2020高考英语新增分方案大一轮人教新课改省份专用讲义：选修8Unit3Inventorsandinventions

Unit 3 Inventors and inventions

一、课前基础自查
(一)分类记单词——省时高效
Ⅰ.阅读单词(知其意)
1．patent n．　 　 专利证书；专利权
2．courtyard n. 院子；庭院；天井
3．perfume n. 香水；香味
4．cube n. 立方体；立方
5．string n. 线；绳子；一串
6．greengrocer n. 蔬菜水果商(pl.)蔬菜水果店
7．jam n. 堵塞；阻塞；果酱
8．microphone n. 麦克风；话筒
9．dynamic adj. 充满活力的；精力充沛的；动态的；发展变化的
10．personnel n. 人力资源；人事部；全体人员
11．multiple adj. 多种的；多样的；多类型的
n. 倍数
12．extension n. 电话分机；扩大；延伸
Ⅱ.重点单词(写其形)
1．dial vt. 拨(电话)
2．claim n．& vt. 要求；声称；主张
3.abrupt adj.　　　突然的；意外的
4．rainfall n. 降雨
5．forehead n. 额头
6．seize vt. 抓住；捉住；夺
7．file n. 文件；档案；文件夹
　 　 vt. 提交；将……归档
8．valid adj. 有效的；确凿的
9．ripe adj. 成熟的；熟的
10．bear vt. 忍受；忍耐；负担
11．tap vt.& vi. 轻打；轻拍；轻敲
　n. 轻轻地敲击(声)；(水)龙头
12．stable adj. 稳固的；稳定的；安定的
13．current n. (水或气)流；电流
　　　adj. 现在的；当前的
14．passive adj. 被动的；消极的；被动语态的
15．directory n. 电话簿；商行名录
Ⅲ.拓展单词(通其变)
1．distinguish vi.& vt.显示……的差别；使……有所不同；辨别→distinguished adj.著名的；卓越的
2．merciful adj.宽大的；仁慈的；慈悲的→merciless adj.残忍的；无情的→mercy n．宽恕；仁慈
3．product n．产品→produce v．生产→producer n．生产者；制片人
4．convenient adj.便利的；方便的；就近的→convenience n．方便；便利→conveniently adv.便利地
5．caution n．小心；谨慎→cautious adj.小心的；谨慎的→cautiously adv.小心地；谨慎地
6．expectation n．预料；期待；期望→expect v．预料；期待；期望；认为
7．recognition n．认出；认可；承认→recognize vt.认出；承认
8．freezing adj.冰冻的；严寒的→freeze v．冰冻→frozen adj.冻结的
9．identification n．鉴定；辨认；确定；身份证明→identify v．确定；鉴别
10．innocent adj.清白的；天真的；无罪的→innocence n．天真；清白
11．occasionally adv.偶然地；不时地→occasional adj.偶然的→occasion n．时机；机会；场合
12．associate vt.联想；联系 n．同伴；伙伴→association n．联系；联盟；协会
13．practical adj.实际的；实践的；实用的→practice n．& vt.实践；练习
14．merry adj.愉快的；高兴的→merrily adv.高兴地；愉快地
[语境活用]
1．He is a cautious man and is always doing things with caution.You should get on with him cautiously.(caution)
2．You can visit Professor Li when it is convenient,_that is, at his convenience. His house is conveniently near the bus stop.(convenient)
3．In western countries, the number “thirteen” is usually associated with bad luck, but actually there isn't any association between them.(associate)
4．If nobody can prove your innocence,_how can you say you are innocent？(innocent)
5．He is such a merciful man and always has mercy on those homeless animals but sometimes he can be merciless to those he doesn't like.(mercy)
6．The dog wagged its tail in expectation of a bone but was expected to go out.(expect)
7．It is freezing outside now, and more snow is falling on already frozen streets.(freeze)
8．This is my occasional visit to the theme park, in which I occasionally meet the cartoon characters I like most. (occasion)
9．Although there are many practical difficulties in learning oral English, you must keep practicing speaking every day. (practice)


