2020高考英语新创新大一轮复习人教全国版讲义：必修3Unit4Astronomy：thescienceofthestars

Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars

一、课前基础自查
(一)分类记单词——省时高效
Ⅰ.阅读单词(知其意)
1.fundamental adj.　基本的；基础的
2.chain n. 链子；连锁；锁链
3.dissolve vt.& vi. 溶解；解散
4.acid n. 酸
5.multiply vi.& vt. 乘；增加
6.gravity n. 万有引力；重力
7.extinct adj. 灭绝的；绝种的
8.exhaust vt. 用尽；耗尽；使精疲力尽
9.satellite n. 卫星；人造卫星
10.spaceship n. 宇宙飞船
Ⅱ.重点单词(写其形)
1.atmosphere n．　　　　大气层；气氛
2.solar adj. 太阳的；日光的
3.thus adv. 因此；于是
4.gentle adj. 温和的；文雅的
5.climate n. 气候
6.crash vi.& vt. 碰撞；坠落
7.pull n．& vt. 拉(力)；拖；牵引力
8.float vi.& vt. (使)浮动；(使)漂浮
n. 漂浮物
9.system n. 系统；体系；制度
10.theory n. 学说；理论
11.physicist n. 物理学家
Ⅲ.拓展单词(通其变)
1.globe n．球体；地球仪；地球→global adj.全球性的；全世界的
2.violent adj.猛烈的；激烈的；强暴的→violence n．暴力→violently adv.暴力地；猛烈地
3.unlike prep.与……不同；不像→like vt.喜欢prep.像n.爱好→dislike vt.不喜欢；讨厌n.不喜欢的事物→likely adj.可能的
4.harmful adj.有害的→harm n．& vt.伤害→harmless adj.无害的
5.exist vi.存在；生存→existence n．存在；生存
6.puzzle vt.& vi.(使)迷惑；(使)为难n.谜；难题→puzzled adj.感到困惑的→puzzling adj.令人困惑的
7.religion n．宗教；宗教信仰→religious adj.宗教上的；信奉宗教的；虔诚的
8.biology n．生物学→biologist n．生物学家→biological adj.生物的
9.reaction n．反应；回应→react v．反应
[语境活用]
1.Some believe in the existence (exist) of life on Mars, while others consider it as a myth.
2.Last night we had a discussion, which became more and more violent.Finally we reached an agreement that we will never use violence whatever happens.(violent)
3.Playing computer games will not only do harm to your physical health, but it is also harmful to your mental health.So there is no harm in advising you to give it up.(harm)
4.He often says that he doesn't believe in any religion but meanwhile he respects others' religious freedom.(religion)
5.Since my younger brother is fond of biology,_he is determined to become a biologist when he grows up.(biology)．
6.As is known to us, everyone has his likes and dislikes.My little sister is fond of pop music.She is likely to become a famous pop singer in the future.(like)

(二)练中记短语——记牢用活
写准记牢
语境活用(选用左栏短语填空)
1.in_time　　　　　及时；终于
2.lay_eggs 下蛋
3.give_birth_to 产生；分娩
4.in_one's_turn 轮到某人
5.watch_out__for 密切注意；当心；提防
6.cheer__up 感到高兴；感到振奋
7.depend_on 依靠；取决于
8.break_out 突发；爆发
9.prevent_...from 阻止；制止
10.block_out 挡住(光线)
11.get_the_hang_of 熟悉；掌握；理解
12.now_that 既然
1.Once he has made up his mind, no one can prevent him from carrying out the plan.
2.At last the firefighters put out the fire in the supermarket, which broke_out at ten this morning.
3.She married at 17 and gave_birth_to her first baby shortly after.
4.Mr.Brown intended to catch the early train, but he didn't get up in_time.
5.Do remember to watch_out_for cars while crossing the street.
6.You've made me suffer in the past, so now you, in_your_turn,_suffer again！
7.Only by practising time and time again can you get_the_hang_of the grammar rules.
8.She bought a heavy curtain to block_out the light.

