2020版一轮复习英语外研·全国版学案：语法第一部分第二讲代词、介词

第二讲代词、介词
(一)代　词



人称代词、物主代词及反身代词

[全析考法]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give______ a try.
解析：it/running　根据句意可知，此处表示“我们都应该尝试着跑跑步”，故填代词it，指代上文的running，此处也可直接填名词running。
2．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find________ (they) alive.
解析：them　人称代词作宾语时，要用其宾格。空格前面是动词find，空格处应用宾格，故填them，指代上文的gorillas。
3．(2018·6月浙江高考)Many westerners who come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap ________ can be to eat out.
解析：it　此处应用it作形式主语，动词不定式短语to eat out为真正的主语。
4．(2017·6月浙江高考)“She thought I had hurt ________ (I)，”says Pahlsson.
解析：myself　句意：Pahlsson说：“她以为我伤到了自己”。根据前面的主语I可知，此处要用反身代词作宾语。
5．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)On my recent visit, I held a lively three­month­old twin that had been rejected by ________ (it) mother.
解析：its　句意：在最近的一次参观中，我抱着一对可爱的、三个月大的双胞胎大熊猫中的一只，这只大熊猫被它的妈妈遗弃了。此处应该使用形容词性物主代词its作定语，修饰名词mother。
6．(2015·广东高考)Mr.Johnson lived in the woods with his wife and children.He owned a farm ...Now it occurred to ________ that his farm had much potential and that the death of the cow was a bit of luck.
解析：him　“it occurred to sb.＋that从句”表示“某人突然想到”，此处指Mr.Johnson突然想到发生在他身上的事情，所以填him。
7．(2014·全国卷Ⅱ)Then the driver stood up and asked, “Did anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop？” A woman on the bus shouted，“Oh dear! It's __________ (I)．”
解析：me/mine　根据上文语境可知，此处的It如果指前面的suitcase的话，那么此空需要使用名词性物主代词mine，表示“那个箱子是我的”；如果指前面的anyone的话，那么此空需要用I的宾格形式me，表示“是我在上一站丢失了手提箱”。
8．(2014·辽宁高考)Raise your leg and let ________ stay in the air for seconds.
解析：it　句意：抬起你的腿让它在空中停几秒钟。此处填it指代前面出现的“your leg”。
9．(2014·广东高考)Last year, my brother and I went to Miami for a vacation.Some of my friends who had been there before said ________ was a wonderful holiday destination.
解析：it　从空格后的“a wonderful holiday destination”可知，这个地方就是Miami，故填it指代前面提到的地点。
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I had done myself homework, but I was shy.________________
解析：myself→my　此处表示我已经完成了我的家庭作业。my是形容词性物主代词，作 homework的定语，myself不作定语。
2．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)About one month after this photo was taken, I entered my second year of high school ...This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of your high school days.________________
解析：your→my　此处意为“这张照片常常让我想起我高中时的许多快乐的记忆”，故应该使用代词my。
3．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden your view and gain knowledge we cannot get from books.
________________
解析：your→our　根据前面的主语we可知，此处要用our，表示“我们能够开阔我们的视野”。
4．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)At first, I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself.________________
解析：yourself→myself　根据前面的I可知，此处指“我自己做决定”，故应用myself。
5．(2016·四川高考)When he came back, I found a bunch of flowers in her hand.________________
解析：her→his　由前面的“When he came back”可知，这束花是在“他的(his)”手里。
6．(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)We must find ways to protect your environment.If we fail to do so, we'll live to regret it.
________________
解析：your→our/the　依据前后句的语境及逻辑关系可知，前面的主语是we，句中的your与上下文相悖，应当改为our/the才能使句意通顺。
7．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)Five minutes later, Tony saw parents.
________________
解析：saw后加his　根据语境及英语表达习惯，应当在parents前加上与主语Tony相一致的物主代词his。
8．(2015·四川高考)As I told you last time, I made three new friends here ...but I'm afraid I'll lose their friendship.What do you think I should do? If you were me, would you talk to him？________________
解析：him→them　根据上文可知，此处指作者交的三个新朋友，故用them。
9．(2015·浙江高考)Close to the school there was a beautiful park with many trees around them.________________
解析：them→it　a beautiful park为单数，故应用it指代前面的单数可数名词park。
[谨记规则]
(一)人称代词、物主代词与反身代词
1．基本用法
类别
主格
宾格
形容词性
物主代词
名词性
物主代词
反身代词
功能
作主语
作宾语、
同位语等
作定语
作主语、表
语或宾语
作宾语、
表语或
同位语
第一
人称
I(我)
me
my
mine
myself
we(我们)
us
our
ours
ourselves
第二人称
you(你)
you
your
yours
yourself
You
(你们)
you
your
yours
yourselves
第三人称
he(他)
him
his
his
himself
she(她)
her
her
hers
herself
it(它)
it
its
its
itself
they(他们)
them
their
theirs
themselves

