2020版一轮复习英语外研·全国版学案：语法第二部分第二讲主谓一致

第二讲主谓一致[全析考法]Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)While running regularly can't make you live forever, the review says it ________ (be) more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming.解析：is　根据语境可知，此处叙述的是一般的客观事实，且本句中宾语从句与主句的时态应保持一致，故使用一般现在时。it指代上一句的running regularly，是第三人称单数，故填is。2．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Fast food ________ (be) full of fat and salt; by eating more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.解析：is　本句中的主语是fast food，是不可数名词短语，所以谓语用第三人称单数形式，且此处讲的是现状，所以填is。3．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Leaving the less important things until tomorrow ________ (be) often acceptable.解析：is　主语是“Leaving the less important things until tomorrow”，所以谓语用单数形式；此处表示客观情况，用一般现在时。Ⅱ.单句改错1．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)The classroom is a place for learning and that include learning from textbooks, and mistakes as well.________________解析：include→includes　分析句子结构可知，that引导定语从句，修饰place，关系代词替代place在从句中作主语，从句谓语动词的数要与先行词保持一致，谓语动词也使用第三人称单数的形式。2．(2016·浙江高考)He would ask who we was and pretend not to know us.________________解析：was→were　从句中的主语是we，为复数，故be动词应该用were。3．(2014·全国卷Ⅱ)My dream school starts at 8：30 a．m. and ends ... My dream school look like a big garden.________________解析：look→looks　最后一句的主语是单数形式，所以谓语也用第三人称单数，根据前文可知应用一般现在时，所以用looks。4．(2014·辽宁高考)The early morning barking have been disturbing us as we are often up all night with the baby.________________解析：have→has　句子的主语为“The early morning barking”，故谓语动词应用单数形式。5．(2014·陕西高考)Suddenly the arrows was flying down at us from the sky — they looked like rain！________________解析：was→were　句中主语是“the arrows”，为复数形式，故be动词应该用were。[谨记规则](一)并列主语的主谓一致1．当两个或两个以上作主语的单数名词用and, both ...and连接，并表示两个不同的概念时，谓语动词用复数形式。但and连接的并列名词如果表示同一人、事或概念，且后面的名词前没有限定词，谓语动词用单数形式，如the needle and thread, the fork and knife, iron and steel, mud and sand等。Both tea and coffee are my favorites.The writer and professor, who I often refer to at the meetings, is popular among those people.2．由each, every, no修饰的名词作主语时，即使有and连接多个并列主语，谓语动词仍用单数形式。No sound and (no) voice has been heard for a long time.Every boy and every girl is treated in the same way in our school.3．由or, nor, either ... or ..., neither ... nor ..., not only ... but also ...等连接并列主语时，谓语动词的单复数与它临近的主语保持一致。Either you or I am going to be in charge of this matter.4．there be, here be后接几个并列名词时，谓语be动词的数遵循就近原则。There is an orange and four bananas left.(二)数词和量词作主语时的主谓一致1．“分数＋of/百分数＋of/the rest of/plenty of/the majority of/lots of/a lot of/a quantity of＋可数名词复数或不可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数一般取决于of后名词的数。但quantities of ...作主语时，谓语动词用复数。About one third of the books are worth reading.A quantity of water is needed for cooling purpose.＝Quantities of water are needed for cooling purpose.2．“a great deal of/a large amount of＋不可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。但large amounts of ...作主语，谓语动词用复数。A large amount of grain has been eaten by birds.＝Large amounts of grain have been eaten by birds.3．a number of, a variety of修饰名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数；the number of, the variety of后接名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。The number of the students in our class is 50, and a number of them are from Hebei.A number of students have gone for an outing.4．由kind, form, type, species, portion, series等修饰的主语，其谓语动词的单复数取决于这些词的数，而不是它们后面所跟名词的数。Some new forms of art were discussed at the meeting.(三)其他情况的主谓一致1．当主语后带有as well as, as much as, no less than, with, along with, together with, like, rather than, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等连接的成分时，谓语动词的单复数取决于前面主语的单复数。The house, including the garden and the park, was sold.I think the boss, rather than the workers, was to blame for the loss.2．在“one of＋复数名词＋who/which/that”引导的定语从句中，定语从句的谓语动词用复数。one前面如果有the only/very修饰，定语从句的谓语动词用单数。This is one of the questions that have been asked by the students.He is the only one of the officers who was invited to the ball.3．“more than one/many a(n)＋单数可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。More than one boy likes to play basketball while many a girl is good at playing baseball.4．强调句it is/was ... that/who ...中，主句谓语总是用单数。It is he who tells us the news.5．不定式、动词­ing形式或从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。To obey the law is everyone's duty.Eating too many sweets ruins your teeth.Why he did it was very clear.6．由两部分构成一个整体的物体名词如shoes, trousers, pants, jeans, glasses等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。但如果这类名词前用了a pair of, a piece of, a kind of, a series of等来修饰，谓语动词的单复数与表示计量单位的名词一致。His trousers are too long to wear.This pair of glasses was found in the bag. 
