2020版一轮复习英语译林·全国版学案：语法第三部分第五讲名词性从句

第五讲名词性从句从属连词that, whether与if引导的名词性从句 [全析考法]单句语法填空/单句改错1．(2018·11月浙江高考)It is possible ________ caffeine may cause birth defects (缺陷) in humans, too. 解析：that　分析句子结构可知，该句是一个主从复合句，it作形式主语，that从句为真正的主语。2．(2017·天津高考改编)She asked me________ I had returned the books to the library, and I admitted that I hadn't.解析：whether/if　句意：她问我是否已经把书还给图书馆了，我承认说我还没有还。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导宾语从句，且在从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用；又根据句意可知此处表示“是否”，故用whether或if引导宾语从句。3．(2016·北京高考改编)The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is________ one can be entirely free from dust.解析：that　句意：雨季最令人高兴的事情就是人们可以完全远离灰尘。分析句子结构可知，本句包含一个表语从句，且表语从句中句子结构完整，故使用that引导表语从句，that在表语从句中不作句子成分，只起连接作用。4．(2016·天津高考改编)The manager put forward a suggestion ________ we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.解析：that　句意：经理提出了一个建议，我们应该有一个助手。工作太多了。分析句子结构可知，空处引导同位语从句，解释说明suggestion的具体内容，故填that。5．(2016·江苏高考改编)It is often the case________ anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.解析：that　句意：通常情况下，对于那些坚持希望的人来说，一切皆有可能。空处引导主语从句，从句中不缺少任何成分且意思完整，故使用that引导。6．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)After looking at the toy for some time, he turned around and found where his parents were missing.________________解析：where→that或去掉where　found后是一个宾语从句，不缺少句子成分且句意完整，所以不能用where，应该用that引导，that也可省略。[谨记规则](一)that引导的名词性从句that引导名词性从句时本身无意义，只起连接作用，也不在句中作任何成分。它引导的名词性从句结构和意义都完整，往往用于陈述事实。引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时，that不能省略。引导宾语从句时，在口语和非正式文体中，that可省略。但下列情况下，that不可省略：1．that从句作介词的宾语；I don't know exactly where he lives, except that it's somewhere out in the wilds.他具体住在哪里我不是很清楚，只知道是远离城市的边远地区。2．that引导的从句位于句首时；That the earth goes around the sun is known to us all.众所周知，地球围着太阳转。3．宾语从句前有插入语时；We hope, on the contrary, that he will stay at home with us.恰恰相反，我们希望他和我们待在家里。4．动词后有多个that引导的宾语从句时，只有第一个that可省略，从第二个从句开始that不可省略；He told me (that) he had to leave and that he would be back soon.他告诉我他得离开并且很快就会回来。5．it作形式宾语时，that引导的宾语从句中that往往不可省略。He has made it clear that the meeting will not be postponed.他清楚地表明会议不会被推迟。(二)that引导主语从句时可用it作形式主语的四大句式1．It＋be＋形容词(necessary, right, likely, unlikely, wrong, important, certain, clear, obvious, strange, normal等)＋that从句It isn't likely that I should accept such an offer as that.我不可能接受像那样的帮助。2．It＋be＋名词(短语)(a pity, a shame, good news, a fact, an honour, a wonder, no wonder等)＋that从句It's no wonder that he didn't want to go.难怪他不想去。3．It＋be＋过去分词(said, told, heard, reported, decided, suggested, advised, ordered, remembered, thought, considered, well­known, announced等)＋that从句It is decided that the meeting has been put off until next Monday.会议被推迟到下周一已经定下来了。[特别注意]　在“It＋be＋suggested/advised/ordered/requested/insisted/required ...＋that从句”结构中，从句谓语应用“(should＋)动词原形”。It is suggested that you (should) spend more time in studying English.建议你花更多的时间学习英语。4．It＋特殊动词或短语(seem, appear, happen, matter, turn out, occur to, make no difference等)＋that从句It suddenly occurred to her that Joe was afraid of being alone.她突然想到乔害怕独自一个人待着。(三)whether与if的用法1．用whether或if均可的情况(1)whether可引导各种名词性从句。引导大部分动词后的宾语从句时，两者均可。(2)it作形式主语，且主语从句在句末时，两者均可引导主语从句。It's uncertain whether/if he'll come this evening.他今天晚上是否会来还不确定。2．用whether而不用if的情况(1)主语从句和宾语从句置于句首时；Whether we can have clean drinking water lies in what effective measures will be taken by the government about water pollution.我们能否有干净的饮用水取决于政府将采取什么样的有效措施处理水污染问题。(2)引导表语从句和同位语从句时；The problem is whether the air pollution can be controlled.问题是空气污染能否被控制住。He asked me the question whether we should give money to the homeless.他问了我我们是否该给无家可归者钱的问题。(3)引导介词的宾语从句时；It depends on whether we have enough time.这取决于我们是否有充足的时间。(4)引导词与or not连用时；I don't know whether or not the report is true.＝I don't know whether the report is true or not.我不知道这个报道是否是真的。(5)引导词后接to do时；They don't know whether to go there.他们不知道是否去那里。(6)有些动词如leave, put, discuss, decide等后的宾语从句；We discussed whether we should hold a meeting.我们讨论了我们是否应召开一个会议。(7)避免用if引导产生歧义。Let me know whether you are coming to our party.让我知道你是否来参加我们的宴会。连接代词与连接副词引导的名词性从句[全析考法]单句语法填空/单句改错1．