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2020版高考英语新设计一轮复习人教全国版讲义：选修8Unit3Inventorsandinventions
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(一)课前自主学习
Ⅰ.阅读单词——————知其意
1．patent n． 专利证书；专利权
2．courtyard n. 院子；庭院；天井
3．perfume n. 香水；香味
4．cube n. 立方体；立方
5．merry adj. 愉快的；高兴的
6．string n. 线；绳子；一串
7．valid adj. 有效的；确凿的
8．greengrocer n. 蔬菜水果商；蔬菜水果店
9．jam n. 堵塞；阻塞；果酱
10．microphone n. 麦克风；话筒
11．dynamic adj. 充满活力的；精力充沛的；
动态的；发展变化的
12．personnel n. 人力资源；人事部；全体人员
13．multiple adj. 多种的；多样的；多类型的
n. 倍数
14．extension n. 电话分机；扩大；延伸
15．directory n. 电话簿；商行名录
16．rainfall n. 降雨
[纵联1] 额头
[纵联2] 能力；胜任；本领
Ⅱ.重点单词——————写其形
1．dial vt. 拨(电话)
2．claim n．& vt. 要求；声称；主张
3．abrupt adj. 突然的；意外的
[纵联3] 抓住；捉住；夺
5．file n. 文件；档案；文件夹
vt. 提交； 将……归档
6．ripe adj. 成熟的；熟的
7．bear vt. 忍受；忍耐；负担
8．tap v. 轻打；轻拍；轻敲
n. 轻轻地敲击(声)；(水)龙头
9．stable adj. 稳固的；稳定的；安定的
10．current n. (水或气)流；电流
adj. 现 在的；当前的
[纵联4] 被动的；消极的；被动语态的
Ⅲ.拓展单词——————通其变
1．distinguish vi. & vt.显示……的差别；使……有所不同；辨别→distinguished adj.著名的；卓越的
2．merciful adj.宽大的；仁慈的；慈悲的→mercy n．宽恕；仁慈
3．product n．产品→produce v．生产→producer n．生产者；制片人
4．convenient adj.便利的；方便的；就近的→convenience n．方便；便利→conveniently adv.便利地
5．caution n．小心；谨慎→cautious adj.小心的；谨慎的→cautiously adv.小心地；谨慎地
6．expectation n．预料；期待；期望→expect v．预料；期待；期望；认为
7．recognition n．认出；认可；承认→recognize vt.认出；承认
8．freezing adj.冰冻的；严寒的→freeze v．冰冻→frozen adj.冻结的
9．identification n．鉴定；辨认；确定；身份证明→identity n．身份；同一性→identical adj.同一的；完全相同的→identify v．确定；鉴别
10．innocent adj.清白的；天真的；无罪的→innocence n．天真；清白
11．occasionally adv.偶然地；不时地→occasional adj.偶然的→occasion n．时机；机会；场合
12．associate vt.联想；联系 n．同伴；伙伴→association n．联系；联盟；协会
13．practical adj.实际的；实践的；实用的→practice n．& vt.实践；练习
纵联1.前缀fore单词集锦
①forehead n．额头 ②forearm n．前臂
③forecast vt.预报 ④foresee vt.预见；预知
⑤foreword n．前言 ⑥foretell v．预言；预示
纵联2.不容错过的ence结尾名词
①competence能力；胜任 ②absence缺席；不存在
③adolescence青春期 ④coincidence巧合；一致
⑤convenience方便；便利 ⑥conscience良心；良知
⑦consequence结果；后果 ⑧independence独立
纵联3.好好“抓住”
①seize抓住；捉住 ②catch抓住；接住
③grasp抓住；掌握 ④capture抓住；俘获
⑤catch hold of抓住 ⑥get hold of抓住
纵联4.后缀ive形容词集锦
①passive被动的 ②active主动的
③positive积极的 ④negative消极的
⑤subjective主观的 ⑥objective客观的
⑦impressive印象深刻的 ⑧aggressive争强好胜的
⑨alternative可供选择的 ⑩conservative保守的
单元话题——发明
子话题 科学发明
①science n．科学 ②scientist n．科学家
③scientific adj.科学的 ④analyse v．分析
⑤invent v. 发明 ⑥create v．创造
⑦creative adj.有创造力的 ⑧creativity n．创造力
⑨register v．登记；注册 ⑩advantage n. 优势
⑪simplify v．简化 ⑫equip v. 装备；配备
⑬conclude v．总结 ⑭research n. 研究
⑮accurate adj. 精确的 ⑯download v．下载
⑰technology n．技术 ⑱replace v. 取代
⑲function n．功能 ⑳contribution n．贡献
[学考对接·活学活用]
高考采撷(一) 阅读中的词汇应用
1．(2018·北京高考阅读C)Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting.The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify❶the cause of the breakdown.Is it an enzyme produced❷ by the worm itself or by its gut microbes (肠道微生物)?
Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team's findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills.But she expects❸ using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply “millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.”
①加彩单词在此为词，意为：确认；鉴定，在本单元中的名词为：identification
②写出produce在本单元的同根名词：product
③写出加彩词在本单元的同根名词：expectation
2．(2015·湖南高考)If the copyright date of your current❶dictionary shows that it was published five or more years ago, consider investing in a more recent edition. English is a dynamic❷ language that admits new words and recognizes❸changes in meaning, spelling, and usage of familiar words. This is reflected in an uptodate dictionary.