语法填空解题“3视角”1．看主语人称，确定谓语动词形式2．看充当主语的词(短语)，确定谓语动词形式(1)看到主语为动名词短语/to do不定式或从句，要想到谓语应为第三人称单数形式；(2)看到“分数/百分数＋of＋名词”作主语，要想到谓语的数取决于名词。3．看到there be等结构，要想到用就近一致原则 据第1条解题1．The design on the back shows (show) the yellow­eyed penguin, one of the world's rarest penguins.2．Having traveled from China through Kazakhstan, Russia, Belarus, Poland, Germany, Belgium and France for 18 days, the train finally arrived in London.Inside the 68 containers  were (be) household goods, clothing, cloth, bags and suitcases. 据第2条解题3．Two­fifths of the land in that district _is_covered (cover) with trees now, about 80% of which  were_planted_ (plant) in the 1990s.4．Listening to loud music at rock concerts has_caused (cause) hearing loss in some teenagers over the years.据第3条解题5．Not only Jasper but also his friends are (be) planning to go, because they have never been there before.6．There are_ (be) also many small universities with only a few hundred students.短文改错解题“3原则”1．通过“语法一致”原则解决主谓一致问题(1)可数名词单数或不可数名词作主语时谓语动词用单数；可数名词复数作主语时谓语动词用复数。(2)在定语从句中，关系代词that, who, which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。(3)单个的动名词、名词性从句作主语，谓语动词一般用单数。但what引导的主语从句表示复数概念时，谓语动词用复数。(4)主语后跟有with, together with, as well as等引起的并列主语时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。(5)复数形式单数意义的词，如news, maths, plastics, physics作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。2．通过“意义一致”原则解决主谓一致问题(1)集体名词作主语时，若被看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式；若被看作是构成集体的一个个成员，谓语动词用复数形式。常见的集体名词有：family, class, team, group, public, committee, government, audience等。(2)“分数/百分数/the majority＋of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数以及其表示的意义；all, some, half, most, the rest等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。3．通过“就近一致”原则解决主谓一致问题由either ...or ..., neither ...nor ..., not only ...but also ...等连接的并列主语或者在there be句型中，谓语动词常与最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。据第1条解题1．Compared with online games, many traditional games, like hide­and­seek, benefits kids mentally and physically. benefits→benefit2．Dr.Smith, together with his wife and daughters, are going to visit Beijing this summer.are→is据第2条解题3．As a result of the serious flood, two­thirds of the buildings in the area needs repairing._needs→need4．98% of the surface are covered permanently by ice and strong winds driven by gravity blow from the pole to the coastline.are→is据第3条解题5．There was a large number of people and the train was crowded, but everyone helped those who had lots of baggage and behaved politely.第一个was→were6．Here come your opportunity: the Student Union will organize a Poetry Writing Contest.come→comes                                                                  Ⅰ.语法填空I lost my last debate in the recent National High School Academic Debate & Speech Tournament held in Shanghai.But instead of focusing on my __1__ (fail), I stopped to reflect on my experiences in the past few years __2__ a debater.In general, preparing for new debate topics usually __3__ (include) brainstorming arguments, researching a resolution (解决), and doing debate practice.So if you spot a debating group, you might see us sitting together after school, or even all day at weekends, discussing arguments and researching evidence.You might also notice us arguing __4__ (fierce) anywhere we can.Not only are they supportive, but my debate friends also have similar passions and interests to mine.As we discuss debate topics, my fellow debaters and I can talk about anything, from __5__ best way of rehabilitating (改造) criminals to the negative points of free immigration policies.However, our discussions are more than just a way __6__ (practice) our debating skills.In my mind, they help us to become calm and consider __7__ (win) and solving real problems as well.To me, the debating community is a great place __8__ people help each other not only because they're interested in a higher cause, but because they care about how people from different __9__ (background) can lead better lives.I'm grateful to each of my debate friends and every single minute we got to spend together.Indeed, my high school life would be incomplete without them.So even though I __10__ (defeat) in my last debate, I'm still thankful for being part of my wonderful debate family.语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。作者虽然在一次辩论赛中失败了，但停下来反思过去几年作为一名辩手的经历，作者依然觉得获益匪浅。1．failure　考查词性转换。根据空前的形容词性物主代词my可知，此处应用名词，故填fail的名词形式failure。 2．as　考查介词。句意：但“我”并没有把注意力集中到自己的失败上，而是停下来反思过去几年自己作为一名辩手的经历。根据句意可知此处用介词as，表示“作为”。3．includes　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。本句中主语为preparing for new debate topics，是动名词短语，故谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。4．fiercely　考查词性转换。句意：你也有可能注意到在任何我们能辩论的地方我们都在激烈地争论。空处修饰arguing，应用副词。5．the　考查冠词。形容词的最高级前要用定冠词the，故此处应填the。6．to practice　考查非谓语动词。句意：然而，我们的讨论不仅仅是练习我们辩论技巧的一种方法。此处to do形式作定语。7．winning　考查非谓语动词。在“我”看来，它们有助于我们变得镇静，也帮助我们考虑赢得辩论比赛和解决真正的问题。动词consider“考虑”后跟动词­ing形式作宾语。8．where　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，在从句中作地点状语，先行词为place，故用where。9．backgrounds　考查名词复数。因为他们关心的是来自不同背景的人如何能过上更好的生活。background作“出身，个人背景”讲时为可数名词，空前有different修饰，故此处应用其复数形式。10．was defeated　考查动词的时态和语态。句意：因此，尽管在上次的辩论中“我”被击败了，但“我”仍然感谢自己是非常棒的辩论家族的一员。根据句意可知此处用被动语态，且此处描述的是过去的事情，故用一般过去时的被动语态。Ⅱ.短文改错When talked about sport, I always feel very exciting because I like it so much. I love playing tennis, but it is my favorite sport. One day when I came home after school, I turned on TV and watch a tennis match. At first, I was absolute attracted by the beautiful tennis players. When I watched the match for ten minute, I found it really wonderful. From then on, I started to watch tennis matches. I have learned to play the tennis, and I often invite our friends to play with me. My love to tennis are more than I can express. I am so happy to share the same interest my friends.答案：第一句：talked→talking; exciting→excited第二句：but→and第三句：watch→watched第四句：absolute→absolutely第五句：minute→minutes第七句：去掉the; our→my第八句：are→is第九句：interest后加with