2．反身代词的习惯用法
与介词
搭配
by oneself独自地　　　for oneself亲自
of oneself自动地 in oneself 本质上；本身
与动词
搭配
come to oneself　　　　苏醒；恢复知觉
dress oneself 打扮；自己穿衣
devote oneself to 致力于；献身于
behave oneself 举止规矩有礼；检点
apply oneself to 专心致志于
help oneself to 随便吃/用
enjoy oneself 玩得开心
seat oneself 就座；入席
make yourself at home 别客气
adapt/adjust oneself to 适应于
teach oneself 自学
speak to oneself 自言自语
think for oneself 独立思考

(二)it的用法
1．it的基本用法
用法
例句
指天气、季节、时间、距离、环境等
It is early spring, but it is already hot.现在是初春，但是天气已经很热了。
代替前面提过的事物、群体、想法、内容等或代替指示代词
Although he didn't like it, I decided to see the movie anyway.
尽管他不喜欢看这部电影，但我还是决定去看一看。
指不知性别的孩子和婴儿或不明确的人(由于某种原因而不知对方是谁)
What will you call it if it is a boy?
要是男孩的话，你会给他取个什么名字？
2.it作形式主语或形式宾语

常用句型
it
作
形
式
主
语
It is a pity/shame that ...　　　　真可惜……
It is no wonder that ... 难怪……
It seems/appears that ... 似乎/看来……
It looks/seems as if/as though ... 看起来好像……
It happens that ... 碰巧……
It occurs to/comes to/strikes/hits sb.that ...
某人突然想起……
It is said/reported that ... 据说/据报道……
It is certain that ... ……是一定的
It is no use/good doing ... 做……没有用/好处
It takes sb.some time to do ...
做……花费某人若干时间
it作形式宾语
①主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep ...＋it＋adj./n.＋for/of sb. to do/that从句
②主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep ...＋it＋useless/worth/worthwhile/no use/no good/a waste of time/money/energy ... ＋doing ...

3．it的常用短语或句型
make it　　　　　　　　　　 获得成功；赶上
See to it that ... 确保……
count on/rely on/depend on it that ...　 相信……
as someone puts it 像某人所说的那样
When it comes to ... 当涉及/谈到……
I can't help it (...) (……)我没办法/情不自禁
I take it that ... 我理解的是……
It's (high) time that sb. did/should do sth.
是某人该做某事的时候了
It's the first/second/...time that sb.have/has done sth.
这是某人第一次/二次/……次做某事了
It is/has been ...since ... 自从……已过了……时间了
It will be/was ...before ...
要过……时间才……/在……之前已过了……时间

不定代词　
[全析考法]
单句改错
1．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)The first time I went there, they were living in a small house with dogs, ducks, and another animals.________________
解析：another→other　another“又一，再一”修饰可数名词单数，可数名词复数前用other，意为“其他的”。
2．(2015·陕西高考)My soccer coach retired last week.I wanted to do anything special for him at his retirement party.________________
解析：anything→something　something一般用在肯定句中，表示“一些事”；anything一般用在疑问句和否定句中。此处是表示某件事而不是任何事情。
3．(2015·四川高考)We've been spending a lot of time singing in karaoke bars.It's been three Saturdays now and it really costs me many.________________
解析：many→much　此处指的是花费很多钱，代指不可数名词，故用much。many用来指代可数名词复数。
[谨记规则]
1．both, all, either, neither与none的区别
代词
用　法
both
(1)表示“两者(都)”。
(2)作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
(3)与not连用表示部分否定，意为“两者并不都……”。(表示全部否定需用neither)
all
(1)指三者或三者以上的人或物的“全部”。
(2)作主语，指人时，谓语动词通常用复数形式；指事物的整体或抽象概念时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。
(3)与not连用表示部分否定。(表示完全否定需用none)
either
(1)表示“(两者中的)任何一个”。(表示三者或三者以上的人或物中的“任何一个”需用any)
(2)作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
neither
(1)表示“(两者)都不”。
(2)单独作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
(3)后接of短语作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数形式，也可用复数形式。
none
(1)表示“(三者及三者以上中)无一个”或“没有一点儿”。
(2)后接of短语作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数形式，也可用复数形式。
(3)既可指代可数名词，也可指代不可数名词。