(三)仿写明句式——以用为本
教材原句
句式解读
句式仿写
1.This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop.
这就产生了连锁反应，使生命的发展成为可能。
动词＋it＋adj./n.(宾补)＋to do。
(2018·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)我认为参加晚宴时带点小礼物是个好主意。
I think it_a_good_idea_to_bring a small gift when we attend a dinner party.
2.But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.
但当我试着向前迈步的时候，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍远，因而我摔倒了。
倍数表达法：倍数＋as ...as ...
杰茜卡付出的是以前三倍的时间和精力，所以我相信她这次能成功。
Jessica devoted three_times_as_much_time_and_energy_as she did before, so I believe she will succeed this time.
3.“Oh, dear，” I cried, “walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity has changed.”
“天哪，”我大声说，“既然重力改变了，看来走路也的确需要练一练了。”
now that 引导原因状语从句。
既然你精通英语，你就可以申请这份工作。
Now_that_you_have_a_good_command_of_English,_you can apply for the job.
4.We watched, amazed as fire broke out on the outside of the spaceship as the earth's gravity increased.
我们惊奇地看着，随着地球的引力增加，宇宙飞船的外层燃烧起火。
形容词作伴随状语。
他在风雪中度过了七天，又冷又饿。
He spent seven days in the wind and snow, cold_and_hungry.

二、课堂重点深化

1．harmful adj.有害的
　[自主体验]
单句语法填空
①As we all know, a bad eating habit is harmful (harm) to one's health.
②As far as I'm concerned, there is no harm in making an apology to him first.
补全句子
③These days, breaking traffic rules and littering are common, causing/doing_serious_harm_to life and the environment.
这些天，违反交通规则和乱扔垃圾的现象很常见，对生活和环境造成了严重的破坏。
　[系统归纳]
(1)be harmful to sb./sth.　　　　　 对某人/某物有害
对某人/某物有害
做某事没有坏处
　[重点强化]
易错处处防
④As we all know, the polluted water and air are harm to people's health.harm→harmful
佳句时时写(一句多译)
众所周知，过量饮酒对我们的健康有害。
⑤What is known to us is that drinking too much is_harmful_to_our_health.(harmful)
⑥It is known to us that drinking too much does_harm_to_our_health.(harm n．)
2．exist vi.存在；生存
　[自主体验]
单句语法填空
①Even though he is a little boy, strange ideas always exist in his mind.
②Scientists have many theories about how the universe first came into existence (exist)．
③The parking place for bikes was an existing (exist) problem for a long time in our school.
　[系统归纳]
(1)exist in　　　　　　　 存在于……之中
exist on 靠……为生
There exists ... 某地有……；存在……
(2)existence n. 存在；生存
come into existence 产生；成立；开始存在
(3)existing adj. 现存的；现行的
　[重点强化]
易错处处防
④You can't imagine what difficulty they have exist on the money he is earning.exist→existing
佳句时时写
⑤众所周知，老人和年轻人之间存在代沟。
As is known to us, there_exists_a_generation_gap between the young and the old.
3．puzzle vt.(使)迷惑；(使)为难；(使)窘困n.(游戏的)猜谜；难题；谜
　[自主体验]
单句语法填空
①The police are still puzzling about/over how the accident could have happened.
②She lost heart since she failed the exam, because her future was puzzling (puzzle)．
③Hearing the manager's explanation, he had a puzzled (puzzle) expression on his face.
　[系统归纳]
(1)puzzle about/over　　　 冥思苦想；苦苦思索
(2)a puzzle to sb. 一件让某人感到困惑的事情
(3)puzzling adj. 令人迷惑的
puzzled adj. 迷惑不解的；困惑的
be puzzled about 对……迷惑不解
　[重点强化]
易错对对碰
④There was a puzzled look on her face because a puzzling problem puzzled her.(puzzle)
佳句时时写
⑤事实上，困扰你的事情对于中国的许多父母来说也是一个难题。
What_puzzles_you_is_actually_a_puzzle_to many parents in China.

