2020版一轮复习英语重大版学案：学通语法第十一讲并列句和状语从句

第十一讲并列句和状语从句单句语法填空1．(2018·北京高考单选)If we don’t stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone.2．(2017·江苏高考单选)Located  where the Belt meets the Road, Jiangsu will contribute more to the Belt and Road construction.3．(2017·北京高考单选)—Peter, please send us postcards  so  we’ll know where you have visited.—No problem.4．(2017·北京高考单选)Although/Though birds use their feathers for flight，some of their feathers are for other purposes.5．(2017·北京高考单选)If you don’t understand something，you may research, study, and talk to other people until you figure it out.6．(2016·四川高考)The mother held the baby in her front paws much the way a human does.When/If it cried, she rocked it back and forth and gave it little comforting pats.7．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)In much of Asia, especially the so­called “rice bowl” cultures of China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam, food is usually eaten with chopsticks.8．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Over time, as the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly. 一、并列句(一)并列句的4种类型1．表并列、递进或顺承关系：and, both ... and ..., neither ... nor ..., not only ... but also ...The earth is one of the sun’s planets, and the moon is our satellite.地球是太阳系中的一颗行星，月亮是地球的卫星。2．表转折、对比关系：but, yet, while①The problem was a little hard, yet I was able to work it out. 这道题有点难，然而我却把它做出来了。②The winter in Beijing is very cold while that of Kunming is warm.北京的冬天很冷，然而昆明的冬天却很暖和。3．表选择关系：or, otherwise, or else, either ... or ..., not ... but ...Now you can either have a rest or you can go to the cinema.现在你可以休息，也可以去看电影。4．表因果关系：so, for (表“由于”，一般不放在句首)I am not afraid of tomorrow, for I have seen yesterday and I love today.(2016·北京高考单选)我不害怕明天，因为我经历过了昨天并且热爱今天。(二)并列句的2大句式1．when“就在这时，突然”，常用以下句式•sb. be about to do/on the point of doing sth. when ...某人正要做某事，突然……•sb. be doing sth. when ... 某人正在做某事，突然……•sb. had done sth. when ... 某人刚做完某事，突然……①One Friday, we were packing to leave for a weekend away when my daughter heard cries for help. 当我们周五在收拾行李要去度周末时，我的女儿突然听到了呼救声。②She had just finished her homework when her mother asked her to practice playing the piano yesterday.昨天她刚完成家庭作业，妈妈就让她练习钢琴。2．and与or/otherwise用于并列句•祈使句＋and＋陈述句(and表示顺承关系)•祈使句＋or/otherwise＋陈述句(or/otherwise表示转折关系)①Find ways to praise your children often, and you’ll find they will open their hearts to you.设法常常表扬你的孩子，这样你就会发现他们乐意向你敞开心扉。②Hurry up, or/otherwise you will be late for class.快点儿，否则你们上课就迟到了。二、状语从句(一)时间状语从句1．when, while和as的用法连词含义及用法例句when“当……时候”，可与延续性动词或短暂性动词连用；从句动作可以发生在主句动作之前、之后或与主句动作同时发生When you apply for a job, you must present your credentials.当你申请工作时，你必须递交你的有关证书。while“当……时候”，一般只可与延续性动词连用，从句动作与主句动作同时发生Mary made coffee while her guests were finishing their meal.客人们就要吃完的时候，玛丽去煮咖啡了。as“一边……一边……”，常与延续性动词连用，从句动作与主句动作同时或几乎同时发生As he grew older, he became less active.随着他逐渐长大，他变得不那么活泼了。 如果主句表示的是短暂性动作，而从句用延续性动词的进行时表示在一段时间内正在进行的动作时，when, while与as可互换使用。When/While/As I was walking down the street, I came across an old friend.我正沿着大街走时，碰巧遇到了我的一个老朋友。 　　　　 2．before与since的用法(1)before表示“在……之前；还未……就……；还没来得及……就……”。常用于以下句型：•It will be＋一段时间＋before ...  多久之后才……•It won’t be long before ...    不久之后就……•It was＋一段时间＋before ...    过了多久才……John thinks it won’t be long before he is ready for his new job.约翰认为不久他就能为他的新工作做好准备。(2)since的用法①since表示“自从……”，其引导的从句在句中作状语时，主句常用现在完成时或现在完成进行时；从句常用一般过去时。I have returned home twice since I settled down in the United States.自从我定居美国后，我回过两次家。They have been living very happily since they got married.自从结婚后他们一直生活得很幸福。②since引导的从句的谓语若是延续性动词，常理解为某一状态的终止；若是非延续性动词，则理解为某一动作的开始。