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I'm not sure________ is more frightened, me or the female gorilla (大猩猩) that suddenly appears out of nowhere.解析：who　分析句子成分，空格处作从句的主语，根据后面的“me or the female gorilla”可知，作者把自己和大猩猩作对比，表示“我不知道我和大猩猩谁更害怕”，故填who。2．(2018·北京高考改编)This is ________ my father has taught me — to always face difficulties and hope for the best. 解析：what　句意：这就是父亲教给我的——永远面对困难并且寄予最大的希望。表语从句中动词taught缺少直接宾语， 且表示“……的东西”，故填what。3．(2018·北京高考改编)Without his support, we wouldn't be________ we are now. 解析：where　句意：要是没有他的帮助，我们就不会是现在的情形了。空处引导表语从句，表示的是具有抽象意义的地点，故用where引导。4．(2018·天津高考改编)The gold medal will be awarded to ________ wins the first place in the bicycle race. 解析：whoever　句意：这块金牌将颁发给在这场自行车比赛中获得第一名的人。从句中缺主语且表示“人”，因此填whoever引导宾语从句并在从句中作主语。5．(2018·江苏高考改编)By boat is the only way to get here, which is________we arrived. 解析：how　句意：坐船是到达这里唯一的方式，我们就是这样来的。how 引导表语从句，表示方式。6．(2017·北京高考改编)Every year, ________ makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.解析：whoever　句意：每年，在风筝节上，制作出最漂亮风筝的人将会获奖。根据句子结构和句意可知，主语从句中缺少表示人的主语，故填whoever。7．(2017·北京高考)Jane moved aimlessly down the tree­lined street, not knowing________she was heading.解析：where　句意：简在绿树成荫的街道漫无目的地走着，不知道她要去哪里。本句考查名词性从句中的宾语从句，根据句意和句子结构可知，宾语从句中缺少表示地点的连词， 故填where。8．(2017·江苏高考改编)We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20, half of________it used to charge.解析：what　句意：我们选择这家宾馆是因为这里住一晚上的价格降到了20美元，这是它以前要价的一半。此处考查宾语从句的引导词，在of后面what既引导宾语从句，又在从句中作charge的宾语。9．(2016·北京高考改编)Your support is important to our work.________ you can do helps.解析：Whatever　句意：你们的支持对我们的工作很重要，你们做的任何事情都有帮助。根据句意和结构可知，whatever引导的是主语从句，主语从句中缺少谓语动词do的宾语，表示事物， 故用Whatever引导。10．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)As natural architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly ________ thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.解析： how　分析句子结构可知，空格处是一个宾语从句。空格后的thick为形容词，因此空格处应用副词，故填how。11．(2014·广东高考)I didn't understand ________ this would happen and my credit card had already been charged for the reservation.解析：why　根据语境可知，“我”不知道/不明白为什么会发生这样的事情。不明白的一定是原因，故用why引导宾语从句。12．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live.________________解析：that→where　分析句子结构可知，介词to之后为宾语从句，而宾语从句中缺少地点状语，故用where引导。 [谨记规则] 引导词类别常见引导词作用连接代词what, which, who, whose, whom, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever有词义；在从句中担任成分，作主语、表语、宾语或定语等连接副词how, when, where, why, however, whenever, wherever有词义；在从句中担任成分，作状语What worries us most is who let out the secret.最令我们担忧的是谁泄漏了秘密。Whoever breaks the law should be punished.无论谁触犯法律都应该受到惩罚。Go and get your coat. It's where you left it.去把你的大衣拿来。就在你原来放的地方。I have no idea how I can get to the railway station. 我不知道怎么能到火车站。That's why I want you to work there. 那就是我要你在那儿工作的原因。Wherever he goes makes his parents worry.他无论去哪儿父母都担心。语法填空解题“3步骤”1．根据两句之间的意义和逻辑关系，或者根据句式结构判断是否是名词性从句。2．一旦判断是名词性从句，就根据名词性从句中缺少什么句子成分来确定选用什么连接词。若从句中缺少主语、宾语或表语，用连接代词；若缺少状语就用连接副词。3．如果不缺少成分则要考虑意思是否完整，是否需要用whether/if; 如果不缺少成分且意思完整用that。缺少成分1．Make the most of your strengths, and you can be successful regardless of which type you fall into and_how_fast or slowly you walk.2．It is what_is written on the signs inside the bus that has people talking.3．They never get angry and are always kind to the students. That's why the children can always get on well with their robot teachers.4．What surprised us most was that her works of art soon became famous and were on display in the British Museum.5．Be sure to be with a strong awareness that you are what you eat!6．My friend Julia brought out all her dresses and told me to take_whichever_suited me best. 7．From them, the West learns what_is uniquely Chinese, for example, feng shui.8．Whoever comes here to have the meeting will be treated to a wonderful dinner. 9．Wondering who it was, Terry, a newcomer to this city, went to the door and opened it impatiently.不缺少成分10．I wonder first of all what they want, and then wonder if/whether_they are so eager to accept advice themselves. 11．It never occurred to me that you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind.12．There is no doubt that it is of great help to their study and future life.