1．in time及时；终于；迟早
　[自主体验]
单句语法填空
①As a proverb goes, “Where there's a will, there's a way.” Our efforts will pay off in time.
②We reached on the top of Mount Tai, just in time to_enjoy (enjoy) the rising sun.
③Luckily, I adapted to the new surroundings and everything returned to normal in no time.
　[系统归纳]
(1)in time for ...　　　　　 刚好赶上……
in time to do sth. 及时做某事
(2)in no time 立刻；马上
at no time 决不(放在句首时，句子用部分倒装)
at a time 每次；一次
at one time 曾经；一度
at the same time 同时
at times 有时；偶尔
from time to time 有时；偶尔
(3)take one's time 别着急；慢慢来
　[重点强化]
易错对对碰(at a time/at one time)
④You'd better do one thing at_a_time so that you can concentrate on it.
⑤At_one_time,_people thought the sun travelled around the earth.
佳句时时写
⑥In my view, you should at no time lose heart whenever you are in trouble.(用倒装句升级句子)
→In my view, at_no_time_should_you_lose_heart whenever you are in trouble.
2．in one's turn轮到某人；接着
　[自主体验]
单句语法填空
①Now that we have finished the design, it is in their turn to construct.
②It turned out that the young man was none other than the old man's son.
　[系统归纳]
in turn　　　　　　　　　　 依次；轮流；反之；相应地
by turns 轮流；交替地
take turns to do sth. 轮流做某事
It is one's turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事
It turns/turned out that ... 结果……
　[重点强化]
易错对对碰(by turns/take turns)
③I think we'd better take_turns to drive the kids to school this week.
④I think we'd drive the kids to school by_turns this week.
佳句时时写
⑤人们使用自己的小汽车避免公共交通延误，反过来，这将造成更多的问题。
People try to avoid public transportation delays by using their own cars, which in_turn_creates_more_problems.
3．cheer up (使)高兴；(使)振奋；感到高兴；感到振奋
　[自主体验]
单句语法填空
①Upon arriving at the classroom, the author was cheered up by a warm welcome.
②Cathy didn't expect any award but was still there to cheer on her friends and praise their accomplishments.
　[系统归纳]
(1)cheer sb.up　　 使某人振作起来
cheer sb.on (比赛中)以喝彩声鼓励；为某人加油
(2)Cheers! [口语](用于祝酒)干杯！
　[重点强化]
易错处处防
③Cheering up！Your troubles will soon be over.Cheering→Cheer
佳句时时写(词汇升级)
④When I'm feeling depressed, my mother tells me funny stories to make me happy.
→When I'm feeling depressed, my mother tells me funny stories to cheer_me_up.
4．make it＋adj./n.＋for sb.to do
[教材原句]　This produced a chain reaction, which made_it_possible_for_life_to_develop.
　[自主体验]
①She made it clear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself.
②People in the west make it a rule to_buy (buy) Christmas presents for their relatives and friends.
③He is so stubborn, which makes it no use persuading (persuade) him to change his mind.
　[归纳点拨]
用法规则
“make＋it”常用句型：
(1)make＋it＋adj./n.＋that从句
(2)make＋it＋adj./n.＋to do 不定式
(3)make＋it＋no good/no use/no value ...＋doing sth.
注意事项
常用于这种句型的动词还有：think, consider, find, feel等。