①加彩词在此处为形容词，意为：当前的；现在的
②写出加彩词在句中的含义：动态的；发展变化的
③写出recognize在本单元的同根名词：recognition，短语beyond recognition意为：认不出来
高考采撷(二) 写作中的词汇应用
(根据汉语及提示词翻译句子)
1．(2018·江苏高考书面表达)无可否认，这种排名可能会给消费者带来便利，但它们也往往会误导消费者，尤其是当我们在网上购买产品时。(convenience, product)
There_is_no_denying_that_such_ratings_might_bring_convenience_to_consumers,_but_they_are_often_misleading_consumers_especially_when_we_purchase_products_online.
2．(2016·浙江高考书面表达)然而，一项计划如果没有实际执行和实用性，就不会有任何成果。(bear, practical)
However,_a_plan_can_bear_no_fruit_without_being_actually_carried_out_and_practical.
(二)课堂重点释疑
1．distinguish vt.& vi.显示……的差别；使……有所不同；辨别
[记牢]
(1)distinguish between A and B 区分A和B
distinguish ... from ... 把……与……区分开来
distinguish oneself as 作为……而出名
(2)distinguished adj. 卓越的；著名的； 杰出的
be distinguished for ... 因……而出名
be distinguished as ... 作为……而出名
[练通] 单句语法填空
①(2017·江苏高考)They can even distinguish their mother's voice from that of a female stranger.
②Reading good books can not only enrich our minds but also teach us to distinguish between right and wrong.
③As we all know, she has already distinguished herself as a great volleyball coach in the world.
[写美] 补全句子
④(2017·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)剪纸作为一种传统的艺术形式而出名，在中国有着1 500多年的历史。
Papercutting is_distinguished_as_a_traditional_art_form,_which has a history of more than 1,500 years in China.
2．bear vt.(bore, borne)忍受；忍耐；负担；承担；生育；结果实；带有；携带
[辨清] 写出下列句中bear的含义
①Why do I have to bear all the costs of repair？负担；承担
②She couldn't bear the thought of leaving her parents.忍受
③She did bear a healthy baby in hospital yesterday.生育
④The document bore her signature, address and telephone number.带有
[记牢]
(1)bear doing/to do sth. 忍受做某事
bear sb./sb.'s doing sth. 忍受某人做某事
(2)bear/keep sth. in mind 记住某事
bear/keep in mind that ... 记住……
[练通] 单句语法填空
⑤I can't bear young people casting (cast) away their youth.
⑥ (2018·全国卷Ⅲ)He turned up at the hospital bearing (bear) gifts for the new mother Lindsey and her baby boy.
[写美] 用bear的短语升级加彩部分
⑦(2015·福建高考书面表达)Please remember that hard work pays off. We should take pains to improve ourselves through learning and get prepared for the future.
bear_in_mind
3．associate vt.联想；联系n.同伴；伙伴
[记牢]
(1)associate ... with ... 使……与……联系起来
associate with sb. 与某人交往/联系
(2)be associated with 与……有关
(3)association n. 联合；联想；交往；协会；社团
in association with 与……联合/有关联
[练通] 单句语法填空
①If you associate with positivethinking people, you are definitely going to achieve success.
②There are many serious health problems which are associated (associate) with smoking.
③He always associates (associate) the smell of those flowers with his happy childhood.
[写美] 补全句子
④(2017·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)这次展览是由当地政府联合一些剪纸艺术家共同组织的。
This exhibition was organized by the local government in association with several papercutting artists.
[词汇过关综合训练]
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．Nowadays many old people have to bear (忍受) miserable loneliness after their sons or daughters leave home for work.
2．The suspect tapped (轻敲) the table nervously with fingers to hide his fear inside.
3．This year, the price of farm products (产品) is likely to go up as a result of drought.
4．You need special software to view the information in the file(s) (文件)．
5．The government has taken measures to bring down the high prices of daily goods to keep the market stable (稳定的)．
6．The news on smartphones saves people much time reading through newspapers for current (当前的) affairs.
7．The abrupt (突然的) change of the climate has drawn worldwide attention to the benefit of green energy.
8．Water is a liquid at room temperature and has a relatively high freezing (结冰的) point.
9．A book had been stolen, but the teacher said he was sure Tom was innocent (清白的)．
10．We should try our best to put the enemy in a passive (被动的) position.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．The speech mainly deals with the trouble young children have distinguishing (distinguish) right from wrong.
2．Bearing (bear) a heavy burden, she has to work hard to bring up her children.
3．We all have an expectation (expect) that we can be admitted to our own ideal universities.
4．If we are blind to our own faults, we will not be very merciful (mercy) towards others.
5．The service offers young people practical (practice) advice on finding a job.
6．Health is frequently thought to be_associated (associate)with a balanced diet and plenty of exercise.
7．The blind man tapped (tap) his cane on the sidewalk and walked to the supermarket.
8．In my opinion, only by facing difficulties bravely and seizing (seize) opportunities can one succeed.
9．I haven't seen Sara since she was a little girl, and she has changed beyond recognition.
10．You need to approach that animal with caution as it may bite you abruptly.