2．each与every的区别
代词
用　法
each
(1)强调个体，可作代词和形容词，修饰单数可数名词，指两者或两者以上中的“每一个”。
(2)可以与of短语连用；可作主语、宾语、同位语和定语。作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；作同位语时，谓语动词的数和主语保持一致。
every
(1)强调(整体中的)每一个，只能作定语，修饰单数可数名词，表示三者或三者以上中的“每一个”。
(2)与not连用构成部分否定。
(3)可用来表示“每隔”。
(4)不可与of短语连用。

3．the other, another, others与the others的区别
代词
用　法
the other
可单独使用，特指两者中的“另一个”或两部分中的“另一部分”。
another
泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”，代替单数可数名词。另外，another后可接“基数词/few＋复数名词(名词表示的事物被看作一个整体)”，表示“另外的……(多少)”。
others/
the others
others只能单独使用，表示泛指意义，意为“其他的人或事物”，常与some连用。特指“整体中除去一部分后剩余的全部人或事物”时用the others。

4．none, nothing与no one/nobody的区别
代词
用　法
none
(1)特指语境中提到的人或物，强调数量。
(2)后可接of短语，可回答以how many, how much引导的特殊疑问句。
nothing
(1)指物，表泛指。
(2)不可接of短语，可回答what引导的特殊疑问句。
no one/
nobody
(1)常指人，仅用于指代可数名词单数。
(2)不可接of短语，可回答以who引导的特殊疑问句。

5．复合不定代词的用法

某……
任何……
每个……；所有……
没有……
人
someone/
somebody
anyone/
anybody
everyone/everybody
no one/
nobody
物
something
anything
everything
nothing

[知识拓展]　复合不定代词构成的习惯搭配：
nothing but　　　　　　 仅仅；只是
anything but 决不
something of 有几分；略微
or something 诸如此类的人或物
something else 别的东西；另外一件事
for nothing 免费
6．表数量的不定代词的用法
代词
用法
表示意义
含义
few
修饰或代替可数名词
否定含义
几乎没有
a few
修饰或代替可数名词
肯定含义
几个；一些
little
修饰或代替不可数名词
否定含义
几乎没有
a little
修饰或代替不可数名词
肯定含义
少量；一点点
many
修饰或代替可数名词
肯定含义
许多
much
修饰或代替不可数名词
肯定含义
许多