　[佳句背诵]
①(增分要点句)I have a good command of English, which makes it easier for me to find a good job.
②(增分要点句)You have much experience in voluntary work so that I find it a good idea for you to apply for the position.
5．倍数表达法
[教材原句]　But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice_as_far_as on the earth and fell over.
　[自主体验]
①There are five_times_as_many_books in our library as in yours.
我们图书馆里的书是你们图书馆里的书的五倍。
②据我所知，这个城市是那个城市的三倍大。(一句多译)
→As far as I know, the city is three times as_large_as that one.
→As far as I know, the city is three times larger_than that one.
→As far as I know, the city is three times the_size_of that one.
　[归纳点拨]
用法规则
常见的倍数表达法：
(1)倍数＋as＋many/much＋n.＋as
(2)倍数＋as＋形容词/副词原级＋as
(3)倍数＋形容词/副词比较级＋than
(4)倍数＋the size/length/height/depth/width/amount＋of
注意事项
(1)表示“两倍”时用twice或double，三倍或三倍以上用“基数词＋times”表达。
(2)此句型中倍数也可以用分数、百分数，half等其他程度状语来表达。

[佳句背诵]
①(精彩开头句)My school has expanded into a big one, which is three times as big as the previous one.
②(增分要点句)The area received three times the amount of rain it got last year.

本单元语篇话题与新课程主题语境“人与自然”中的“太空探索”子话题相对应
一、话题语素积累多一点
子话题——太空探索
(一)浅易词汇温一温
①spaceship　 ②fresh　　 ③explore　④advanced　 ⑤rocket
⑥prevent ⑦satellite ⑧earth ⑨sun ⑩moon
⑪Mars ⑫planet ⑬exist
(二)生疏词汇记一记
①launch vt.发射　　　　　 ②astronaut n．宇航员
③astronomer n．天文学家 ④telescope n．望远镜
⑤universe n．宇宙 ⑥orbit n．(天体等的)运行轨道
⑦astronomy n．天文学 ⑧monitor vt.监测；监控
⑨data n．资料 ⑩shuttle n．飞机
⑪foresee v．预测 ⑫statistics n．统计数字
(三)常用词块忆一忆
①space station 　　　　　　　　　　　太空站；空间站
②solar system 太阳系
③space exploration 太空探索
④the outer space 外太空
⑤manned spaceship/spacecraft 载人飞船
⑥come true 实现
⑦conduct research 进行实验
⑧in the long run 从长远来看
⑨have access to space travel 能到太空旅行
⑩return to the earth 返回地球
⑪escape the pull of the earth's gravity 逃离地球的引力
⑫get close to the moon 靠近月球
⑬a waste of 浪费
⑭be crazy about 对……痴迷
(四)写作佳句背一背
①I have always dreamed of making a trip into the Mars ever since I heard that Mars is most like the Earth and there could have been life on this planet.
②I want to do research on whether the Mars is a planet we humans can live on.
③The space travellers made a successful landing on the moon.
二、话题书面表达亮一点

假定你是中学生李华，你爱好太空探险但是却得不到父母的理解，于是你给英国朋友Stephen发电子邮件进行交流并请求帮助。要点如下：
1．你的观点(至少两点)；
2．父母的意见。
注意：1.词数100左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3．开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Stephen，
Now, I'm writing to seek your help.There exists a problem between my parents and me, making it impossible for me to concentrate on my study.I don't know how to deal with it.　