Ⅲ.单句改错
1．Distinguishing for its diligence and courage, the Chinese Nation has attracted the attention from the world. Distinguishing→Distinguished
2．Ralph tapped him on his shoulder to show kindness and comfort. his→the
3．We could hear a woman was singing merry in the next room. merry→merrily
4．I couldn't bear listen any longer, so I left the room. listen→listening或listen前加to
5．There was a general expectation what most students would pass the exam. what→that
Ⅳ.根据提示补全句子
1．色盲的人通常很难区分红色和绿色。(distinguish)
Colorblind people often find it difficult to_distinguish_between_red_and_green.
2．妈妈经常提醒我要记住“失败乃成功之母”。(bear)
My mother often reminds me to bear_in_mind_that failure is the mother of success.
3．你四点钟接我并把我送到机场方便吗？(convenient)
Would it be_convenient_for_you_to_pick_me_up at four o'clock and take me to the airport?
4．如果他那时抓住了那次机会，他现在就会是这个新部门的经理了。(seize)
If_he_had_seized_the_opportunity_at_that_time,_he would be the new department manager now.
5．记忆总是和我们的情感联系在一起的。(associate)
Memories are_always_associated_with our feelings.
(一)课前自主学习
[串记1] 回复电话
2．ring_off 挂断电话
3．set_about 开始；着手
[串记2] 偶尔；有时
5．set_out_(to_do) 开始(做)
6．call_up 给……打电话；使想起
[串记3] 迅速把手伸入；一心投入
8．hang_on 不挂断；稍等；紧紧握住；坚持
9．out_of_order 次序颠倒；发生故障
10．get_through 设法联系上(尤指打通电话)；
(设法)做完；通过；熬过
[同根短语串记]
串记1.“动词＋back”短语一览
①ring/call back 回复电话
②bring back 带回；使恢复
③look back 回顾
④keep back 隐瞒；忍住
⑤hold back 控制住
⑥take back 拿回；撤销
串记2.“偶尔；有时”全接触
①now and then 偶尔；有时
②now and again 有时；时而
③from time to time 有时；偶尔
④at times 偶尔；有时
⑤once in a while 偶尔；有时
⑥on occasion 偶尔；有时
⑦occasionally adv. 偶尔
⑧sometimes adv. 有时
串记3.“v.＋into” 短语荟萃
①dive into一心投入 ②burst into突然闯入
③run into撞上 ④look into调查
⑤break into破门而入 ⑥turn into变成
1．get rid of 摆脱
2．with great caution 小心翼翼
3．repeat the second procedure 重复第二个步骤
4．seize the opportunity 抓住机会
5．get new ideas accepted 让新思想被人接受
6．a computer programme 一项电脑程序
7．bank balance 银行卡余额
8．occupy your mind 占据你的思想
9．have a flash of inspiration 灵机一动
10．a moving electrical current 流动的电流
11．improve the quality of everybody's life
提高每个人的生活质量
1．Between the outside and the inside walls of the bowl there is some jelly, which freezes when_cooled.
在碗的内壁和外壁之间有些胶状物，冷却后会冻结。
2．The criteria are so strict that it is difficult to get new ideas accepted unless they are truly novel.
(评定)专利标准是很严格的，除非新的想法真是新颖的，否则很难被接受。
3．Follow it up, explore all around it, and before you know it, you will have something worth thinking about to occupy your mind.
跟踪下去，不断探索，不知不觉中你就会发现某种值得思考的东西占据着你的头脑。
4．The patent was given in 1876, but it_was_not_until_five_days_later_that Bell sent his first telephone message to his assistant Watson.
这项专利是1876年授予的，但直到五天之后贝尔才向他的助手华生发送了第一个电话信息。
[学考对接·活学活用]
高考采撷(一) 阅读中的短语(补全句子)
1．(2015·江苏高考完形填空)Who knew that so many years later I would look to Dr. Bernie and his CDs again to get_through (熬过) my own cancer experience?
2．(2011·江西高考阅读A)Jessica's parents were still quite angry with each other.Her mother was ironing clothes and every now_and_then (偶尔) she glared at her husband, who hid behind his newspaper pretending to read.
高考采撷(二) 写作中的短语和句式(补全句子)
1．(2017·北京高考书面表达)在激烈的讨论之后，我们开始制作一段视频来记录我们在学校的经历。三周后，我们成功地完成了它。
After a heated discussion, we set_about_making/set_out_to_make_a_video to record our experiences at school.Three weeks later, we managed to_get_through_it.
2．(2015·北京高考书面表达)希望今年夏天在训练营见到你，我们可以一起玩得很开心。(祈使句＋and＋陈述句)
Hope_to_meet_you_at_the_training_camp_this_summer,_and we can have fun together.
3．(2018·江苏高考书面表达)真正重要的不是排名，而是你的合理判断。(强调句型)
_It_is not the ratings but your sound judgment that_really_counts.
(二)课堂重点释疑
[短语集释]
1．call up给……打电话；使想起
[记牢]
call off 取消；停止
call for 要求；呼吁；需要；去接(某人)
call at 拜访(某地)
call on/upon 拜访(某人)；号召；需求
[练通] 选用上述短语填空
①The photo calls_up the story of my childhood.
②Don't let anything call_off your attention from your studies.
③Success in school calls_for much hard work.
④Mr. White called_at my house after he finished his speech.
[写美] 补全句子
⑤(2016·北京高考书面表达)地球日前一周，在我们学校周围张贴了海报，呼吁我们加入到这个“让地球变得更绿”的活动中来。
A week before Earth Day, posters were put up around our school, calling on/upon us to join in the activity for a greener earth.