短文改错解题“3视角”1．检查连接词是否误用： 尤其注意容易混淆的that与what, that与which, which与what, if与whether; 2．检查连接词是否漏掉或多余，以及使用连接代词时从句中是否存在多余的句子成分；3．检查宾语从句与主句的时态呼应是否正确。 据第1条解题1．I have the confidence what you can learn how to make Chinese knots.what→that2．Above all, I wonder that it is convenient for you to inform me of the specific schedule in advance.that→whether/if3．How I do every day is to listen to lectures, take notes and do my homework, which seems to be endless.How→What4．I also feel grateful to my dad just because of which he has been doing for me ever since.which→what5．Whenever I want to see it, that I must do is to close my eyes, and it will appear in front of me.that→what据第2条解题6．The police told him what it had happened: his car had been on a private parking lot and had been taken away by the police.去掉it7．To make matters worse, I had to share a double room with someone I did not know, despite the fact I had paid for a single room._fact后加that8．As the College Entrance Examinations will be held in June, the students should make full use of time to review that what they have learned.去掉that据第3条解题9．How much one enjoys himself travelling depends largely on what he goes with, whether his friends or relatives.what→who10．I'm afraid he's more of a talker than a doer, which is that he never finishes anything.that→why                                                                  Ⅰ.语法填空As the effects of global warming, rising seas and natural disasters __1__(gradual) become obvious, some local communities are taking action.Among them __2__(be) one community in Florida where local people and government officials are proving __3__(success) in protecting coastal cities from the dangers of rising sea levels.The community has studied __4__much sea levels will rise and has suggested ways to address the problem.It has persuaded the state government to ban new developments on land near the coastline and recommended __5__(build) sand dunes(沙丘) along beaches.Kristin Jacobs, one of the group's founders, __6__(decide) to take action in 2008 after it became clear that her state's 27 water authorities couldn't agree on joint (联合的) action.While some Florida government officials are skeptical __7__ the effects of climate change and the causes of environmental damage, the people living in these locations are certain of the need __8__(protect) their communities.At present, coming up with ways to fight against the effects of climate change under a(n) __9__(limit) budget is a pressing concern.Only time will tell whether these coastal communities will succeed in __10__end, but for now, quick thinking by local citizens is helping to secure the future.语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了佛罗里达州一沿海社区为应对因全球变暖而日益上涨的海平面而采取了一系列措施。1．gradually　考查词性转换。设空处修饰连系动词become，故填副词gradually。2．is　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。由上下文可知此处应用一般现在时，且本句是倒装句，be动词的形式要根据后面的主语one community来确定，故填is。3．successful　考查词性转换。prove为连系动词，后跟形容词作表语，且设空处意为“成功的”，故填successful。4．how　考查名词性从句。空处引导宾语从句，意为“海平面会上升多少”，故填how。5．building　考查非谓语动词。recommend意为“建议”时，其后可跟动词­ing形式或用于recommend sb. to do sth.结构，故填building。6．decided　考查动词的时态。由in 2008可知decide所表示的动作发生在过去，故填decided。7．about/of　考查介词。skeptical意为“怀疑的”，后常跟介词about/of。8．to protect　考查非谓语动词。need作名词时，其后常跟不定式作后置定语，意为“……的需要”。9．limited　考查词性转换。设空处作定语修饰budget，故填limited(有限的)。10．the　考查冠词。in the end意为“最终”。Ⅱ.短文改错My English teacher recommends me to take a part in an English speech competition yesterday. But I doubt that I have the ability to win. It is known to all my classmate that I can speak English as if he were a native speaker. Therefore, I dare not voice my opinions, especial in public. My best friend Lily has been encouraging me to accept the challenge. On her opinion, whether I can win the competition or not doesn't matter as long as I try my best. Encouraged by her, I have decided to have a try, challenged myself. I must conquer my shy. Wish myself good luck.答案：第一句：recommends→recommended; 去掉a第二句：that→whether/if第三句：classmate→classmates; he→I第四句：Therefore→However; especial→especially第六句：On→In第七句：challenged→challenging第八句：shy→shyness