I hope that you can offer me some valuable suggestions.
Yours，
Li Hua
[写作4步走]
第一步：句写对——给词写句
(用方框内的词汇翻译句子)
space exploration, prevent sb.from doing sth., be angry with, to one's overall development, be crazy about, try one's best　
1．我对太空探索痴迷。
I'm_crazy_about_space_exploration.
2．我认为健康的爱好有利于全面发展。
I_think_healthy_hobbies_are_beneficial_to_our_overall_development.
3．我认为父母不理解我，这使我很伤心。
I_don't_think_my_parents_understand_me,_which_upsets_me.
4．父母对我非常生气。
My_parents_are_very_angry_with_me.
5．他们尽力阻止我去图书馆。
They_try_their_best_to_prevent_me_from_going_to_the_library.
第二步：量写够——语句扩充
6．在句1中用“so ...that ...”句型，增加“业余时间我常常去图书馆阅读有关太空探索的东西。”作结果状语。
I_am_so_crazy_about_space_exploration_that_in_my_spare_time_I_often_go_to_the_library_to_read_something_about_space_exploration.
7．句4增加父母生气的原因“因为他们认为我的爱好迟早会对我的学习有不好的影响”。
My_parents_are_very_angry_with_me_because_they_think_my_hobby_will_have_a_bad_influence_on_my_study_in_time.
8．句5增加内容“对他们而言，好成绩意味着一切，我应该在功课上花双倍的时间。”
They try their best to prevent me from going to the library.To them, good marks mean everything and I should spend twice more time on my lessons.
第三步：语写美——词句升格
1．句6升级为so ...that ...倒装句型。
So_crazy_am_I_about_space_exploration_that_in_my_spare_time_I_often_go_to_the_library_to_read_something_about_space_exploration.
2．用do what they can to do sth.升级句8中的try their best。
They_do_what_they_can_to_prevent_me_from_going_to_the_library.To_them,_good_marks_mean_everything_and_I_should_spend_twice_more_time_on_my_lessons.

第四步：篇连顺——衔接成文
用but， however， as a consequence等词汇连句成文。
Dear Stephen，
Now, I'm writing to seek your help.There exists a problem between my parents and me, making it impossible for me to concentrate on my study.I don't know how to deal with it.
So_crazy_am_I_about_space_exploration_that_in_my_spare_time_I_often_go_to_the_library_to_read_something_about_space_exploration.I_think_healthy_hobbies_are_beneficial_to_our_overall_development.But_I_don't_think_my_parents_understand_me,_which_upsets_me.However,_my_parents_are_very_angry_with_me_because_they_think_my_hobby_will_have_a_bad_influence_on_my_study_in_time.As_a_consequence,_they_do_what_they_can_to_prevent_me_from_going_to_the_library.To_them,_good_marks_mean_everything_and_I_should_spend_twice_more_time_on_my_lessons.
I hope that you can offer me some valuable suggestions.
Yours，
Li Hua