(二)练中记短语——记牢用活
写准记牢
语境活用(选用左栏短语填空)
1.ring_back　　　　　回复电话
2．ring_off 挂断电话
3．set_about 开始；着手
4．now_and_then 偶尔；有时
5．set_out_(to_do) 开始(做)
6．call_up 给……打电话；使想起
7．dive_into 迅速把手伸入；一心投入
8．hang_on 不挂断；稍等；紧紧握住
9．out_of_order 次序颠倒；发生故障
10．get_through 设法联系上(尤指打通电话)；(设法)做完；通过
1.It was before I had time to speak that he rang_off.
2．He has been diving_into the history of Chinese literature.
3．Benjamin Franklin set_about learning the printer's trade at an early age.
4．After being divided into groups, we set_out to work at once.
5．After that, he knew he could get_through any emergency by doing what he could to the best of his ability.
6．If you hang_on for a while, I will go and see if I can find your mother.
7．Tell her I'll ring_back in a few minutes.
8．Every now_and_then you hear some bombs bursting.

(三)仿写明句式——以用为本
教材原句
句式解读
句式仿写
1.Between the outside and the inside walls of the bowl there is some jelly, which freezes when cooled.
在碗的内壁和外壁之间有些胶状物，冷却后会冻结。
连词＋过去分词。
当被告知你对唐诗感兴趣时，我迫不及待地想向你推荐一本诗集。
When_told_you_are_interested_in Tang poems, I can't wait to recommend a collection of poetry to you.
2.The criteria are so strict that it is difficult to get new ideas accepted unless they are truly novel.
(评定)专利标准是很严格的，除非新的想法真是新颖的，否则很难被接受。
so ... that ...引导结果状语从句。
(2018·浙江高考写作)通过做兼职工作，我已经积累了如此多的相关经验，以至于我认为我非常适合这项工作。
I have accumulated so_much_related_experience_by_working_part­time_that I think I'm well qualified for the work.
3.Follow it up, explore all around it, and before you know it, you will have something worth thinking about to occupy your mind.
跟踪下去，不断探索，不知不觉中你就会发现某种值得思考的东西占据着你的头脑。
祈使句＋and/or ...＋陈述句。
希望今年夏天在训练营见到你，我们可以一起玩得很开心。
Hope_to_meet_you_at_the_training_camp_this_summer_and we can have fun together.
4.The patent was given in 1876, but it was not until five days later that Bell sent his first telephone message to his assistant Watson.
授予专利是1876年，但五天之后贝尔才向他的助手华生发了第一个电话信息。
it is/was not until ...that强调句。
(2015·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)直到下午四点我们才回到学校。
It_was_until_4_o'clock_in_the_afternoon_that we went back to our school.

二、课堂重点深化

1．distinguish vt.& vi.显示……的差别；使……有所不同；辨别
　[自主体验]
单句语法填空
①(2017·江苏高考)They can even distinguish their mother's voice from that of a female stranger.
②Reading good books can not only enrich our minds but also teach us to distinguish between right and wrong.
③As we all know, she has already distinguished herself as a great volleyball coach in the world.
　[系统归纳]
(1)distinguish between A and B 区分A和B
distinguish ... from ... 把……与……区分开来
distinguish oneself as 作为……而出名
(2)distinguished adj. 卓越的；著名的；杰出的
be distinguished for ... 因……而出名
be distinguished as ... 作为……而出名
　[重点强化]
佳句时时写
④(2017·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)剪纸作为一种传统的艺术形式而出名，在中国有着1 500多年的历史。
Paper­cutting is_distinguished_as_a_traditional_art_form in China, which has a history of more than 1,500 years.
2．bear vt.(bore, borne)忍受；忍耐；负担；承担；记住；生育；结果实；带着
　[自主体验]
写出下列句中bear的含义
①Why do I have to bear all the costs of repair？负担；承担
②She couldn't bear the thought of leaving her parents.忍受
③She did bear a healthy baby in hospital yesterday.生育
单句语法填空
④I can't bear young people casting (cast) away their youth.
⑤Obviously, we should bear in mind what we are supposed to do first in case of an emergency.
　[系统归纳]
(1)bear doing/to do sth.　　　　　 忍受做某事
bear sb./sb.'s doing sth. 忍受某人做某事
(2)bear/keep sth. in mind 记住某事
bear/keep in mind that ... 记住……
　[重点强化]
佳句时时写
⑥我们必须牢记中国是一个人口大国。
We must always bear_in_mind_that China is a big country with a huge population.
3．associate vt.联想；联系n.同伴；伙伴
　[自主体验]
单句语法填空
①If you associate with positive­thinking people, you are definitely going to achieve success.
②There are many serious health problems which are associated (associate) with smoking.
③He always associates (association) the smell of those flowers with his happy childhood.
　[系统归纳]
(1)associate ... with ...　 使……与……联系起来
associate with sb. 与某人交往/联系
be associated with 与……有关
(2)association n. 联合；联想；交往；协会；社团
in association with 与……联合/有关联
　[重点强化]
佳句时时写
④(2017·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)这次展览是由当地政府和几个剪纸艺术家共同组织的。
This exhibition was organized by the local government in_association_with_several paper­cutting_artists.
僻义牢牢记
⑤I've got a new job and a new set of work associates.同事