语法填空解题“2定向”
1．通过句子成分确定所填代词的形式
(1)如果作主语，则用人称代词的主格；
(2)如果作宾语或表语，则用人称代词的宾格；
(3)如果作定语，则用形容词性物主代词；
(4)如果作宾语、表语或同位语且又反射到句子主语，则用反身代词。
2．通过句式结构和“指代”，判断是否用it
(1)如果指代上文提到的同一个事物，则用it；
(2)如果指代天气、时间、距离或环境情况则用it；
(3)如果作形式主语或形式宾语，则用it；
(4)注意一些固定用法：dislike/hate/appreciate/depend on/see to ...＋it＋从句。
据第1条解题
1．He lives a very regular life, studying every day and never allowing himself (he) to fall behind in his schoolwork.
2．When told that it was a loss to humans, the farmers burst into laughter and responded，“Our real loss is our (we) decreasing income.”
3．While making a choice from various ways of spending our time, we ought to ensure something that restores our lost energy and cheers us (we) up.
4．But she learned a lot as she worked, and her employer allowed her to use his (he) large library.
5．However, while it is fun to keep up with the latest news, we may actually be putting ourselves (we) in danger.
6．They had to chase the overprotective mother away first, so that they (them) could get close enough to rescue the baby.
7．Yesterday evening, just before dusk, I spotted a pigeon badly tied up with a sharp kite string, hitting the wall and the tree branches to free himself (he) from the string.
据第2条解题
8．We believe that it is the Silk Road that will help to realize the peace and development of this area.
9．Realizing it was our last high school sports meeting, we decided to make it an unforgettable experience for all of us.
10．Given hope, I am convinced that a breakthrough can come at any age if we have faith in ourselves and keep learning and working for it.
11．Unlike those taxis, my vehicle does not run on petrol or diesel (柴油) or even gas; it runs on my sweat.
12．It is important to think about the people of a destination country and how tourism affects them.
短文改错解题“3注意”
1．避免张冠李戴，注意前后一致性
注意前后人称、性别、单复数是否一致。
2．分析句子成分，掌握固定短语
(1)根据所充当的句子成分正确使用人称代词、物主代词和反身代词；
(2)注意一些含代词的固定短语。
3．搞清范围，确定不定代词
(1)两者：二者选其一用either; 二者都不选用neither; 二者都选用both；
(2)三者或三者以上：三者或三者以上的任何一个用any; 三者或三者以上都不选用none; 三者或三者以上都选用all;
(3)其他：若表示“另外一个”用another; 若在名词前用other; 若不跟名词且指代复数，用others；
(4)肯定句用something，否定句和疑问句用anything。
据第1条解题
1．Once I got first prize in the English Writing Competition in your school.In addition, I worked as a reporter for our school newspaper last year, which I think will certainly help me do the job better.your→our
2．The moment he tried to hang the bottle on it, they fell and broke.they→it
3．First of all, as students we should manage our own behaviors and help people around you form good habits.you→us
4．In spite of my own exhaustion, I rose from my seat and gave them away without hesitation to her and the baby.them→it
5．After picking out one of my shirts and a coat, I washed and then hung it out.it→them
6．My brother and Ah Bao came to a river nearby and enjoyed himself.himself→themselves
据第2条解题
7．It is me that should clean the classroom.me→I
8．As a result, he is popular with our students. our→us
9．I rushed out and it was my mother, who is already in the fifties, that brought me lunch, in spite of the heavy rain.第一个the→her
10．It is a very precious present from mine Canadian teacher, which I treasure very much.mine→my
据第3条解题
11．Now I am writing here in my flat to tell you anything about it.anything→something
12．Dad found a new job, and as Mom explained, “He was lucky to find other one.”other→another
(二)介　词


常用介词　

[全析考法]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2018·6月浙江高考)If you are not going to suffer this problem, then I suggest that the next time you go to your mum's home ________ dinner, get a few cooking tips from her.
解析：for　此处for ...与前面的go to ...搭配，表示目的。
2．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)This trend, which was started by the medical community (医学界) ________ a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease — the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
解析：as　分析句子结构可知，此处在句中作状语表示“作为一种抵抗心脏病的方式”。as意为“作为”。
3．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)After school she plans to take a year off to model full­time before going to university to get a degree ________ engineering or architecture.
解析：in　名词degree意为“学位”，后面应该跟介词in，表示“在……方面”。a degree in engineering or architecture意为“工程学或建筑学学位”。
4．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia.In India, for example, most people traditionally eat ________ their hands.
解析：with　with one's hands“用某人的手”。介词with意为“用”。
5．(2016·四川高考)The mother continued to care for the young panda ________ more than two years.
解析：for　 句意：熊猫妈妈对小熊猫的照顾会持续两年多。“for＋时间段”表示持续一段时间。
6．(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)For those who fly to Guilin, it's only an hour away __________ car and offers all the scenery of the better­known city.
解析：by　此处表示“驱车只有一小时的路程”。“by＋交通工具名词”为固定用法。
7．(2015·广东高考)One day, the cow was eating grass when it began to rain heavily.While making great efforts to run away, she fell over the hill and died.Then the Johnsons had to make a living ________ the cow.
解析：without　根据语境可知，奶牛在慌忙躲雨的时候，不小心摔死了，因此约翰逊一家人就不得不在没有了奶牛的情况下谋生。故填without。
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return for every two years, and he agreed.________________
解析：去掉for　此处的every two years是名词性短语，意为“每两年”，在句中作状语，其前不用介词。
2．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Still I was unwilling to play the games for them sometimes.________________
解析：for→with　play the games with sb.为习惯性用法，意为“和某人一起玩游戏”。
3．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)When I look at this picture of myself, I realize of how fast time flies.________________
解析：去掉第二个of　realize是及物动词，后面直接跟宾语从句“how fast time flies”。
4．(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)Unfortunately, on the development of industrialization, the environment has been polluted.________________
解析：on→with　with the development of为固定短语，意为“随着……的发展”。
5．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)One day, little Tony went to a shopping center with his parents.It was very crowded.Tony saw a toy on a shop window.________________
解析：on→in　根据语境可知，玩具是摆放在商店的橱窗里面的，故用介词in。
6．(2015·陕西高考)My soccer coach retired in last week.________________
解析：去掉in　last week“上个星期”，前面无需加介词。
7．(2015·四川高考)Please help with me and give me some advice.________________
解析：去掉with　动词help为及物动词，其后接宾语时无需加介词，故去掉with。
[谨记规则]
1．against的用法
含义
例　句
反对；违背；
与……相反
Are you for or against the plan?
你是赞成还是反对该计划？
触；碰；撞；紧靠；倚靠
Tired, Jim was fast asleep with his back against a big tree.
吉姆累了，背靠着一棵大树很快便睡着了。
与……竞争
We will be competing against the best companies in Europe.
我们将会和欧洲的顶级公司竞争。
防备，抵御
They took measures against the fire.
他们采取了防火措施。
以……为背景，衬托
The hill looks more beautiful against the blue sky.在蓝天的映衬下，山峰更显美丽。

