所属成套资源：2020版一轮复习英语重大版学案
2020版一轮复习英语重大版学案：学通语法第一讲名词
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第一讲名__词 单句语法填空1．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)This switch has decreased pollution (pollute) in the country’s major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.2．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ) It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.3．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This development was only possible with the introduction (introduce) of electricpowered engines and lifts.4．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)This trend, which was started by the medical community (医学界) as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects (effect) such as overweight and heart disease — the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.5．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She is determined to carry on with her education (educate)．6．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She has turned down several invitations(invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.一、名词的单复数1．规则名词的6种复数变化形式变化规则例词 一般情况下在词尾直接加smouth→mouthshouse→houses以s，x，ch，sh结尾的名词在词尾加esglass→glassesmatch→matches以辅音字母＋y结尾的名词变y为i，再加escountry→countriesfactory→factories以元音字母＋y结尾的名词在词尾直接＋sholiday→holidaysmonkey→monkeys以o结尾的名词一般在词尾加spiano→pianosphoto→photos有些在词尾加eshero→heroespotato→potatoes以f, fe结尾的名词一般要变f或fe为v＋esself→selveswolf→wolves少数直接加sroof→roofsbelief→beliefs ①下列以f结尾的名词既可以变f为v后再加es，也可以直接在f后加s： handkerchief→handkerchiefs/handkerchieves, scarf→scarfs/scarves②巧记变f或fe为v＋es的名词：[巧学助记] 为了自己(self)活命(life)，小偷(thief)和他的妻子(wife)手里拿着刀子(knife)和一片树叶(leaf)站在架子(shelf)上，把狼(wolf)劈成两半(half)。2．不规则名词的3种复数变化形式变化规则例词单复数同形deer, sheep, means, series, works, Chinese, Swiss, aircraft, spacecraft变内部元音foot→feet, tooth→teeth, goose→geese man→men, woman→women, mouse→mice外来名词medium→mediaphenomenon→phenomenaanalysis→analyses ①fish表示不同种类的鱼时，其复数形式为fishes，而表示同一种鱼时，其单复数形式相同；②people指“人们”时单复数同形，指“民族”时，其复数为peoples。
3.合成名词的2种复数形式(1)若有主体名词，则把主体名词变成复数；若无主体名词，则把最后一部分变成复数。passerby→passersby, sisterinlaw→sistersinlaw, grownup→grownups, housewife→housewives(2)“man/woman＋n.”变复数时，作定语的man/woman和主体名词都要变复数：women engineers。二、抽象名词具体化1．具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考到的有：单词抽象名词意义具体化名词意义success成功成功的人或事pleasure乐趣令人高兴的事attraction吸引有吸引力的人或事物beauty美；美丽美丽的人或事物comfort安慰；慰藉令人感到安慰的人或事物danger危险危险的人或因素delight高兴令人高兴的事 failure失败失败的人或事物surprise惊奇令人惊奇的事情 shock震惊令人震惊的事情pride骄傲令人骄傲的事或人Everyone agreed the picnic was a great success.每个人都认为那次野餐是件成功的事。2．抽象名词与a (an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。①Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.在那些艰难的时期，能够买得起一杯饮料都会是一件令人感到欣慰的事。②—A serious explosion happened in Tianjin.—Yes, news came as a shock to me.——天津发生了一起严重的爆炸事件。——是的，这对我来说是一件令人震惊的事情。三、名词所有格1．名词的所有格表示所属关系，它分’s 所有格和 of 所有格两种形式。①Many students’ eyesight is getting poorer and poorer.很多学生的视力变得越来越差了。②From the top of the hill, you can get a bird’s view of the city.从山顶上，你可以鸟瞰整个城市。2．由and 连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况，即表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列名词后加’s，表示共同的所有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加’s。Tom’s and Jim’s rooms 汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间Tom and Jim’s room 汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间3．双重所有格指名词所有格或名词性物主代词同of构成的所有格，即“of＋名词所有格”。a play of Shakespeare’s莎士比亚的一个戏剧a friend of my wife’s我妻子的一个朋友[知识积累]名词常见后缀集锦1．动词变名词的后缀后缀例词ion/tion/sion/ationcorrect→correction 改正attract→attraction 吸引conclude→conclusion 结论；结束decide→decision 决定admit→admission 接纳；准许入学invite→invitation 邀请explain→explanation 解释expect→expectation 期望er/orteach→teacher 老师announce→announcer 播音员conduct→conductor 指挥；售票员mentpunish→punishment 惩罚achieve→achievement 功绩；成就argue→argument 辩论；论据equip→equipment 装备；设备ance/enceappear→appearance 出现；外貌perform→performance 表演；节目exist→existence 存在；生存prefer→preference 偏爱inghear→hearing 听力；听觉begin→beginning 开始ure/turefail→failure 失败；没做到press→pressure 压力mix→mixture 混合；混合物depart→departure 离开；出发yrecover→recovery 恢复；痊愈discover→discovery 发现其他choose→choice 选择vary→variety 多样化；种类tend→tendency 趋向；趋势 2．形容词变名词的后缀后缀例词ageshort→shortage 不足；短缺cyefficient→efficiency 效率；功效fluent→fluency 流利；流畅accurate→accuracy 准确性private→privacy 隐私；私密domfree→freedom 自由；自主wise→wisdom 明智；智慧encedifferent→difference 差异silent→silence 沉默nessweak→weakness 虚弱；弱点kind→kindness 仁慈；好意careless→carelessness 粗心大意thstrong→strength 力气；强项warm→warmth 温暖；热情ytyityhonest→honesty 诚实difficult→difficulty 困难cruel→cruelty 残酷；残暴safe→safety 安全disable→disability 无能；伤残responsible→responsibility 责任 [典题精选][我来改正][常设误点]①(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Last winter when I went there again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken.②Those were great year at college, but I think that I’m even happier now.①chicken→chickens ②year→years(1)可数名词单复数的错用①可数名词前有数词、数量词、some或one of ...等修饰，则该名词应用复数形式；②在指示代词this, that后用单数名词；在these, those后用复数名词。