2．get through设法联系上(尤指打通电话)；(设法)做完；通过；熬过；用完
[辨清] 写出下列句中get through的含义
①I managed to get through the task and the effort was worth it in the end.做完
②I couldn't get through to him because his telephone was out of order now and then. 设法联系上
③Luckily, the gap in the fence was just wide enough for the sheep to get through._通过
④The little boy got through all his money in just one week and had to ask his mom for some more. 用完
[记牢]
get (sth.) across (to sb.) 使(某事)被(某人)理解
get along with sb. 与某人相处；进展
get away with sth. 携某物潜逃；不因某事受惩罚
get down to (doing) sth. 开始做某事；认真处理某事
get over 熬过；克服(困难)；从……中恢复过来
[练通] 选用上述短语填空
⑤How can I get it across to you how important this is?
⑥I think the problem can be got_over without much difficulty.
⑦According to Lee, it was Ben's carelessness that accounted for the accident. But Ben got_away_with his wrongdoing.
[写美] 翻译句子
⑧(2018·浙江高考写作)作为一个外向的女孩，我几乎和我身边的每个人都相处得很好。
As_an_outgoing_girl,_I_nearly_get_along_well_with_everyone_around_me.
[句式集释]
祈使句＋and＋陈述句
[教材原句] Follow_it_up,_explore_all_around_it,_and before you know it, you will have something worth thinking about to occupy your mind.
[悟拓展例句]
(1)Follow_your_doctor's_advice,_and you will get better soon.
遵循医生的建议，你很快就会好的。
(2)Don't leave your bike here, or_you_will_be_fined.
不要把你的自行车放在这里，否则你会被罚款的。
(3)It is really dangerous. One more step, and_the_baby_will_fall_into the well.
真危险，多走一步，这个小孩就会掉进井里。
[析用法规则]
(1)祈使句＋and＋陈述句＝If ...，＋主句
(2)祈使句＋or/or else/otherwise＋陈述句＝If ...，＋主句
(3)名词词组＋and＋陈述句
[背写作佳句]
(1)(2018·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)Don't be too talkative, or you may leave a poor impression on others.(要点句)
(2)(2018·浙江高考写作)Give me a chance, and I will reward you with more.(总结句)
[词块、句式过关综合训练]
Ⅰ.选词填空
out of order， hang on， get through， ring off， now and then， dive into， set about， call up， ring back， set out
1．I know you are tired, but try to hang_on a minute.
2．When I asked if I was speaking to the manager Jones, he simply rang_off.
3．The thief dived his hand into my handbag and robbed the wallet and ran away.
4．Sorry to hear that you've failed the exam.If only you had set_about studying hard earlier!
5．It's the love and responsibility that have driven him to get_through many hardships and survive.
6．The engines of the ship were out_of_order and the bad weather added to the helplessness of the crew at sea.
7．The students go to visit their English teacher now_and_then who retired from school last year.
8．As I grew up in a small town at the foot of a mountain, the visit to the village called_up scenes of my childhood.
9．If you want to catch that train, you'd better set_out for the station immediately.
10．I'll ring_back as soon as I find out anything.
Ⅱ.句型转换/补全句子
1．If it is convenient for you, you can come and see me.
→Come_and_see_me whenever it's convenient for you.
2．He walked so fast that I couldn't keep up with him.
→So fast did_he_walk that I couldn't keep up with him.
3．She found that the door was broken in when she came back home.
→She found the door broken_in when she came back home.
4．必要时你可以给我打电话。(状语从句的省略)
You may give me a call when_necessary.
5．直到老师进了教室学生才停止说话。(强调句型)
It_was_not_until_the_teacher_entered_the_classroom_that the students stopped talking.
Ⅲ.分步写作
假定你是李华，你校将于4月26日“世界知识产权日”(The World Intellectual Property Day)举办一次以“科技让校园生活更美好”(Science Makes Life Better on Campus)为主题的创意作品展。请你写封邮件，邀请美国交换生Henry参与展评活动。内容包括：
1．目的：尊重知识、崇尚科学；
2．展评时间、地点、内容；
3．报名方式及截止日期。
注意：1.词数100左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3．邮件格式已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Henry，
Yours，
Li Hua
第一步：准确审题，理行文脉络，拟写作要点
1．审题：①文体：邀请信 ②人称：主要是第一和第二人称
③时态：主要是一般现在时和一般将来时
2．审读题目，根据内容要求，可以从以下三个方面拟点构思：
开头：点明写信目的(学校组织活动，邀请对方参加)；
主体：介绍活动的内容(展评时间、地点、内容、目的、报名方式及截止日期)；该部分要点较多，写作时容易遗漏其中要点，造成失分。
结尾：表达希望(希望对方回复)。
要点1－①：我很高兴地告诉你，我们学校要举办一个展览。这次展览的主题聚焦在“科技让校园生活更美好”。(focus on)
I'm_delighted_to_tell_you_that_our_school_is_going_to_hold_an_exhibition.The_exhibition_focuses_on_the_theme_“Science_Makes_Life_Better_on_Campus”．
要点1－②：我写信邀请你参加此次展览。
I'm_writing_to_invite_you_to_join_in_it.
要点2－①：展览将于4月26日世界知识产权日在我校美术馆举行。(take place)
The_exhibition_will_take_place_in_our_school_art_gallery_on_April_26th,_the_World_Intellectual_Property_Day.