2．at的用法
含义及用法
例　句
用在表示地点、场合、方位等的名词前，表示“在某处”
I'll pick you up at the airport at 2 o'clock this afternoon.
今天下午两点我会到机场接你。
用在表示时刻、钟点、期间、……岁、时节等的名词前
He left school at (the age of) 16.
他16岁便离开了学校。
表示“以，按(价格、速度、数量等)”
Admission is at normal charges and you don't need to book.
以正常价格收取门票费，无须预约。
表示“因……而；一听到/看到/想到……就……”
We were frightened at the terrible sight.看到这可怕的景象，我们被吓到了。
表示“朝，向(某方向、目标)”
He shot at the bird but missed it.
他向那只鸟射击，但是没射中。
表示“在……方面”
She's hopeless at managing people.
她对人事管理一窍不通。

3．beyond的用法
含义
例　句
(指程度)深于；(指范围)超出；(指可能性、理解力、能力等)为……所不及
The number of cities producing CO beyond the standard has been reduced from 40 to 9.
一氧化碳排放量超出标准的城市数量已经由40个减少为9个了。
(指空间)在……的那一边，在更远处
The airport is 20 miles beyond the town.机场在离城镇二十英里外的地方。
(时间)晚于，迟于
He came home beyond the usual time.
他比平时回家晚。
[易错提醒]
如果表达“(范围、程度)在……之内”，则用within。
The government was doing everything within its power to help the victims. 政府正尽其所能帮助那些受害者。
4．by的用法
含义及用法
例　句
(时间)不迟于，在……之前
He is sure to come by three o'clock.
他三点之前肯定会来。
(位置)靠近，在……旁边/附近
On a cold evening, it is pleasant to sit by the fire.
在寒冷的夜晚，坐在炉火旁边很舒服。
表示“(标准、度量、数量)根据，按照，以……计算”，常用结构为“by＋the＋单数可数名词”
They sell eggs by the dozen.
他们按打卖鸡蛋。
We rent the car by the day.
我们按天租用汽车。
(表示程度、数量)相差
We lost the match by one goal.
我们以一球之差输了这场比赛。
经过，经由
They came in by the back door.
他们是从后门进来的。
靠，用，通过(某种方法、手段)
You can reserve the tickets by phone.
你可以通过电话订票。
“被/由……”(常置于表被动的动词后，后接动作的执行者)
He was knocked down by a car.
他被一辆小汽车撞倒了。


