2020版一轮复习英语人教·全国版学案：语法第一部分第四讲词性转换（构词法）

第四讲词性转换(构词法) 英语构词法主要有三种：合成、转化和派生。合成是指将两个意思不同的单词结合成一个新词；转化是指一个单词的词形不变而由一种词性转化为另一种词性；派生是指通过给一个单词加前缀或后缀变成另一个词。前缀一般改变词义而不改变词性，后缀一般改变词性而不改变词义。将构词法置于此处讲解，一是对前面基础词法的汇总，二是为攻克后面的重难动词做铺垫。 动词、形容词转换为名词 [全析考法]单句语法填空/单句改错1．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)This switch has decreased ________ (pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.解析：pollution　decrease“降低，减少”，为及物动词，后接名词作宾语，故填名词pollution。2．(2018·6月浙江高考)Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in ________(weigh) problems. 解析：weight　根据语境可知，此处表示体重方面的问题，故此处填名词作定语。3．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She is determined to carry on with her ________ (educate)．解析：education　前面有形容词性物主代词her，此处应该使用动词educate的名词形式education作宾语。4．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asia's biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top ________ (attract)．解析：attraction　此处作表语且前面由its top修饰，应该用attract的名词形式attraction，意为“吸引人之物，诱惑物”。5．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B．C., influenced the __________ (develop) of chopsticks.解析：development　根据空前面的the和空后面的of可知，此处需填develop的名词形式development。6．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest.________________解析：honest→honesty　根据句意和结构可知，此处应该使用名词形式。[谨记规则]1．动词变名词的后缀后缀例　词­ion/­tion/­sion/­ationcorrect→correction　　　　改正celebrate→celebration  庆祝；庆祝会attract→attraction  吸引conclude→conclusion  结论；结束discuss→discussion  讨论；辩论decide→decision  决定admit→admission  接纳；准许入学invite→invitation  邀请explain→explanation  解释graduate→graduation  毕业expect→expectation  期望­er/­ordrive→driver　　 　　　　司机；驾驶员gather→gatherer  收集者；采集者teach→teacher  老师announce→announcer  广播员conduct→conductor  指挥；售票员­mentpunish→punishment　 　　惩罚achieve→achievement  功绩；成就argue→argument  辩论；论据treat→treatment  对待；治疗equip→equipment  装备；设备govern→government  政府­ance/­enceappear→appearance　 　 　出现；外貌guide→guidance  指引；指导perform→performance  表演；节目exist→existence  存在；生存prefer→preference  偏爱refer→reference  参考；查阅­inghear→hearing　　　 　　　听力；听觉begin→beginning  开始­ure/­turefail→failure　　　　　　　失败；倒闭press→pressure  压力depart→departure  离开；出发mix→mixture  混合；混合物­yrecover→recovery　　　 　恢复；痊愈discover→discovery  发现其他choose→choice　 　　 　　选择vary→variety  多样化；种类tend→tendency  趋向；趋势 2．形容词变名词的后缀后缀例　词­ageshort→shortage　　　　　不足；短缺­cyefficient→efficiency　　 　效率；功效fluent→fluency  流利；流畅accurate→accuracy  准确性private→privacy  隐私；私密­domfree→freedom　　　 　 　自由；自主wise→wisdom  明智；智慧­encedifferent→difference　　　差异silent→silence  沉默­nessweak→weakness　 　　 　虚弱；弱点kind→kindness  仁慈；好意careless→carelessness  粗心大意­thstrong→strength　　 　 　力气；强项warm→warmth  温暖；热情­y/­ty/­ityhonest→honesty　　　　　诚实difficult→difficulty  困难cruel→cruelty  残酷；残暴safe→safety  安全disable→disability  无能；伤残responsible→responsibility  责任 名词、动词转换为形容词　 [全析考法]单句语法填空1．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Running is cheap, easy and it's always ________ (energy)．解析：energetic　根据句子结构可知，此处应该使用与其前的cheap, easy相同形式的形容词energetic作表语。2．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total ________ (globe) fertilizer consumption.解析：global　此处和total一起修饰名词短语fertilizer consumption，意为“全世界的化肥总消耗量”，故用其形容词形式global作定语。3．(2018·6月浙江高考)The obvious one is money; eating out once or twice a week may be ________ (afford) but doing this most days adds up.解析：affordable　根据语境可知此处作表语，所以要用形容词形式。4．(2014·全国卷Ⅱ)There were many people waiting at the bus stop, and some of them looked very anxious and ________ (disappoint)．解析：disappointed　和前面的anxious并列，表示人的内心活动，应使用­ed形式的形容词，此处表示“他们中有些人看起来既焦虑又失望”。