要点2－②：它旨在鼓励学生尊重知识、崇尚科学。(advocate)
It_aims_to_encourage_students_to_respect_knowledge_and_advocate_science.
要点2－③：在场的每一个人都会惊讶地看到很多来自我们学生的极好的创意作品。
Everyone_present_will_feel_amazed_to_see_lots_of_fantastic_creative_works_from_us_students.
要点2－④：你需要在4月1日前在Science@hotmail.com上注册。
You_are_required_to_register_online_at_Science@hotmail.com_by_April_1st.
要点3：期待你的早日答复。
Looking_forward_to_your_early_reply.
第二步：添加细节，文意更丰满，表达更亮眼
为了使内容更充实，表达更高级，我们需要对要点进行拓展或升级，如要点1－①可以用定语从句进行升级；要点2－①和2－②可以用现在分词作定语进行合并；要点2－③后可以增加自己邀请对方的原因(认为对方会展出独特的东西)；要点2－④可增加条件状语从句(如果你想尝试一下)。
升级要点1－①：我很高兴地告诉你，我们学校要举办一个主题聚焦在“科技让生活更美好”的展览。(定语从句)
I'm_delighted_to_tell_you_that_our_school_is_going_to_hold_an_exhibition_that_focuses_on_the_theme_“Science_Makes_Life_Better_on_Campus”．
合并要点2－①和2－②：展览将于4月26日世界知识产权日在我校美术馆举行，旨在鼓励学生尊重知识、崇尚科学。(现在分词作定语)
The_exhibition_will_take_place_in_our_school_art_gallery_on_April_26th,_the_World_Intellectual_Property_Day,_aiming_to_encourage_students_to_respect_knowledge_and_advocate_science.
补充要点2：我觉得你会在这次展览中展出一些独特的东西。(unique)
I_feel_that_you_would_have_something_unique_to_display_in_this_exhibition.
拓展要点2－④：如果你想尝试一下，你需要在4月1日之前在Science@hotmail.com上注册。(have a go，条件状语从句)
If_you_want_to_have_a_go,_you_are_required_to_register_online_at_Science@hotmail.com_by_April_1st.
第三步：连句成文，排语句顺序，重衔接过渡
本文可采用“三段式”结构写作。第一段点明活动并发出邀请，可用So连接两个要点；第二段具体介绍活动的相关内容；最后一段用“期待你的早日答复”结尾。
Dear Henry，
I'm_delighted_to_tell_you_that_our_school_is_going_to_hold_an_exhibition_that_focuses_on_the_theme_“Science_Makes_Life_Better_on_Campus”．_So_I_am_writing_to_invite_you_to_join_in_it.
The_exhibition_will_take_place_in_our_school_art_gallery_on_April_26th,_the_World_Intellectual_Property_Day,_aiming_to_encourage_students_to_respect_knowledge_and_advocate_science.Everyone_present_will_feel_amazed_to_see_lots_of_fantastic_creative_works_from_us_students.I_feel_that_you_would_have_something_unique_to_display_in_this_exhibition.If_you_want_to_have_a_go,_you_are_required_to_register_online_at_Science@hotmail.com_by_April_1st.
Looking_forward_to_your_early_reply.
Yours，
Li Hua
掌握阅读技能之(五) 猜测
有时候，未知的生词对阅读来说存在很大的障碍，对上下文的理解至关重要，我们必须知道这些词的精确含义。那么，如何排除这些障碍呢？此时，了解推理和猜测单词的方法就特别重要，它们大致有以下几种：
1．重述
作者为了使某一难词或术语的含义更清楚，通常会使用常用、简明的词或词组对其进行解释，这就是重述。重述部分通过逗号与句子的其他部分隔开(有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号或括号)或用信号词、同位语引导。常见的信号词有：or, namely, that is, in other words, that is to say, to be more exact, to put in another way等。
典例
(2015·天津卷阅读C节选) In the library, I found my way into the “Children's Room”. I sat down on the floor and pulled a few books off the shelf at random.The cover of a book caught my eye.It presented a picture of a beagle.I had recently had a beagle,_the first and only animal companion I ever had as a child.
分析
由同位语“the first and only animal companion”的解释说明可以猜出beagle为“一种动物”。
2．定义
作者常常通过给某些词汇下定义来帮助读者理解词义，尤其常出现在一些科普类、社科类及与专业内容相关的文章中。下定义时，作者通常使用信号词，如i.e., is, are, is/are called, mean, refer to, known as等。
典例
(2015·北京卷阅读C节选) Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window.
分析
通过本句中的定义“the same way light passes through a window”可知，transparent应意为“透明的”。
3．举例
作者常常会通过对某一难词给出具体的例子，帮助考生理解该词的词义。举例常用的信号词有：such as, such ...as, for example, for instance, like, including, especially等。
典例
(2016·全国卷Ⅲ阅读D节选) Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad.
分析
根据下文的举例“like anger or anxiety”可推知，画线部分的意思应是“消极的”。
4．同义词或近义词
在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。因此，考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词的意思。
典例
(2017·全国卷Ⅱ阅读A节选)By translating the rich and humourous text of Love's Labour's Lost into the physical language of BSL, Deafinitely Theatre creates a new interpretation of Shakespeare's comedy and aims to build a bridge between deaf and hearing worlds by performing to both groups as one audience.
