2020版一轮复习英语外研·全国版学案：语法第三部分第一讲学会划分句子成分为理清句式奠基

第一讲学会划分句子成分，为理清句式奠基 句子不清、理解不明，一见长难句就发懵，皆因句子成分没划清。划分句子成分、拆分长难句是正确理解、应用复杂句式的必备手段，所以在学习句式之前，先给同学们补上欠缺的这一课。句子有若干个组成部分，分别承担着不同的作用，这些组成部分叫作句子成分。英语中的句子成分分为主语(Subject)、谓语(Predicate)、宾语(Object)、表语(Predicative)、定语(Attribute)、状语(Adverbial)、补语(Complement)和同位语(Appositive)。一、主语——习惯于发号施令，偶尔也会被赶下台在句子中，主语是谓语所表示动作或状态的执行者。主语一般位于句子开头，且不能省略。但在某些特定的句式里，如：疑问句、倒装句、祈使句、感叹句等，句子主语也可以“下台”而位于谓语动词之后或省略。能够充当主语的主要有名词(短语)、主格代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)和从句等。当主语为从句时，为避免头重脚轻，可用it作形式主语。The patient's family have expressed their gratitude to the press in letters for the money raised.(名词作主语)Studying English is very important.(动名词短语作主语) It's obvious that he was wrong.(代词it充当形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语)二、谓语——坚决服从主语“领导”，执行命令雷厉风行谓语用来描述主语的行为动作、状态或具有的特征，常位于主语之后。谓语可由动词和动词短语、系表结构以及“助动词/情态动词＋实义动词”充当，有时态、语态和语气的变化，同时又受到主语人称和数的制约。判断的依据是看主语和动词之间的关系，如果两者之间是主动关系就用主动语态，如果是被动关系就用被动语态。谓语的构成如下：1．简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。The sun rises in the east. 2．复合谓语：(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成；(2)由连系动词加表语构成。They must have finished their tasks.Mr Chen is my English teacher.三、宾语——一直受到压制，有时“翻身农奴把歌唱”宾语表示谓语动作、行为的对象，一般位于及物动词和介词的后面，受到主语的限制和制约。宾语一般由名词(短语)、宾格代词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式或从句充当，根据需要也可用it作形式宾语。宾语在被动结构中才会“翻身农奴把歌唱”。1．双宾语(间接宾语＋直接宾语)Mr. Smith gave him a lot of valuable advice on how to improve his writing.(him为间接宾语； advice为直接宾语)2．复合宾语(宾语＋宾语补足语)Doctors often advise us to pay more attention to our diets and mental health and to take regular examinations.(us为宾语； to pay more attention ... examinations为宾语补足语)四、表语——最会察言观色，就看“主子”脸色表语一般位于系动词(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后，用以说明主语这个“主子”的身份、特征和状态，一般由名词、名词性代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式(短语)、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句等充当。The cultural background of China is totally different from that of the US.(形容词作表语)My suggestion is that we should start at once.(从句作表语)五、定语——鞍前马后搞服务，全心全意勤务兵修饰或限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句被称为定语。定语服务于它所修饰或限定的名词或代词，可由形容词、数词、形容词性物主代词、介词短语、非谓语动词(短语)或定语从句等充当。定语有前置和后置两种情况，如短语结构、从句等作定语时，常置于被修饰词之后。The beautiful girl is her daughter. (形容词和形容词性物主代词作定语)The building being repaired is our library.(非谓语动词作后置定语)六、状语——行踪飘忽不定，却对动词“情有独钟”修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分叫作状语。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式、程度、伴随等意义。状语可由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词、状语从句等充当。状语在句子中的位置很灵活，所以说它“行踪飘忽不定”。常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般放在时间状语之前；一些表示频度的副词(如often, almost等)作状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后、实义动词之前。高考中一般考查副词修饰动词的用法，故说它对动词“情有独钟”。He did his homework carefully.(副词作状语)She goes out to do some shopping on Sunday.(介词短语作状语)Feeling tired, he went to bed without supper.(非谓语动词作状语)七、补语——始终寄人篱下，永远成不了主人补语也叫补足语，主要起补充说明的作用，最常见的是宾语补足语和主语补足语，所以说它寄人篱下，成不了“主人”。补足语可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式(短语)、分词、介词短语或从句充当。I found myself in dark.(介词短语作宾语补足语)He always has others wait for him.(省略to的不定式作宾语补足语)These things should be kept in the box.(介词短语作主语补足语)八、同位语——总是玩失踪，特殊场合还是“显露原形”对句子中的名词或代词作进一步解释、说明，与前面的名词或代词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫作同位语。英语句子表达中一般情况下是没有同位语的，所以说它爱玩失踪，如果要对前面的名词的具体内容作进一步的说明，这时候就需要同位语，可谓“显露原形”。可以用作同位语的有：名词、代词、数词、介词短语、不定式、动名词和从句等。We Chinese people are brave and hard­working.We have two foreign teachers, a Canadian and an American.The news that our team has won the match is true.                                                                    