一、复现单元考点——增强备考信心
Ⅰ.高考中的语法填空
1．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)I saw there were two instructors on board and a man lying across the middle.He was shaking violently (violent)．
2．(2018·天津高考)It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house that we saw Lily in the passenger seat.
3．(2017·浙江高考)Her friends came to help her when the war broke out.
4．(2016·浙江高考)If we know that gossip can be harmful (harm), then why do so many of us do it?
5．(2016·天津高考)I began to learn this when I had my car crashed (crash)．
6．(2016·江苏高考)Internet voting is quite popular nowadays.Many people are somewhat puzzled (puzzle) at the negative side of the voting, although some are quite happy with it, and active in doing it.
7．(2015·浙江高考)If steel is heavier than water, why are ships able to_float (float) on the sea?
8．(2015·四川高考)So one day, just to see what she would do, I gently (gentle) placed one on top of the groundhog's head.
Ⅱ.高考中的完形填空
(选用puzzled, in time填空)
1．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ完形填空)I still can't believe what a coincidence it was.I'm just so glad I was there __60__ to help my son.in_time
2．(2012·福建高考完形填空)I often read of incidents of misunderstanding or conflict.I'm left __36__.Why do these people create mistrust and problems, especially with those from other races？puzzled
二、复现话题词汇——提高阅读准度
新高考下的命题新视角：探索太空奥秘，优化和改善人类生存环境，预防及减少人类自然灾害，探索和开发国民经济建设中急需的能源和资源是国家发展的方针政策，更是高考的热点，建议同学们多多关注太空探索的相关材料。
[话题感悟]
学习目标 ——语篇复现词汇，活学活用记忆更深
(加蓝词汇为本单元话题词汇，读文时请揣摩其用法)
[1] On February 6, SpaceX, a private US aerospace company owned by Elon Musk, has successfully launched its new Falcon Heavy spacecraft, making it the world's most powerful rocket.
[2] Falcon Heavy is the largest rocket since the retirement of NASA's Saturn Ⅴ， which was used for the Moon missions in the 1970s.“Falcon Heavy can launch about 64 tonnes into low Earth orbit — that's almost three times more than the current running biggest launch vehicle, Delta Ⅳ Heavy，” Imperial College London astrophysicist David Clements told Al Jazeera.According to SpaceX, Falcon Heavy can lift into orbit a mass greater than a 737 jet loaded with passengers, crew, luggage and fuel.
[3] The rocket was designed with the idea of carrying humans into space and opening the possibility of flying missions with people to the Moon and even Mars.For its first voyage, it carried Musk's $100,000 cherry­red Tesla sports car and a fake space­suited human model fixed in the driver's seat.Musk joked that “it may be discovered by some future alien race”．
[4] Falcon Heavy went into space on its test flight on February 6.The launch took place at NASA's Cape Canaveral Air Force Station and Kennedy Space Center in the US state of Florida, the spot also used for the Apollo 11 Moon mission and several space shuttle launches.It was delayed by several hours because of high winds in the upper atmosphere.Minutes after take­off, the two outer boosters (助推器) landed at the nearby Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.
[5] SpaceX announced plans to eventually use Falcon Heavy to launch two paying space tourists on a trip around the Moon.However, Musk said he will probably reserve that mission for another launch system, the BFR.Recently, SpaceX planned to launch a Falcon 9 rocket for NASA's TESS mission on March 20.It is reported that SpaceX planned to complete 30 independent launch missions, at least half of which will use Falcon 9.
语篇解读：2月6日，SpaceX公司的宇宙飞船Falcon Heavy成功发射，它是当前最大的运载火箭。
1．Which of the following can function as a rocket?
A．A 737 jet.　　　　　　　 B．Tesla.
C．Saturn Ⅴ. D．SpaceX.
解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第二段第一句可知，自20世纪70年代用于月球任务的美国航空航天局的Saturn Ⅴ退役以来，Falcon Heavy是当前最大的运载火箭；据此可知，美国航空航天局的Saturn Ⅴ是运载火箭，故C项正确。
2．What do we know about Falcon Heavy from the text?
A．It is the largest rocket in the world.
B．It is of the same load as a 737 jet.
C．It is to be found by the creatures in the outer space.
D．It was launched at the same place for the Apollo 11 mission.
解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第四段第二句“The launch took place at NASA's Cape Canaveral Air Force ...”可知，发射地是在美国航空航天局的Cape Canaveral Air Force Station和美国佛罗里达州Kennedy Space Center，该地也用于阿波罗11号登月任务。故D项正确。
3．What delayed the launch of Falcon Heavy?
A．Weather conditions. B．Program error.
C．Equipment failure. D．Deliberate damage.
解析：选A　细节理解题。根据第四段第三句“It was delayed by several hours because of high winds in the upper atmosphere.”可知，由于高层大气的强风，发射被推迟了几个小时。据此可知，由于气候条件的原因导致发射推迟，故A项正确。
4．What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A．The BFR will be completed in 2019.
B．The mission to launch space tourists is unknown.
C．Tourists will be sent into space by Falcon 9.
D．Falcon 9 will take 15 launch missions.
解析：选B　推理判断题。根据第五段第一、二句可知，SpaceX宣布计划最终使用Falcon Heavy搭载两名旅客，围绕月球进行太空旅行。不过，Musk表示，这一计划他很可能会保留给另一个发射系统——BFR。据此可以判断，围绕月球进行太空旅行还未知，故B项正确。
学习目标 ——题后把脉规律，练后得法理解更透
推理判断技法(5)——利用关键段推断
推理判断题的选项有时集中于文章某一段，这时要仔细阅读该段所包含的有效信息，合理进行推理判断。
以上文第4题为例：