分析
根据上文“By translating the rich and humourous text of Love's Labour's Lost into the physical language of BSL”中的translating可知，interpretation与translating同义，意为“翻译”。
5．反义词
有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。表示对比或反义的信号词/词组常见的有：(whether)．..or, unlike, but, yet, however, while, although, nevertheless, instead, rather than, in contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand等。
典例
(2015·福建卷阅读E节选)If you're tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored, you can attend an upbeat group fitness class that'll keep your workout on track.
73.The underlined word “upbeat” in the second paragraph probably means “________”．
A.cheerful B．average
C.serious D．temporary
分析
根据上文语境，upbeat应与上文中的“tired of”意义相反，故本题正确选项为A项。
6．构词法
英语中的许多词汇，特别是不断出现的新词大多是通过构词法生成的。因此，掌握主要的构词法有助于猜测词义。
典例
(2016·全国卷Ⅰ阅读D节选) A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness,_or worry.
分析
根据构词法知识我们可知，un为否定前缀，ness为名词后缀，easy (舒适的)为词根。因此，我们可猜测uneasiness为“不安；担忧”之意。
(一)课前自主学习
Ⅰ.阅读单词——————知其意
1．patent n． 专利证书；专利权
2．courtyard n. 院子；庭院；天井
3．perfume n. 香水；香味
4．cube n. 立方体；立方
5．merry adj. 愉快的；高兴的
6．string n. 线；绳子；一串
7．valid adj. 有效的；确凿的
8．greengrocer n. 蔬菜水果商；蔬菜水果店
9．jam n. 堵塞；阻塞；果酱
10．microphone n. 麦克风；话筒
11．dynamic adj. 充满活力的；精力充沛的；
动态的；发展变化的
12．personnel n. 人力资源；人事部；全体人员
13．multiple adj. 多种的；多样的；多类型的
n. 倍数
14．extension n. 电话分机；扩大；延伸
15．directory n. 电话簿；商行名录
16．rainfall n. 降雨
[纵联1] 额头
[纵联2] 能力；胜任；本领
Ⅱ.重点单词——————写其形
1．dial vt. 拨(电话)
2．claim n．& vt. 要求；声称；主张
3．abrupt adj. 突然的；意外的
[纵联3] 抓住；捉住；夺
5．file n. 文件；档案；文件夹
vt. 提交； 将……归档
6．ripe adj. 成熟的；熟的
7．bear vt. 忍受；忍耐；负担
8．tap v. 轻打；轻拍；轻敲
n. 轻轻地敲击(声)；(水)龙头
9．stable adj. 稳固的；稳定的；安定的
10．current n. (水或气)流；电流
adj. 现 在的；当前的
[纵联4] 被动的；消极的；被动语态的
Ⅲ.拓展单词——————通其变
1．distinguish vi. & vt.显示……的差别；使……有所不同；辨别→distinguished adj.著名的；卓越的
2．merciful adj.宽大的；仁慈的；慈悲的→mercy n．宽恕；仁慈
3．product n．产品→produce v．生产→producer n．生产者；制片人
4．convenient adj.便利的；方便的；就近的→convenience n．方便；便利→conveniently adv.便利地
5．caution n．小心；谨慎→cautious adj.小心的；谨慎的→cautiously adv.小心地；谨慎地
6．expectation n．预料；期待；期望→expect v．预料；期待；期望；认为
7．recognition n．认出；认可；承认→recognize vt.认出；承认
8．freezing adj.冰冻的；严寒的→freeze v．冰冻→frozen adj.冻结的
9．identification n．鉴定；辨认；确定；身份证明→identity n．身份；同一性→identical adj.同一的；完全相同的→identify v．确定；鉴别
10．innocent adj.清白的；天真的；无罪的→innocence n．天真；清白
11．occasionally adv.偶然地；不时地→occasional adj.偶然的→occasion n．时机；机会；场合
12．associate vt.联想；联系 n．同伴；伙伴→association n．联系；联盟；协会
13．practical adj.实际的；实践的；实用的→practice n．& vt.实践；练习
纵联1.前缀fore单词集锦
①forehead n．额头 ②forearm n．前臂
③forecast vt.预报 ④foresee vt.预见；预知
⑤foreword n．前言 ⑥foretell v．预言；预示
纵联2.不容错过的ence结尾名词
①competence能力；胜任 ②absence缺席；不存在
③adolescence青春期 ④coincidence巧合；一致
⑤convenience方便；便利 ⑥conscience良心；良知
⑦consequence结果；后果 ⑧independence独立
纵联3.好好“抓住”
①seize抓住；捉住 ②catch抓住；接住
③grasp抓住；掌握 ④capture抓住；俘获
⑤catch hold of抓住 ⑥get hold of抓住
纵联4.后缀ive形容词集锦
①passive被动的 ②active主动的
③positive积极的 ④negative消极的
⑤subjective主观的 ⑥objective客观的
⑦impressive印象深刻的 ⑧aggressive争强好胜的
⑨alternative可供选择的 ⑩conservative保守的
单元话题——发明
子话题 科学发明
①science n．科学 ②scientist n．科学家
③scientific adj.科学的 ④analyse v．分析
⑤invent v. 发明 ⑥create v．创造
⑦creative adj.有创造力的 ⑧creativity n．创造力
⑨register v．登记；注册 ⑩advantage n. 优势
⑪simplify v．简化 ⑫equip v. 装备；配备
⑬conclude v．总结 ⑭research n. 研究
⑮accurate adj. 精确的 ⑯download v．下载
⑰technology n．技术 ⑱replace v. 取代
⑲function n．功能 ⑳contribution n．贡献
[学考对接·活学活用]
高考采撷(一) 阅读中的词汇应用
1．(2018·北京高考阅读C)Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting.The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify❶the cause of the breakdown.Is it an enzyme produced❷ by the worm itself or by its gut microbes (肠道微生物)?
Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team's findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills.But she expects❸ using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply “millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.”
①加彩单词在此为词，意为：确认；鉴定，在本单元中的名词为：identification
②写出produce在本单元的同根名词：product
③写出加彩词在本单元的同根名词：expectation
2．(2015·湖南高考)If the copyright date of your current❶dictionary shows that it was published five or more years ago, consider investing in a more recent edition. English is a dynamic❷ language that admits new words and recognizes❸changes in meaning, spelling, and usage of familiar words. This is reflected in an uptodate dictionary.
①加彩词在此处为形容词，意为：当前的；现在的
②写出加彩词在句中的含义：动态的；发展变化的
③写出recognize在本单元的同根名词：recognition，短语beyond recognition意为：认不出来
高考采撷(二) 写作中的词汇应用
(根据汉语及提示词翻译句子)
1．(2018·江苏高考书面表达)无可否认，这种排名可能会给消费者带来便利，但它们也往往会误导消费者，尤其是当我们在网上购买产品时。(convenience, product)
There_is_no_denying_that_such_ratings_might_bring_convenience_to_consumers,_but_they_are_often_misleading_consumers_especially_when_we_purchase_products_online.
2．(2016·浙江高考书面表达)然而，一项计划如果没有实际执行和实用性，就不会有任何成果。(bear, practical)
However,_a_plan_can_bear_no_fruit_without_being_actually_carried_out_and_practical.
(二)课堂重点释疑
1．distinguish vt.& vi.显示……的差别；使……有所不同；辨别
[记牢]
(1)distinguish between A and B 区分A和B
distinguish ... from ... 把……与……区分开来
distinguish oneself as 作为……而出名
(2)distinguished adj. 卓越的；著名的； 杰出的
be distinguished for ... 因……而出名
be distinguished as ... 作为……而出名
[练通] 单句语法填空
①(2017·江苏高考)They can even distinguish their mother's voice from that of a female stranger.
②Reading good books can not only enrich our minds but also teach us to distinguish between right and wrong.
③As we all know, she has already distinguished herself as a great volleyball coach in the world.
[写美] 补全句子
④(2017·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)剪纸作为一种传统的艺术形式而出名，在中国有着1 500多年的历史。
Papercutting is_distinguished_as_a_traditional_art_form,_which has a history of more than 1,500 years in China.
2．bear vt.(bore, borne)忍受；忍耐；负担；承担；生育；结果实；带有；携带
[辨清] 写出下列句中bear的含义
①Why do I have to bear all the costs of repair？负担；承担
②She couldn't bear the thought of leaving her parents.忍受
③She did bear a healthy baby in hospital yesterday.生育
④The document bore her signature, address and telephone number.带有
[记牢]
(1)bear doing/to do sth. 忍受做某事
bear sb./sb.'s doing sth. 忍受某人做某事
(2)bear/keep sth. in mind 记住某事
bear/keep in mind that ... 记住……
[练通] 单句语法填空
⑤I can't bear young people casting (cast) away their youth.
⑥ (2018·全国卷Ⅲ)He turned up at the hospital bearing (bear) gifts for the new mother Lindsey and her baby boy.
[写美] 用bear的短语升级加彩部分
⑦(2015·福建高考书面表达)Please remember that hard work pays off. We should take pains to improve ourselves through learning and get prepared for the future.
bear_in_mind
3．associate vt.联想；联系n.同伴；伙伴
[记牢]
(1)associate ... with ... 使……与……联系起来
associate with sb. 与某人交往/联系
(2)be associated with 与……有关
(3)association n. 联合；联想；交往；协会；社团
in association with 与……联合/有关联
[练通] 单句语法填空
①If you associate with positivethinking people, you are definitely going to achieve success.
②There are many serious health problems which are associated (associate) with smoking.
③He always associates (associate) the smell of those flowers with his happy childhood.
[写美] 补全句子
④(2017·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)这次展览是由当地政府联合一些剪纸艺术家共同组织的。
This exhibition was organized by the local government in association with several papercutting artists.
[词汇过关综合训练]
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．Nowadays many old people have to bear (忍受) miserable loneliness after their sons or daughters leave home for work.
2．The suspect tapped (轻敲) the table nervously with fingers to hide his fear inside.
3．This year, the price of farm products (产品) is likely to go up as a result of drought.
4．You need special software to view the information in the file(s) (文件)．
5．The government has taken measures to bring down the high prices of daily goods to keep the market stable (稳定的)．
6．The news on smartphones saves people much time reading through newspapers for current (当前的) affairs.
7．The abrupt (突然的) change of the climate has drawn worldwide attention to the benefit of green energy.
8．Water is a liquid at room temperature and has a relatively high freezing (结冰的) point.