5．for的用法
含义
例　句
(表示目的或功能)为了
Are you learning English for pleasure or for your work?
你学英语是出于消遣还是为了工作？
(表示对象或用途)给，对
The problem was that it was too expensive for everyday use.
问题是这对日常使用来说太贵了。
(表示原因)因为，由于
Bill was arrested for dangerous driving.比尔因危险驾驶而被拘捕。
(表示时间、距离、数量)达，计
We drove for miles before we found a gas station.我们开车数英里后才找到一个加油站。
(表示等值或比例关系)换取
He agreed to pay 300 dollars for the picture.他答应付300美元买下那幅画。
支持，赞成
How many people voted for the proposal？有多少人支持这项提议？
至于，关于，就……而言
It's cold for the time of year.
在一年的这个时节天气是冷了些。
(表示去向)往，向
A few days later she would be leaving for New York.过几天她就要去纽约了。
(表示陈述或问题的对象)适于，适合于
I'm sure she's the ideal person for the job.
我确信她是这个职位的理想人选。


常用介词短语与搭配　

[全析考法]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I was searching ________ these three western lowland gorillas I'd been observing.
解析：for　search for为固定搭配，意为“寻找，搜索”。
2．(2018·11月浙江高考)One cup of coffee ________ the late afternoon or evening will cause them to stay awake almost all night.
解析：in　in the late afternoon为固定搭配，意为“在傍晚”。
3．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and ________ work.
解析：from　to and from work为固定短语，意为“上下班”。
4．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back ________ my days on a TV show in the mid­1980s ...
解析：to　go back to为固定短语，意为“回到，追溯到”。
5．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Most of us are more focused ________ our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.
解析：on　句意：我们中的很多人一天中早晨的注意力要比晚些时候更集中。be focused on为固定短语，意为“专心于，集中于”。
6．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day; ________ the same time, they warm up again for the night.
解析：at　at the same time为固定短语，意为“同时”。
7．(2015·广东高考)He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby ________ other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what was left.
解析：for　根据语境可知，他去附近的镇里卖牛奶，或用牛奶换其他的食物。exchange ...for ...为固定搭配，意为“用……交换……”。
8．(2014·全国卷Ⅱ)When the bus finally came, we all hurried on board.I got a place next ________ the window, so I had a good view of the sidewalk.
解析：to　next to为固定搭配，意为“挨着”。
9．(2014·辽宁高考)OK.Don't laugh ________ me.I may look funny.
解析：at　laugh at是固定搭配，意为“嘲笑，取笑”。
10．(2014·广东高考)I didn't understand why this would happen and my credit card had already been charged ________ the reservation.
解析：for　根据语境可知，“我”的信用卡已经为这次预订支付钱了。be charged for是固定搭配，意为“为……支付”。
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop just in the middle on the road.________________
解析：on→of　in the middle of “在……中间”，是固定搭配。
2．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)They have also bought for some gardening tools.________________
解析：去掉for　buy为及物动词，其后直接跟宾语。buy sth.(for sb.)或buy sb.sth.表示“为某人买某物”。
3．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in a short period of time.________________
解析：dreams后加of　固定短语dream of doing sth.意为“梦想做某事”。
4．(2016·6月浙江高考)While they chatted, my father would lift my sister and me up to sit in the top of the fridge.________________
解析：in→on　on the top of为固定搭配，意为“在……的上面/顶端”。故应把in改为on。
5．(2015·浙江高考)My old classroom was interesting because three sides of the classroom were made from glass.________________
解析：from→of　be made from和be made of都意为“由……制成”，但be made of是指从制成品中能直接看出原材料；be made from则不能直接看出原材料。此处表示“教室的三面都是由玻璃制成的”，从制成品中可以看出原材料，故用be made of。
6．(2014·全国卷Ⅱ)We can lie on the grass for a rest, or sit by the lake listening music.________________
解析：listening后加to　listen为不及物动词，后跟名词时应该加上介词to。
7．(2014·辽宁高考)We appreciate your apologies and goodwill, but we hope that you can figure a good way of settling the matter.________________
解析：figure后加out　figure out“想出”，为固定短语。
8．(2014·四川高考)If you hear the alarm, stand in line at the door and wait your teacher to lead you outside.________________
解析：wait后加for　wait为不及物动词，后面跟宾语时应加介词for。
[谨记规则]
(一)介词与动词构成的搭配
call for　　　　　　　　　 需要
pay for 为……付款
apply for 申请
search for 寻找，搜索
wait for 等待
begin with 以……开始
play with 同……一起玩；玩弄
care about 关心；介意
feel like 想要
hold up 举起
rely on 依靠
pass by 经过
figure out 想出
dream of 梦想
listen to 听
refer to 提及；参考；查阅
contribute to 贡献；有助于；促成
laugh at 嘲笑
focus on 集中于
charge ... for ... 为……要价……
exchange ... for ... 用……来交换……
go back to 追溯到
(二)介词与名词构成的搭配
1．at＋n.表示状态
at a loss 不知所措 at peace 处于和平状态
at war 处于战争状态 at work 在工作
2．其他以at开头的介词短语
at the beginning of 在……的开始
at the cost of 以……的代价
at the risk of 冒……的危险
at the mercy of 在……支配下；任由……摆布
at the same time 同时
3．on＋n.表示状态
on exhibition/show 在展出
on fire 着火
on sale 出售，打折
on the way 在途中
on the decrease/increase 在减少/在增加
on holiday/vacation 在度假
4．其他以on开头的介词短语
on account of 因为
on behalf of 代表
on no account/condition 决不
on the top of 在……上面/顶端
5．by＋n.表示方式
by accident 偶然地 by air/plane 乘飞机
by chance 偶然 by coincidence 碰巧
by hand 用手工 by mistake 错误地
by the day 按天算 by nature 天生地
6．in＋n.表示方式
in cash 用现金付款 in depth 在深度上
in detail 详细地 in height 在高度上
in length 在长度上 in English 用英语
7．其他以in开头的介词短语
in no time立刻 in no way 决不
in place of 代替 in possession of 拥有，占有
in addition to 另外 in charge of 掌管……
in return 作为回报 in spite of 尽管
in exchange for 作为交换
in favor of 支持，赞成
in case of 万一；如果；假使
in support of 为支持……
in honour of 为向……表示敬意
in memory of 为了纪念……
in the middle of 在……中间
8．of＋n.表示特征(等于相应的形容词)
of benefit 有益处的 of help 有帮助的
of importance 重要的 of significance 有意义的
of use 有用的 of value 有价值的
9．out of＋n.表示状态
out of balance 失去平衡 out of breath 上气不接下气
out of control 失去控制 out of date 过期
out of order 发生故障 out of sight 看不见
out of the question 不可能
out of work 失业
10．under＋n.表示被动
under attack 遭到袭击 under pressure 在压力下
under treatment 在治疗中 under control 处于控制之中
11．with＋n.表示方式
with delight/joy 高兴地 with difficulty 困难地
with ease轻而易举地 with fear 害怕地
with pleasure 乐意地
12．beyond＋n.表示“超出……，难以……”
beyond compare 无与伦比
beyond reach 够不到
beyond description 难以描述
beyond expression/words 难以表达
(三)介词与其他词构成的搭配
next to紧挨着 instead of代替
apart from除……之外 according to根据
along with随着 together with连同
owing to因为 but for要不是
regardless of不管，不顾 up to直到；由……而定
to and from 往返，来来回回
in between 在中间，在两者之间
by means of 用……办法；借助……