1．call up给……打电话；使想起
　[系统归纳]
call off　　　　　　 取消；停止
call for 要求；呼吁；需要；去接(某人)
call at 拜访(某地)
call on/upon 拜访(某人)；号召；需求
　[重点强化]
用法条条清(选用上述短语填空)
①The photo calls_up the story of my childhood.
②Don't let anything call_off your attention from your studies.
③As we all know, success in school calls_for much hard work.
④Mr.White called_at my house after he finished his speech.
易错对对碰(call off/call for)
⑤I will call_for you at 8 o'clock at the school gate.
佳句时时写
⑥如果你有时间的话，我就星期一请假去拜访你。
I'll ask leave to_call_on_you on Monday if you can spare me the time.
2．get through设法联系上(尤指打通电话)；(设法)做完；通过；度过；用完；耗尽
　[自主体验]
写出下列句中get through的含义
①I managed to get through the task and the effort was worth it in the end.做完
②I couldn't get through to him because his telephone was out of order now and then.设法联系上
③Luckily, the gap in the fence was just wide enough for the sheep to get through.通过
④The little boy got through all his money in just one week and had to ask his mom for some more.用完
　[系统归纳]
get (sth.) across (to sb.)　 使(某事)被(某人)理解
get along with sb. 与某人相处；进展
get away with sth. 携某物潜逃；不因某事受惩罚
get down to (doing) sth. 开始做某事；认真处理某事
get over　　　　　 熬过；克服(困难)；从……中恢复过来
　[重点强化]
用法条条清(选用上述短语填空)
⑤How can I get it across to you how important this is?
⑥I think the problem can be got_over without much difficulty.
⑦According to Lee, it was Ben's carelessness that accounted for the accident. But Ben got_away_with his wrongdoing.
佳句时时写
⑧(2018·浙江高考写作)作为一个外向的女孩，我几乎和身边的每个人都相处得很好。
As an outgoing girl, I nearly get_along_well_with_everyone_around_me.
3．祈使句＋and＋陈述句
[教材原句]　Follow_it_up,_explore_all_around_it,_and before you know it, you will have something worth thinking about to occupy your mind.
　[自主体验]
①Follow_your_doctor's_advice,_and you will get better soon.
遵循医生的建议，你很快就会好的。
②It is really dangerous. One more step, and_the_child_will_fall_into the well.
真危险，多走一步，这个小孩就会掉进井里。
　[归纳点拨]
(1)祈使句＋and＋陈述句＝If ...＋主句
(2)祈使句＋or/or else/otherwise＋陈述句＝If ...＋主句
(3)名词词组＋and＋陈述句
　[佳句背诵]
①(增分要点句)(2018·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)Don't be too talkative, or you may leave a poor impression on others.
②(精彩收尾句)Give me a chance, and I will reward you with more.