He has written to me frequently since he was ill.自从病好以来，他经常给我来信。He has written to me frequently since he went abroad.他自出国以来，经常给我写信。③since表示“自从……以来”，常用于“It is/has been＋时间段＋since从句”结构。该句型表示“自从开始(不做)……已经多长时间了”，一般从句的时态用一般过去时，主句中的时态用现在完成时。As is reported, it has been/is over 100 years since Tsinghua University was founded.据报道，清华大学已经建立了100多年了。3．till, until和not ...until ...的用法(1)until或till表示“某动作一直延续到某时间点才停止”，此时主句谓语动词是延续性动词，主、从句都为肯定式。这两个词可以互换，但till不可以置于句首，而until可以。Have you heard the meeting will be put off till/until next Tuesday?这个会议将被推迟到下周二，你有没有听说？(2)not ... until ... 表示“直到……才”，主句谓语动词必须是非延续性动词。As far as I know, his mother won’t go to bed until  he returns home every evening.据我所知，他母亲每晚直到他回家才会上床睡觉。4．表示“一……就……，刚……就……”的常用表达(1)表示“一……就……”的表达as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the minute, the instantThe moment I heard the voice, I knew Father was coming.我一听到那个声音就知道父亲来了。(2)表示“刚……就……”的表达no sooner ... than ..., hardly/scarcely ... when ...的时态搭配：no sooner与hardly/scarcely后的句子谓语动词应用过去完成时，而than与when引导的句子谓语动词应用一般过去时。此外，当把no sooner和hardly/scarcely提到句首时，应用倒装语序。He had no sooner finished his speech than the students started cheering.→No sooner had he finished his speech than the students started cheering.他刚完成演讲学生们就开始欢呼起来。(二)条件状语从句1．条件状语从句的常见引导词if, unless (＝if ... not), so/as long as (只要), on condition that (条件是), if only (＝if), provided that (如果), in case (万一，如果), suppose/supposing that (假设，如果), assuming that等均可引导条件状语从句。①We will have a picnic in the park this Sunday unless it rains or it’s very cold.除非下雨或天很冷，否则我们将在本周日去公园野餐。②My parents don’t mind what job I do as long as I am happy.我的父母不在意我从事什么工作，只要我高兴就好。2．条件状语从句的时态在条件状语从句中，常用一般现在时表将来含义；现在完成时表即将完成之后的情况；一般过去时表过去将来的含义。If everyone does his part, the project will surely be a success.如果大家都尽责，这个项目肯定会成功。(三)让步状语从句1．although, though, while引导的让步状语从句。While some people are motivated by a need for success，others are motivated by a fear of failure.(2016·江苏高考单选)尽管有些人是受到成功的激励，而另外一些人是因为害怕失败而前进。2．as, though引导的让步状语从句需用部分倒装语序。Hot as/though the night air was, we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey.在长途跋涉之后，尽管夜晚的空气很热，我们还是因为累睡得很熟。3．“疑问词＋­ever”引导的让步状语从句，意为“无论……”。However hard you try, it is difficult to lose weight without cutting down the amount you eat.不管你多么努力，如果不减少饭量，减肥很难。4．whether ... or ...引导的让步状语从句，意为“不论……还是……”，表示正反两种情况都不会影响主句的意向或结果。We’ll go on with the work, whether we can find the necessary tools or  not.不管我们能否找到所需的工具，我们都要把这项工作做下去。(四)地点状语从句地点状语从句表示地点、方位，通常由where, wherever引导，可置于句首、句中或句尾。I cannot hear the professor clearly as there is too much noise where I am sitting.因为我坐的地方噪音太大，所以听不清教授在说什么。   where引导的定语从句与状语从句的区别：地点状语从句与定语从句的区别在于从句在句中所作的成分，如果作状语，则是状语从句；如果作定语，则是定语从句。The little girl who got lost decided to remain where she was and wait for her mother. (状语从句，其中remain为不及物动词)→The little girl who got lost decided to remain in the place where she was and wait for her mother. (定语从句)那个迷路的小女孩决定待在原地等她的母亲。 　　　　  (五)原因状语从句原因状语从句可由because, as, since, now that, in that, considering (that)等词引导。1．because译作“因为”，表示直接原因，语气较强，能回答由why提出的问句。I really enjoy listening to music because it helps me relax and takes my mind away from other cares of the day.(2016·北京高考单选)我真的喜欢听音乐，因为听音乐有助于放松，并且让我免受一天中其他的纷扰。2．as译作“由于”，语气较轻，常表示显而易见的原因；since (既然), now that (既然), in that (因为)，表示双方都知道的原因，语气较弱。as, since和now that引导的从句多位于主句之前。Now that you put your hand to the work, you should try  your best to finish it.既然你已经着手这项工作了，那就应该尽力完成它。(六)方式状语从句引导方式状语从句的从属连词有as, as if, as though等。方式状语从句应放在主句之后。其中as if或as though引导的从句常用虚拟语气，但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能实现，也可用陈述语气。