Ⅰ.划分下列简单句的句子成分并尝试翻译主语用____，谓语用　　，宾语用　　，定语用，状语用，补足语用，同位语用1．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ阅读A)This small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see the world­famous cherry trees with beautiful flowers of Washington, D．C.分析：   flowers_of_Washington,_D．C.]翻译：这种小团队自行车旅行是看华盛顿樱花的极佳方式，这些樱花之美享誉世界。2．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ阅读A)Knowledgeable guides will entertain you with the most interesting stories about Presidents, Congress, memorials, and parks.分析：Knowledgeable_guides will entertain you [with_thememorials,_and_parks]．翻译：知识渊博的导游会用一些关于总统、国会、纪念碑和公园的最有趣的故事来娱乐你们。3．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ阅读A)Comfortable bikes and a smooth tour route (路线)  make cycling between the sites fun and relaxing.分析：Comfortable_bikes_and_a_smooth_tour_route_(路线)   翻译：舒适的自行车和平稳的旅行路线使得两地之间的自行车旅行有趣且令人放松。4．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ阅读B)Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer.分析：  ，  翻译：冷冻的香蕉可以保存数周，这取决于香蕉的成熟度和冰箱的温度。5．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ阅读C)He asked the workers to use traditional techniques to make the bricks into walls, roofs and corridors.分析：  翻译：他要求工人们使用传统的技术将砖砌成墙、做成屋顶、铺成走廊。Ⅱ.分析下列复合句的句子成分并尝试翻译1．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ阅读B)The eight­part series (系列节目), Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV's Save Money: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.分析：句子的主语是The eight­part series, Save Money: Good Food是主语的同位语；谓语动词为follows;_which引导的非限制性定语从句修饰先行词Save Money: Good Health。how 引导宾语从句，作介词on的宾语。翻译：八集系列节目Save_Money:_Good_Food是仿效ITV的Save_Money:_Good_Health制作而成的，后者就如何从市场上泛滥的健康产品中获益给观众提供建议。2．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ阅读A)Thursday sees us make the short journey to Paris where we will visit Disneyland Paris park, staying until late to see the parade and the fireworks.分析：where作关系副词引导定语从句，修饰先行词Paris；现在分词结构staying until late to see the parade and the fireworks作伴随状语。翻译：周四我们去巴黎进行短途旅行，在那儿我们将游览巴黎迪士尼乐园，并一直待到晚些时候观看游行和烟花。3．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ阅读D)Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can't forget that deep relationships wouldn't even exist if it weren't for casual conversation.分析：本句是一个由but连接的并列复合句。第一个分句是主系表结构，动名词短语Dismissing small talk as unimportant作主语；第二个分句中包含that引导的宾语从句，作forget的宾语，宾语从句是虚拟语气，if引导的是虚拟语气中的条件状语从句。翻译：认为闲聊不重要而不予考虑很容易，但我们不要忘记，如果没有随意的聊天，就不会有深入的人际关系。4．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ阅读B)The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down, and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come.分析：本句是一个由and连接的并列复合句，由两个并列分句组成。前一个分句是简单句，其中 with no interest in settling down作后置定语，修饰people；后一个分句是复合句，其中 when they heard ... in Alaska是时间状语从句，主句是they left Dawson City，而as quickly as they had come是比较状语从句。翻译：城市里挤满了失望的人们，他们不想在这里定居。当他们听说阿拉斯加发现新的金矿时，他们很快就离开了道森城，就像他们当初很快就来到道森城一样。5．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ阅读C)While famous foreign architects are invited to lead the designs of landmark buildings in China such as the new CCTV tower and the National Center for the Performing Arts, many excellent Chinese architects are making great efforts to take the center stage.分析：主句是many excellent Chinese architects are making great efforts to take the center stage; While引导时间状语从句，在从句中用such as引出例子来解释landmark_buildings。翻译：当外国著名建筑师被邀请来设计中国地标性建筑，如中央电视台新楼和国家表演艺术中心的时候，许多优秀的中国建筑师也在努力取得主导地位。