本单元语篇话题与新课程主题语境“人与社会”中的“科技发展与信息技术创新”子话题相对应

一、话题语素积累多一点
话题词汇记一记
子话题(一)　计算机
温故浅易词汇
①mouse　　②keyboard　　③screen　　④software
⑤monitor ⑥printer ⑦speaker ⑧file
识记生疏词汇
①scanner n．扫描仪　　　②hardware n．硬件
③data n．数据；资料 ④chip n．芯片
⑤database n．数据库 ⑥delete vt.删除
⑦adapter n．适配器 ⑧breakabie adj.可破译的
⑨insert vt.插入 ⑩device n．装置
⑪operate vt.操作 ⑫handy adj.方便的
⑬creative adj.创新的 ⑭effective adj.有效的
⑮fingertips n．指尖 ⑯positive adj.积极的

子话题(二)　网络
温故浅易词汇
①Internet　　　②e­mail　　③website
④connect ⑤download ⑥click
⑦chat ⑧information ⑨transform
识记生疏词汇
①access n．进入；使用权　　②digital adj.数字的
③microblog n博客 ④Facebook n．脸书
⑤newbie n．新人；新手 ⑥FAQ常见问题
⑦spam n．垃圾邮件 ⑧hacker n．黑客
⑨BBS电子公告板 ⑩Usenet新闻论坛
⑪fictional adj.虚构的 ⑫supervision n．监管
⑬decipher v．破译 ⑭password n．密码

常用词块忆一忆
①virtual net　　　　　　　　　　　 虚拟网
②high­speed broadband network 高速宽带互联网
③with the popularity of the Internet 随着网络的普及
④have access to/be accessible to 能使用
⑤edit text 编辑信息
⑥browse web pages 浏览网页
⑦communicate with 沟通
⑧rely on 依赖
⑨IT＝information technology 信息技术
⑩search engine 搜索引擎
⑪distract one's attention 分散某人的注意力
⑫have a negative effect 有负面影响
⑬electronic books 电子书
⑭send text messages 发短信
⑮tablet personal computer 平板电脑
⑯portable computer 便携式电脑
⑰chat online 网上聊天
⑱surf the Internet 上网冲浪
⑲take advantage of 利用
⑳keep in touch with 和……保持联系
写作佳句背一背
①With the development of the Internet, many individuals favour online shopping because it is more convenient and can save time.
②You can shop as you like as the online shops are open 24 hours a day.
③I am convinced that human is able to use the Internet properly and scientifically.
　二、“分步写作”表达准一点
概要写作要点归纳精准化
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
I often hear parents say, “My child does not tell me anything.” Children go through certain periods, particularly during their adolescent years, when they find no proper reason to communicate with their parents except when they have their most basic needs or their material desires.
Adolescence, the period of children's life when they are most vulnerable (脆弱的) to outside influences, is a relatively scary time for parents. Children of this age become the target of many negative influences while at the same time they are experiencing hormones that are raging out of control.
But parents should not be fooled by their children's rejection and rudeness. In fact, children expect the constant support, guidance, and influence from their parents.
I come from a family where anger always lies just below the surface, waiting for an excuse to erupt. My parents often said that my sisters and I could tell them anything. Though they promised not to be angry at whatever we would say, they couldn't do it. Without the emotional support from my parents during my most vulnerable years, I often found myself losing my temper easily and even doing risky behavior.
There is no certain standard about parenting, but I knew exactly what I should not do after I became a parent. I knew the importance of establishing open communication and trust, which resulted in my proper reactions and my children's trust.