①The house was greatly damaged by the truck.We’d better leave things as they are until the police arrive.卡车对这座房子造成了严重的损坏。我们最好保持原样直到警察到来。②The construction industry is no longer as depressed as it was.建筑业不再像以往那样萧条了。③The old lady treats the boy as if he were her own son.这位老太太对待这个男孩就像他是她自己的儿子似的。(七)结果状语从句1．引导结果状语从句的从属连词有：so ...that ..., such ...that ...。在非正式语体中，由so ...that ..., such ...that ...引导的句子中的that可以省略，注意其结构形式：①He is such a learned person that we admire him very much.→He is so learned a person that we admire him very much.他如此有学问，以至于我们非常赞赏他。②It is such fine weather that we all want to go to the park.天气如此晴朗，以至于我们都想去公园。③He earned so little money that he couldn’t support his family.他挣这么少的钱，以至于养不起家。2．当so或such所在的主句主语与结果状语从句中的主语一致时，还可简化为：so/such ...as to ...。He was so clever a student that he was able to work out all the difficult problems.→He was so clever a student as to be able to work out all the difficult problems.他是一名如此聪明的学生，以至于他能够解决所有难题。(八)目的状语从句引导目的状语从句的从属连词有：so that, in order that, for fear that, in case (that), lest等。1．in order that和so that引导的目的状语从句两个连词都意为“以便……；为了……”，它们引导的状语从句中常用情态动词。When he goes out, he often wears sunglasses so that/in order that nobody/no one can recognize him.他出门的时候常戴着墨镜，以便没人能认出他。2．for fear that, in case (that)和lest引导的目的状语从句引导目的状语从句时，for fear that表示“害怕，担心某事会发生”；in case (that)/lest表示“以防出现某种情况”。①The boy hid himself behind the tree for fear that his father should see him.那个男孩藏在树后面，害怕他父亲看到他。②Take your raincoat in case/lest it should rain.带上雨衣以防下雨。[典题精选][我来改正][常设误点]①(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)If we stay at home, it is comfortable but there is no need to spend money.②(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Before getting into the car, I thought I had learned the instructor’s orders,   so once I started the car, my mind went blank.I forgot what he had said to me altogether.①but→and②so→but/yet(1)并列连词的错用常见的并列连词有：and(表示顺承)，but(表示转折)，or(表示选择)，so(表示因果)。③(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Though not very big, but the restaurant is popular in our area.④He had a deep voice, which set him apart from others in our small town, he was strong and powerful.③去掉but④第二个he前加 and(2)并列连词的多用/缺失①表转折关系时，though和but不能同时出现；②在并列句中，必须要有并列连词连接，特别是表示递进和并列关系的and不能缺少。⑤(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The games my parents taught me where I was a child turned out to be very useful later in my life.⑥In fact, he even scared my classmates away during they came over to play or do homework with me.⑦(2018·洛阳市统考)She kept on turning back to see me unless we couldn’t see each other any longer.⑧(2019·长春市质检)It is three years when I became a high school student.⑤where→when⑥during→when⑦unless→until⑧when→since(3)状语从句连接词的错用①应搞清是何种状语从句以及它们的连接词；②不要把介词误用作连接词，例如during和with为介词，不能引导状语从句；③应注意容易混淆的连接词，如when, while和as；before和since；unless和until等；④应注意常见的固定句式，如“It’s＋一段时间＋since ...”等。⑨As soon as we arrived, so we dropped the lines into the water.⑨去掉so(4)并列连词和状语从句连接词的同时使用前后两个分句不能同时由并列连词和从属连词连接。  Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．Food is forbidden in the library, but you are allowed to have drinks and sweets with you.2．Some watch TV  or go to the cinema. Others take part in sports.3．They quickly gave me the gun and asked me if I had heard the tiger.4．My partner wants to keep the company small while I’d like to expand it.5．The shops were closed, so I didn’t get any milk.6．However hard he works,  he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.7．—Did Jenny return early last night?—Exactly. It was not yet nine o’clock when she arrived home.8．