[谨记规则]后缀例　词­ableaccept→acceptable　　 　　可接受的comfort→comfortable  舒适的fashion→fashionable  时髦的suit→suitable  合适的reason→reasonable  有道理的­almusic→musical　　　 　 　音乐的origin→original  最初的person→personal  个人的；私人的centre→central  中央的；中心的nature→natural  自然的；天生的­fuldoubt→doubtful　　　　 　怀疑的forget→forgetful  健忘的harm→harmful  有害的hope→hopeful  有希望的peace→peaceful  和平的­edscare→scared　　　 　 　　感到恐惧的confuse→confused  感到困惑的underline→underlined  下划线的­ingsurprise→surprising　 　 　令人惊异的convince→convincing  令人信服的satisfy→satisfying  令人满意的­ibleaccess→accessible　　 　 　容易取得的horror→horrible  可怕的；恐怖的terror→terrible  可怕的­iveact→active　　 　　 　　　积极的；活跃的effect→effective  有效的；生效的attract→attractive  有吸引力的impress→impressive  给人深刻印象的­ouscontinue→continuous　 　　不断的；持续的anxiety→anxious  忧虑的caution→cautious  小心的；谨慎的curiosity→curious  好奇的humor→humorous  幽默的­sometire→tiresome　　 　　　　令人厌倦的trouble→troublesome  麻烦的­ytaste→tasty　　　 　　　　美味的；可口的health→healthy  健康的wealth→wealthy  富裕的；丰富的­erneast→eastern　　　 　 　　东方的；向东的­ishchild→childish　 　　 　 　孩子气的fool→foolish  愚蠢的；可笑的self→selfish  自私的 [特别注意]　­ed形容词多表示主语所处的状态，意为“感到……的”，通常修饰人；­ing形容词多表示主语所具有的特征，意为“令人……的”，通常修饰物或事。 形容词转换为副词　 [全析考法]Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)A taste for meat is ________ (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle.解析：actually　此处用副词作状语修饰系动词is。2．(2018·11月浙江高考)________ (recent), caffeine has found its way into orange, apple, and other flavored drinks.解析：Recently　此处考查时间副词作状语，故填Recently。3．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)The title will be ________ (official) given to me at a ceremony in London.解析：officially　此处表示(大使)这个头衔将在伦敦的一个仪式上正式授予给我，分析句子结构可知，应该使用副词officially作状语修饰动词given。4．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Recent studies show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks ________ (regular)．解析：regularly　此处需要用副词修饰动词短语“take short breaks”。5．(2015·广东高考)________ (lucky), he also had a cow which produced milk every day.解析：Luckily　此处为副词用于句首修饰整个句子，表示状态。Ⅱ.单句改错1．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)I felt happily that their life had improved.________________解析：happily→happy　动词felt在此处是系动词，意为“觉得，感觉”，其后应该使用形容词happy作表语。2．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle of the road.________________解析：suddenly→sudden　此处需要用形容词修饰后面的名词stop，表示“突然的停止”。3．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Instead, he hopes that his business will grow steady.________________解析：steady→steadily　谓语动词grow是不及物动词，意为“增长，增强”，此处应该使用副词steadily作状语修饰grow。grow steadily意为“稳定地增长”。4．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)At one time, I even felt my parents couldn't understand me so I hoped I could be freely from them.________________解析：freely→free　此处需要用形容词作表语。be free from them “摆脱他们”。5．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)Dad and I were terrible worried.________________解析：terrible→terribly　此处应用副词terribly修饰形容词worried。[谨记规则]类　别例　词直接加­lyclear→clearly　　　清楚地great→greatly  很，大大地以辅音字母＋y结尾的形容词，变y为i再加­lyhappy→happily　　高兴地heavy→heavily  沉重地词尾为ble/le的形容词，去掉e，再加­yterrible→terribly可怕地；极度地gentle→gently　 　轻轻地 词尾为ue的形容词，去掉e再加­lytrue→truly　 　 　真实地词尾为ll的形容词，直接加­yfull→fully充分地；完全地dull→dully　 　 　迟钝地词尾为­ic的形容词，加­allybasic→basically主要地，基本上scientific→scientifically 合乎科学地 语法填空解题“2策略”1．利用句子成分确定词性(1)如果要填的词在句中作主语、宾语或表语要考虑名词形式。(2)如果要填的词作定语、表语、主语补足语或宾语补足语，要想到用形容词；如果作状语，要想到用副词。2．根据修饰词或被修饰词确定词性(1)如果要填的词被形容词、定冠词或形容词性物主代词修饰，此时要考虑用名词形式。(2)如果要填的词修饰名词，要想到用形容词；如果修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，要想到用副词。 据第1条解题1．This gives the paintings deeper meaning (mean) and more elegance.2．Grassland is destroyed without mercy so that dust storms come into being affecting distant_(distance) cities.3．The old people there were talkative and they told us their personal (person) stories cheerfully. 4．After some time, when both of you have renewed your confidence (confident) in each other, go back to the time when you nearly fell apart. 5．Therefore, let's take the responsibility (responsible) to build up a low­carbon city by riding bicycles. Come on and join us! 据第2条解题6．However, behind his physical appearance (appear), Carry is a warm, fun­loving, intelligent person.7．Your ideas are very interesting, but we need practical (practice) suggestions to get us out of trouble.8．During that time a number of productive (product) poets turned out as many as 50,000 classical poems.9．It was always a pleasure (pleasant) to visit these two sisters.10．They all come from the plant Camellia sinensis (茶树), and are simply (simple) processed in different ways. 