Our home is a quiet place, a shelter for my children's emotional well­being. My children can freely share with me what happened in their lives, whether good or bad, shocking or humorous. As their mother, I rarely raised my voice and my reactions to their telling about their improper behavior remained calm, no matter how I felt inside.
Parenting was far from easy. It took patience, persistence, and consistency. Everyone hopes for good relationships with their children, and everyone can have them. The theory is simple: trust is the lock — communication is the key.
[写作步骤]
第一步：归纳主旨大意
主旨大意：本文是议论文。作者通过讲述自己青少年时期的经历及自己做了母亲后与孩子的互动，论述了应该如何成为合格的父母。
短文结构分析：全文分为四个部分。
第一部分(第一段)：父母抱怨处于青春期的孩子不和自己交流；
第二部分(第二、三段)：父母不要被青春期孩子的表面做法所迷惑；
第三部分(第四、五、六段)：我青少年时期的家庭成长环境以及我为人母之后的做法；
第四部分(第七段)：如何成为好的父母。
第二步：提炼关键词
Part 1：
1.I often hear parents say, “My child does_not_tell_me_anything.”
2．Children go through certain periods, particularly during their adolescent years.
Part 2：
3.Adolescence, the period of children's life when they are most vulnerable to outside_influences,_is a relatively scary_time for parents.
4．Children of this age become the_target_of_many_negative_influences while at the same time they are experiencing hormones that are raging out of control.
Part 3：
5.I knew the importance of establishing_open_communication_and_trust,_which resulted in my proper reactions and my children's trust.
6．My children can freely share with me what_happened in their lives.
Part 4：
7.Everyone hopes for good_relationships with their children, and everyone can have them.
8．The theory is simple: trust is the lock — communication is the key.
　　第三步：合并和改写
1．要点1和2
合并：Many parents feel puzzled at their children's behavior when they go through certain periods, particularly during their adolescent years.
改写：Many parents feel puzzled about what_to_do_with their adolescent children.
2．要点3和4
合并：Adolescence is a relatively scary time for parents because it is likely that children of this age are influenced by hormones and something negative.
改写：Adolescence is scary for parents because their children are_likely_to be influenced by hormones and something negative.
3．要点5和6
合并：It is important to establish open communication and trust, and children can freely share with us what happened in their lives.
改写：To solve the problem, parents should know their children's true_thoughts and needs clearly.
4．要点7和8
合并：The two important factors in building good relationships with their children for parents are trust and communication.
改写：Trust_and_communication are two important factors in building good relationships with their children for parents.
第四步：核查成文
核查连贯性，优先考虑使用最短连接词；核查标点和语法；核查词数。最终成文如下：
Many_parents_feel_puzzled_about_what_to_do_with_their_adolescent_children._(要点1)Adolescence_is_scary_for_parents_because_their_children_are_likely_to_be_influenced_by_hormones_and_something_negative._(要点2)_In_fact,_to_solve_the_problem,_parents_should_know their_children's_true_thoughts_and_needs_clearly._(要点3)_Trust_and_communication_are_two important_factors_in_building_good_relationships_with_their_children_for_parents._(要点4)