③We’ve called several time about Cleo’s early morning barking.④(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)They have also bought some gardening tools.Besides, they often get some useful informations from the Internet.③time→times④informations→information(2)混淆名词的可数与不可数①有些词既可作可数名词又可作不可数名词，例如time表示“次数”为可数名词，表示“时间”为不可数名词；experience表示“经历”时为可数名词，表示“经验”时为不可数名词；②误把不可数名词当作可数名词，例如纯抽象名词：progress, luggage/baggage, advice, weather, information, equipment, furniture等都只能用作不可数名词。⑤(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest.⑤honest→honesty(3)词性错用误把动词、形容词等当作名词。 Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．The girl then plants a kiss on the grass in a heartwarming show of affection (affect)．2．My application (apply) was successful and I spent an enjoyable month learning filmmaking.3．We hope that scientists (scientist) will solve the mystery one day and give us a satisfactory answer.4．They are always gathering in their winter food in the middle of summer and they are making preparations (prepare) for the long cold winter.5．Yesterday the firemen (fireman) examined the ground but were not able to find any clues to the cause of the fire.6．(2019·合肥一检)When Sammy looked up, the train was just a couple of feet (foot) away.7．(2019·新疆一检)It will certainly be of great help to Tom, if there is a good environment, enough books and equipment (equip), as well as instruction from his teachers and friends.8．There is a growing tendency (tend) for people to work at home instead of in offices.Ⅱ.单句改错1．A lot of informations can be stored in it. informations→information2．Personally, I think teachers and parents should take measure to limit their children’s Internet time. measure→measures3．It’s one of the most beautiful view that I’ve ever seen in China.view→views4．Police said the man was danger to the public.danger前加a5．If you go to the party, it is polite to arrive on time. It is good manners to shake hand with your host.hand→hands6．Yesterday, one of my favorite stamp was lost, which made me really upset.stamp→stamps7．(2018·广州模拟)My son thinks that life is like a battlefield and we have to lose many time to win the final victory.time→times8．Thanks to my professor, I have made a great progress in the past two years.去掉made后的aⅠ.语法填空The twoday G20 Leaders’ Summit __1__ (hold) on September 4, 2017 in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province.The city had been ready to host guests from around the globe with __2__ (it) fantastic scenery and food.The colorful city is often associated with the West Lake, a wellknown attraction with different charms in four seasons.The Qiantang River located in the east of Hangzhou is famous __3__ its magnificent tides.Besides the natural scenery, the food in Hangzhou is wonderful, too.Many U．S. __4__ (tour) lived less than 1 kilometer from the West Lake, but some didn’t visit it __5__ (immediate) because they were eager to taste the local food.__6__ rest couldn’t wait to view the beautiful G20 host city, with about 40 percent of the orders __7__ (book) that weekend.The Summit also __8__ (attract) more students to learn English, according to a volunteer teacher.Timothy, an Australian __9__ has lived in Hangzhou since 2011, said, “I never imagined Hangzhou people could be so warm and friendly, __10__ (make) the G20 Leaders’ Summit a great success.”语篇解读：为期两天的G20领导人峰会在浙江杭州成功举办，这座色彩缤纷的城市凭借西湖、钱塘江、当地美食等为世界各国的来宾奉上了一道食和景的饕餮盛宴，同时也激发了更多学生学习英语的兴趣。1．was held 根据该句时间状语September 4可知，事情发生在过去，应用一般过去时，且hold与主语G20 Leaders’ Summit之间为被动关系，应用一般过去时的被动语态。故填was held。2．its 根据语境可知设空处修饰名词scenery和food，应用形容词性物主代词，故填its。3．for be famous for ...为固定搭配，意为“因……而著名”。符合句意。故填介词for。4．tourists 根据句意，设空处表示“游客”，tourist为可数名词，其前有Many修饰，应用复数形式。故填tourists。5．immediately 设空处作状语修饰动词visit，因此应用副词形式，故填immediately。6．The 此处特指其余的人，故填定冠词The。7．booked 设空处作with复合结构中的宾补，book与逻辑主语the orders之间是被动关系，故填过去分词booked。8．attracted 根据全文时间状语September 4可知，此处应用一般过去时，且attract与主语The Summit之间为主动关系，故填attracted。9．who/that 分析句子结构可知，设空处引导定语从句，在定语从句中作主语，且先行词指人，此处定语从句为限制性定语从句，故填who或that。10．making 分析句子结构可知，引号内imagined后为省略that的宾语从句，从句中有谓语could be，设空处应填非谓语动词；make与Hangzhou people之间为主动关系，因此应用现在分词形式作结果状语，故填making。Ⅱ.短文改错(2019·重庆名校联考) In our life, we often regret what we did and which we couldn’t do. Actually, it doesn’t benefit us at all. As for most of us, we missed many chance to earn more money, to get a high position and to realize our dreams. We often regret that we don’t seize those opportunities, thus feel upset. Although we do know regretting the past is no benefit, but we still can’t help doing it.To avoid the problem below, we need to pay more attention to what you are doing now, making us busier and having no time to recall the past. Moreover, we’d better set reasonably goals one by one. Only by doing so can we struggle for our future better.答案：第一句：which→what第三句：chance→chances; high→higher第四句：don’t→didn’t; feel→feeling第五句：no前加of; 去掉but第六句：below→above; you→we第七句：reasonably→reasonable