If you miss this chance, it may be years before you get another one.9．Quiet boy as/though he may be, he talks a lot about his favorite singers after class.10．Although/Though I feel sorry about your condition, I can’t really do much to help.Ⅱ.单句改错1．One morning, Mr  Green was about to take a walk while he received a call, saying that his daughter was coming at 3 o’clock by air.while→when2．By doing so, I can not only share good ideas with others and also learn to express myself clearly. and→but3．A passenger realized he couldn’t find his ticket but became quite upset.but→and4．With you grow older, you’ll know better and better about yourself.With→As或grow→growing5．Great changes have taken place after you left this city.after→since6．I’ve made up my mind to make every effort to study, so hard work is the key to success.so→because7．It took several weeks when I made this clear.when→before8．(2018·渝中区一诊)Although she was too busy to go with me, she told me to sell the extra ticket if possible.Although→As/BecauseⅠ.语法填空Change is much easier when you have many supporting partners and unlimited resources. But, since it is often the shock of a death, divorce or some other life tragedy that __1__ (push) us out of our comfort zone to take care of ourselves, it can mean __2__ (force) to start to be independent, which for many of us is the scariest part of all.Probably the most difficult thing about seeking significant change is doing it __3__ you don’t have financial or emotional tools available to make the process go __4__ (smooth). But sometimes reaching our full potential means working without __5__ safety net. For those truly __6__ (devote) to their mission, having fewer resources can be a surprising blessing as it forces them to get __7__ (create) and explore new paths.I don’t know if it’s possible to leave this world __8__ zero regrets. Because of the natural life cycles and the fact that sometimes it’s the tragedy that causes our awakenings, we often realize it too late to avoid certain painful __9__ (outcome)．Please keep in mind that the choice belongs to each of us. We all have the power to change and give more intentional __10__ (direct) to the remainder of our lives.语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。选择权就在我们手中，我们都有能力去改变。1．pushes　本文的基本时态是一般现在时，此处亦用一般现在时。本句是强调句，强调的是or连接的并列主语，故谓语动词应与or之后的some other life tragedy保持一致，应用第三人称单数。故填pushes。2．being forced　根据句意可知，mean在此表示“意味着”，其后应接名词、动名词或代词作宾语；又因force与其逻辑主语之间是被动关系，故此处应填being forced。3．when　分析句子结构可知，空处在此引导状语从句，且在从句中作时间状语，故填when。4．smoothly　修饰动词go应用smooth的副词形式。5．a　但有时，充分发挥我们的潜能意味着我们要在没有安全网的情况下来付诸努力。net“网”是可数名词，此处表泛指，故应用不定冠词a。6．devoted　devote与those之间是逻辑上的被动关系，所以用过去分词。be devoted to ...是固定短语，表示“投身于……，致力于……”。7．creative　分析句子结构可知，get在句中为系动词，意为“变得”，故此处应用形容词creative作表语。8．with　我不知道我们是否有可能毫无遗憾地离开这个世界。with表示“带有”，符合语境。9．outcomes　根据outcome作“结果”讲时是可数名词以及空前无限定词修饰可知，此处应填outcomes。10．direction　根据空前的“intentional”可知此处填direct的名词形式。Ⅱ.短文改错On Sunday morning, I got up as usual, only find my breakfast on the table. I knew that my parents have left home and would be back by noon. With two hours is passing quickly, my parents had not come back yet and I began to feel boring. At that time, it occurred to me that I could get the lunch ready so that before coming home Mom need not do it. Such excited was I at this idea that I made up mind to work immediately. At 11 o’clock, my parents got home, amazed at a meal I had cooked. Feeling happy but proud, I thought I would do more houseworks from then on.答案：第一句：find→finding第二句：have→had第三句：去掉is; boring→bored第四句：before→after第五句：Such→So; 在mind前加my第六句：a→the第七句：but→and; houseworks→housework