一、复现单元考点——增强备考信心
Ⅰ.高考中的语法填空
1．(2018·浙江高考)No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished (distinguish) writer.
2．(2018·江苏高考)Hopefully in 2025 we will no longer be e­mailing each other, for we will have developed more convenient (convenience) electronic communication tools by then.
3．(2017·江苏高考)The publication of Great Expectations (expect), which was both widely reviewed and highly praised, strengthened Dickens' status as a leading novelist.
4．(2014·江苏高考)Most positive emotions are associated (associate) with approach behaviour: we move closer to people we like.
5．(2014·湖北高考)I've been trying to phone Charles all evening, but there must be something wrong with the network; I can't seem to get through.
6．(2014·四川高考)The manager was satisfied to see many new products (product) developed after great effort.
Ⅱ.高考中的完形填空(选用distinguished, seize, practical, cautiously, get through填空)
1．(2015·江苏高考完形填空)Who knew that so many years later I would look to Dr. Bernie and his CDs again to __39__ my own cancer experience？get_through
2．(2014·重庆高考完形填空)All our shared life, I was the “artist”， bringing to our house much imagination. Steve was the “__18__” one. He had a real gift for handling chores (家务活), sheltering me from unpleasant repair jobs.practical
3．(2014·山东高考完形填空)The owner stormed over, __15__the bird, took it into the “black room”， shook it a bit, pulled out a few feathers, and said, “Don't ever, ever say anything to embarrass my customers again. You got that！！！”seized
4．(2012·陕西高考完形填空)Sitting on a rock and wondering what to do, she began crying.After a while, she decided to walk along a wide path lined with tall trees and thick bushes. When it was getting dark, she saw a small, dark wooden house. She opened the door and __30__ stepped in.cautiously
5．(2010·江苏高考完形填空)My father introduced me to her with these words: “I would like you to meet the fellow who is __37__ for being the worst boy in this county and will probably start throwing rocks at you no later than tomorrow morning.”distinguished
二、复现话题词汇——提高阅读准度
新高考下的命题新视角：“科普知识与现代技术”包括计算机与网络技术、最新发明、前沿科技等子话题。科学技术的发展正在影响着你我的生活，更是高考常考话题；回顾历年高考，有关该话题的选材俯拾皆是，因此对此话题应给予足够重视。
[话题感悟]
学习目标 ——语篇复现词汇，活学活用记忆更深
(加蓝词汇为本单元话题词汇，读文时请揣摩其用法)
(2018·北京高考)
Find Your Adventure at the Space and
Aviation (航空) Center
[1]If you're looking for a unique adventure, the Space and Aviation Center (SAC) is the place to be.The Center offers programs designed to challenge and inspire with hands­on tasks and lots of fun.
[2]More than 750,000 have graduated from SAC, with many seeking employment in engineering, aviation, education, medicine and a wide variety of other professions. They come to camp, wanting to know what it is like to be an astronaut or a pilot, and they leave with real­world applications for what they're studying in the classroom.
[3]For the trainees, the programs also offer a great way to earn merit badges (荣誉徽章)．At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Exploration badge as they build and fire model rockets, learn about space tasks and try simulated (模拟) flying to space with the crew from all over the world. The Aviation Challenge program gives trainees the chance to earn their Aviation badge.They learn the principles of flight and test their operating skills in the cockpit (驾驶舱) of a variety of flight simulators. Trainees also get a good start on their Wilderness Survival badge as they learn about water­ and land­survival through designed tasks and their search and rescue of a “downed” pilot.
[4]With all the programs, teamwork is key as trainees learn the importance of leadership and being part of a bigger task.
[5]All this fun is available for ages 9 to 18. Families can enjoy the experience together, too, with Family Camp programs for families with children as young as 7.
[6]Stay an hour or stay a week — there is something here for everyone!
[7]For more details, please visit us online at www. oursac.com.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文中作者介绍了一个航空航天中心培训项目的相关内容。其目的在于激发人们的航天梦，让人们积极参与进来。
1．Why do people come to SAC?
A．To experience adventures.
B．To look for jobs in aviation.
C．To get a degree in engineering.
D．To learn more about medicine.
解析：选A　细节理解题。根据本文标题以及第一段第一句“If you're looking for a unique adventure, the Space and Aviation Center (SAC) is the place to be.”可知，人们去航空航天中心是为了体验太空冒险项目，故选A。
2．To earn a Space Exploration badge, a trainee needs to __________.
A．fly to space
B．get an Aviation badge first
C．study the principles of flight
D．build and fire model rockets
解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第三段第二句中的“At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Exploration badge as they build and fire model rockets”可知，参加培训的人为了得到太空探险荣誉徽章需要建造和发射火箭模型，故选D。
3．What is the most important for trainees?
A．Leadership.　　　　　　 B．Team spirit.
C．Task planning. D．Survival skills.
解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第四段“With all the programs, teamwork is key as trainees learn the importance of leadership and being part of a bigger task.”可知，在所有的培训项目中，团队合作精神最为重要。故选B。
学习目标 ——题后把脉规律，练后得法理解更透
掌握干扰项的五大特征，迅速确定正确选项
(1)无生有：选项在原文中没有涉及；
(2)事实反：选项与原文表述明显不一致；
(3)范围变：选项所涵盖的内容比原文所涵盖的内容扩大或缩小；
(4)对一半：选项中有一部分内容和原文相符；
(5)偷梁换：和原文相比，选项存在偷换概念的现象，如上文第1题中的B、C、D三项。