断;判决n.裁判员;法官;评判员 归纳拓展①judging from∕by 从……上看,根据……判断②judge sb.∕sth. from∕by...从……来判断③as far as I can judge 据我判断,我认为④judgement n.判断⑤misjudgement n.误判 完成句子①It would not matter if these misjudgements(这些误判) were just a matter of people’s opinions.(2019江苏,阅读理解C)②从她的上封来信看,他们过得非常愉快。Judging by∕from her last letter,they are having a wonderful time.③人们常以学生的考试成绩来判断其学校的好坏。Schools tend to be judged by the performance of their students in exams. judging from∕by表示“从……来看,根据……来判断”,用在句首时为一个独立成分,不受句子主语和时态的影响。a number of 许多,大量的 归纳拓展①修饰可数名词的短语有:a (large∕great∕good )number of,a great∕good many,a good few,quite a few,many a,more than one②修饰不可数名词的短语有:a great∕good deal of,a great∕large amount of,quite a little③既可修饰可数名词复数又可修饰不可数名词的短语有:a lot of,lots of,a quantity of,quantities of,masses of④the number of+复数可数名词　……的数目 单句填空①That’s because there are(be) a number of powerful voice manipulation (处理) and automation technologies that are about to become widely available for anyone to use.(2019北京,阅读理解C)②What is(be) the total number of students who earned a C or better?③A great deal of money has been spent(spend) on the new hospital. “许多”的谓语你知道吗?①a number of+pl.n.作主语,谓语动词用复数。②large quantities of+pl.n.∕[U]n.作主语,谓语动词用复数;a large quantity of+pl.n.∕[U]n.作主语,谓语动词用单数;large amounts of+[U]n.作主语,谓语动词用复数。③+可数名词单数+谓语(单数形式)1.In the farmyards,the chickens and even the pigs were too nervous to eat.在农家大院里的鸡,甚至连猪都紧张得不想吃食。归纳拓展①too...to...太……而不能……②too...to...与not或never连用时,意为“无论……也不过分,越……越好”。cannot be too...再……也不过分③only∕just∕but too...to...非常……(too前的only,just,but不仅没有否定意义,反而加重了too的肯定语气)④too ready∕easy∕eager∕willing∕anxious∕happy...to...句型表示肯定,作“过于、太会……”解。⑤too...not to...表示肯定,含义是“非常……必定能;太……不会不……”。  翻译句子①现在进行任何补救都为时太晚。It’s too late to do anything about it now.②小心无过火。∕你再小心也不为过。∕你越小心越好。You cannot be too careful.2.It seemed as if the world was at an end!仿佛到了世界末日!as if常引导表语从句或方式状语从句;若表示非真实情况常用虚拟语气。归纳拓展①如果所引导的从句表示的是真实的或极有可能发生的情况时,句子要用陈述语气。②当说话人所陈述的是不真实的或极少可能发生或存在的情况时,从句用虚拟语气。③如果as if引导的从句中的主语和主句的主语相同,且含有be动词,可省略从句主语和be动词,这样as if后就只剩下名词、不定式、形容词(短语)、介词短语或分词。 完成句子①快点!看起来火车要开了。Hurry up!It looks as if the train is going to move.②汤姆举起右手好像要说什么。Tom raised his right hand as if to say something.③保罗仿佛像一位超人勇敢地与狼作斗争。Paul fought the wolf bravely as if he were a superman.3.Thousands of families were killed and many children were left without parents.成千上万个家庭遇难,许多孩子变成了孤儿。leave+宾语+宾补“使……处于某状态”。 完成句子我们不能让这样一件重要的事情半途而废。We can’t leave such an important matter unfinished.4.All hope was not lost.不是所有的希望都破灭了。该句为不完全否定句,也可称之为部分否定句。归纳拓展①当not与all,both,each,every,everyone,everything等具有全部意义的不定代词或形容词连用时,无论not处于何位置,皆表示不完全否定,意为“并非都”。②no,none,no one,neither,nothing,nowhere等表示完全否定。一句多译正如你选择一本字典时会注意到的,并不是所有的印刷字典都是一样的。①Not all print dictionaries are the same,as you will notice when you select one.②All print dictionaries are not the same,as you will notice when you select one.完成句子③积累起高级的和大量的词汇并不都是很难的。It’s not all that hard to build an advanced and large vocabulary.(2017年11月浙江,语法填空)④我们全都不让去那里。None of us was allowed to go there.