语法填空解题“2策略”
1．分析句子成分
如果句子中不缺少主语或表语，动词后又不缺少宾语，则在名词、代词或动名词前一定是填介词。
2．记牢搭配
(1)注意短语搭配中介词的正确使用；
(2)注意有特殊用法的介词，如接复合宾语就只能用with或without。
据第1条解题
1．She patted him on the head and said, “My little boy, do you feel comfortable now than before？”
2．Chinese proverbs are rich and they are still widely used in Chinese people's daily life.Behind these proverbs there are often interesting stories.　
3．If you could exchange lives with someone for a short time, would you like to do that?
4．Atkins' dog, Otis, waited in the nearby bushes uneasily.
据第2条解题
5．As a result, he spends his life in a wheelchair and cannot write by means of a pen or pencil.
6．But wildlife today disappears or is in danger just because humans do harm to it.
7．But one day I came across a sentence in the Bible，“Do not be anxious about tomorrow, for tomorrow will be anxious for itself, let the day's own trouble be sufficient for the day.”
8．The effect that music can have on our emotions is tremendous, as it can bring people to floods of tears or bursts of laughter.
9．Many times we don't realize how routine our lives have become and how much we take them for granted until we find ourselves in a new situation.
10．The teacher paused on purpose to remind the students to stop talking.
11．While teens become busy with their studies, it is very important to develop a hobby, which can not only give them fun and rest but also broaden their horizons.
12．First, they care about social concerns.
短文改错解题“3视角”
1．介词的漏用
(1)如果句子中不缺少主语或表语，动词后又不缺少宾语，则在名词或代词前经常是缺少介词；
(2)某些不及物动词后漏加介词，以及某些短语中介词缺失，如look (at), listen (to), take care (of), be fit (for), according (to)等。
2．介词的多余
(1)不该用介词的短语中用了介词，如next year常写成in next year；
(2)有些及物动词后多加了介词，如enter the room错写成enter into the room, return my book错写成return back/to my book等。
3．介词的误用
(1)on, in, at等介词的基本用法或基础词义的混用；
(2)固定搭配中的介词的误用；
(3)“介词＋关系代词”中介词的误用；
(4)受汉语思维影响误把介词当连词。
据第1条解题
1．When the old man came back, the smell of the whisky reminded him the accident.him后加of
2．Only if we are fully prepared the challenge both mentally and physically can we overcome the difficulties.prepared后加for
3．I'm very glad to receive your e­mail asking for information about the host family we have arranged you to stay with.you前加for
据第2条解题
4．One of them, who seemed in his thirties, praised on me for my self­confidence.去掉on
5．Gradually, I became interested in biology and chose to learn biology when I entered into the college.去掉into
6．But on today, at this special time, I just want to tell you loudly: I love you, Mom！去掉on
据第3条解题
7．I also do well at speaking English.at→in
8．It's the relationship among my deskmate and me.among→between
9．There was one on particular I'd always wanted.on→in
10．For his opinion, actors should go on even when they feel they have made mistakes in their performances.For→In
11．Not only is he strict with his teaching but also he is kind and patient to everybody.with→in
12．In fact, he even scared my classmates away during they came over to play or do homework with me.during→when