短文改错解题“2视角”1．看被修饰词或平行成分(1)如果修饰名词，要用形容词；(2)如果修饰动词、形容词、副词和分词应用副词；(3)修饰人，表示主语所处的状态，意为“感到……的”， 用­ed形容词；修饰物或事，表示主语所具有的特征，意为“令人……的”， 用­ing形容词；(4)注意其平行成分的词性。2．看句子成分(1)作定语、表语、主语补足语或宾语补足语，要想到应用形容词。(2)作状语要想到应用副词。 据第1条解题1．I worked as a reporter for our school newspaper last year, which I think will certain help me do the job better.certain→certainly2．It was when I brought them in at the dusk that I found something terribly happened._terribly→terrible3．“Today is my father's birthday？” Zhangwei was a little puzzling. puzzling→puzzled4．At this moment, I found the city was so interested. interested→interesting5．Everyone praised Ah Bao for his brave and kindness.brave→bravery据第2条解题6．I restarted to pick up my confident again. confident→confidence7．The next morning when he was out, the hotel worker hammered a nail exact where the “fly” had been.exact→exactly8．I was lost in happy because I did a little for a stranger but I gained a lot._happy→happiness9．To my joyful, he replied that he gave it to a homeless man. joyful→joy10．To conclude, I am readily to take on the job.readily→ready                                                                Ⅰ.语法填空British English may have come first, but around the world, the American way of spelling is now far more popular.An __1__ (accuracy) examination of these two variants of the English language __2__ (show) that publications now largely use the American version, __3__ (swap) words like“centre” for “center” after the 1880s.According to the data, this shift __4__ (strengthen) around the time of World War Ⅰ.Around 1880, __5__ American English began to cross into wider use among many words, including “grey” and “flavour”， British English can be seen dwindling (缩小)．After World War Ⅰ， the world also began to prefer “defense”  __6__ the British English version, “defence”．For many years, British English maintained __7__ (it) hold on “honour”， struggling with the American version for years before the two flip­flopped (突然转向反向) in __8__ (popular) around the world.However, American English was in __9__ lead in the 1970s as “honor” __10__ (increasing) became the more spelling of choice.语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了在英语拼写方面由英式英语占主导到美式英语更受人欢迎这一转变。1．accurate　考查词性转换。空处修饰名词examination，故用形容词accurate “准确的”。2．shows　考查动词的时态及主谓一致。此处是对客观情况的叙述，故应用一般现在时；句子主语为单数名词examination，故谓语用第三人称单数形式。3．swapping　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，空处作非谓语，且publications与swap之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系，因此用现在分词作伴随状语。4．strengthened/was strengthened　考查动词的时态和语态。根据时间状语“around the time of World War Ⅰ”可知用一般过去时。strengthen“(使)变强”可以作及物动词，也可以作不及物动词，故此处可以用主动语态也可以用被动语态。5．when　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词为表示时间的Around 1880，关系词在定语从句中作时间状语，因此用when。6．to　考查介词。prefer ...to ...“喜欢……多于……”是固定搭配，故用介词to。7．its　考查代词。多年来，英式英语保持着“honour”这一拼写形式的影响。本题难在理解空后hold的词性上，hold在此作名词，意为“影响，控制”，故空处应用形容词性物主代词its修饰名词hold。8．popularity　考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知，此处应填名词，作介词in的宾语，popularity意为“流行，受欢迎”。9．the　考查冠词。然而，在20世纪70年代，美式英语占据优势。in the lead“占据优势”是固定搭配。10．increasingly　考查词性转换。修饰动词became应用副词形式，increasingly意为“越来越多地，不断增加地”。Ⅱ.短文改错Swimming is my favorite sport and I usually swim in a swimming pool near that I live. Yesterday my friend Tony, together with me, decide to go swimming in the sea. It was turned out to be one of the most exciting experience I had ever had. At first, seeing the waves come one after another, I felt frightened. As I was a good swimmer in the swimming pool, swimming in the sea was a little difficult for him. I was just about to give up when I suddenly noticed little boy walking towards the sea calmly. Weak as he seemed, he went straight into the sea with hesitation. Deep encouraged by his behavior, I overcame my fear and finally made a successful attempt.答案：第一句：that→where第二句：decide→decided第三句：去掉was; experience→experiences第四句：come→coming第五句：As→Although/Though; him→me第六句：little前加a第七句：with→without第八句：Deep→Deeply