Ⅰ.语法填空
People need homes: children assume their parents' place as home; boarders call school “home” on weekdays; and __1__ (marry) couples work together to build new homes.So how about people who have to travel for extended periods of time? Don't they have the right __2__ (own) a home? Of course they do.
Some regular __3__ (travel) take their own belongings like bed sheets, pillowcases and family photos to make themselves feel like at home no matter where they are.Some stay for long periods in __4__ same hotel and as a result become very familiar with the service and attendants.Others may __5__ (simple) put some flowers by the hotel window to make things more homely.Furthermore, driving a camping car during one's travels and sleeping in the vehicle __6__ night are just like home.
Nowadays, fewer people work in __7__ (they) local towns, so how do they develop a sense of __8__ (belong)? Whenever we step out of our local boundaries, there __9__ (be) always another “home” waiting to __10__ (find). Wherever we are, with just a little bit of effort and imagination, we can make the place where we stay “home”．

1．married　考查词性转换。所填词作定语，修饰couples，故用形容词married“已婚的”。
2．to own　考查非谓语动词。have the right to do sth.“有做某事的权力”，是固定用法。
3．travelers　考查名词复数。所填词作主语，前面有some修饰，故填名词复数travelers。
4．the　考查冠词。same前用定冠词the。
5．simply　考查词性转换。所填词修饰动词put，作状语，故用副词simply。
6．at　考查介词。at night“夜间”，是固定短语。
7．their　考查代词。所填词作定语，修饰名词towns，故用形容词性物主代词their。
8．belonging　考查词性转换。介词of后跟动名词作宾语。
9．is　考查动词的时态与主谓一致。there be句型中be动词与后面最靠近的主语一致，此处应与another “home”一致，且句子讲述客观事实，故用is。
10．be found　考查动词的语态。分析句子结构可知，find与其逻辑主语home之间为被动关系，故用被动语态。
Ⅱ.短文改错
It's not easy for us to accept the fact which we are going to leave our beloved school.However, we were looking forward to our future life.Last night, my friends and I walked around our school talk about the funny things that had been happened in the past three years.Suddenly, I got idea.I said to him we should make a deal that we could get together here four years late.My friends were so exciting about it, and they agreed to me.I started to think about what I would become in the future.I may become a teacher, or a doctor.I think the deal will help us keep in touches with each other.
答案：第一句：which→that
第二句：were→are
第三句：talk→talking; 去掉 been
第四句：idea 前加 an
第五句：him→them; late→later
第六句：exciting→excited; to→with
第九句：touches→touch