9．A book had been stolen, but the teacher said he was sure Tom was innocent (清白的)．
10．We should try our best to put the enemy in a passive (被动的) position.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．The speech mainly deals with the trouble young children have distinguishing (distinguish) right from wrong.
2．Bearing (bear) a heavy burden, she has to work hard to bring up her children.
3．We all have an expectation (expect) that we can be admitted to our own ideal universities.
4．If we are blind to our own faults, we will not be very merciful (mercy) towards others.
5．The service offers young people practical (practice) advice on finding a job.
6．Health is frequently thought to be_associated (associate)with a balanced diet and plenty of exercise.
7．The blind man tapped (tap) his cane on the sidewalk and walked to the supermarket.
8．In my opinion, only by facing difficulties bravely and seizing (seize) opportunities can one succeed.
9．I haven't seen Sara since she was a little girl, and she has changed beyond recognition.
10．You need to approach that animal with caution as it may bite you abruptly.
Ⅲ.单句改错
1．Distinguishing for its diligence and courage, the Chinese Nation has attracted the attention from the world. Distinguishing→Distinguished
2．Ralph tapped him on his shoulder to show kindness and comfort. his→the
3．We could hear a woman was singing merry in the next room. merry→merrily
4．I couldn't bear listen any longer, so I left the room. listen→listening或listen前加to
5．There was a general expectation what most students would pass the exam. what→that
Ⅳ.根据提示补全句子
1．色盲的人通常很难区分红色和绿色。(distinguish)
Colorblind people often find it difficult to_distinguish_between_red_and_green.
2．妈妈经常提醒我要记住“失败乃成功之母”。(bear)
My mother often reminds me to bear_in_mind_that failure is the mother of success.
3．你四点钟接我并把我送到机场方便吗？(convenient)
Would it be_convenient_for_you_to_pick_me_up at four o'clock and take me to the airport?
4．如果他那时抓住了那次机会，他现在就会是这个新部门的经理了。(seize)
If_he_had_seized_the_opportunity_at_that_time,_he would be the new department manager now.
5．记忆总是和我们的情感联系在一起的。(associate)
Memories are_always_associated_with our feelings.
(一)课前自主学习
[串记1] 回复电话
2．ring_off 挂断电话
3．set_about 开始；着手
[串记2] 偶尔；有时
5．set_out_(to_do) 开始(做)
6．call_up 给……打电话；使想起
[串记3] 迅速把手伸入；一心投入
8．hang_on 不挂断；稍等；紧紧握住；坚持
9．out_of_order 次序颠倒；发生故障
10．get_through 设法联系上(尤指打通电话)；
(设法)做完；通过；熬过
[同根短语串记]
串记1.“动词＋back”短语一览
①ring/call back 回复电话
②bring back 带回；使恢复
③look back 回顾
④keep back 隐瞒；忍住
⑤hold back 控制住
⑥take back 拿回；撤销
串记2.“偶尔；有时”全接触
①now and then 偶尔；有时
②now and again 有时；时而
③from time to time 有时；偶尔
④at times 偶尔；有时
⑤once in a while 偶尔；有时
⑥on occasion 偶尔；有时
⑦occasionally adv. 偶尔
⑧sometimes adv. 有时
串记3.“v.＋into” 短语荟萃
①dive into一心投入 ②burst into突然闯入
③run into撞上 ④look into调查
⑤break into破门而入 ⑥turn into变成
1．get rid of 摆脱
2．with great caution 小心翼翼
3．repeat the second procedure 重复第二个步骤
4．seize the opportunity 抓住机会
5．get new ideas accepted 让新思想被人接受
6．a computer programme 一项电脑程序
7．bank balance 银行卡余额
8．occupy your mind 占据你的思想
9．have a flash of inspiration 灵机一动
10．a moving electrical current 流动的电流
11．improve the quality of everybody's life
提高每个人的生活质量
1．Between the outside and the inside walls of the bowl there is some jelly, which freezes when_cooled.
在碗的内壁和外壁之间有些胶状物，冷却后会冻结。
2．The criteria are so strict that it is difficult to get new ideas accepted unless they are truly novel.
(评定)专利标准是很严格的，除非新的想法真是新颖的，否则很难被接受。
3．Follow it up, explore all around it, and before you know it, you will have something worth thinking about to occupy your mind.
跟踪下去，不断探索，不知不觉中你就会发现某种值得思考的东西占据着你的头脑。
4．The patent was given in 1876, but it_was_not_until_five_days_later_that Bell sent his first telephone message to his assistant Watson.
这项专利是1876年授予的，但直到五天之后贝尔才向他的助手华生发送了第一个电话信息。
[学考对接·活学活用]
高考采撷(一) 阅读中的短语(补全句子)
1．(2015·江苏高考完形填空)Who knew that so many years later I would look to Dr. Bernie and his CDs again to get_through (熬过) my own cancer experience?
2．(2011·江西高考阅读A)Jessica's parents were still quite angry with each other.Her mother was ironing clothes and every now_and_then (偶尔) she glared at her husband, who hid behind his newspaper pretending to read.
高考采撷(二) 写作中的短语和句式(补全句子)
1．(2017·北京高考书面表达)在激烈的讨论之后，我们开始制作一段视频来记录我们在学校的经历。三周后，我们成功地完成了它。
After a heated discussion, we set_about_making/set_out_to_make_a_video to record our experiences at school.Three weeks later, we managed to_get_through_it.
2．(2015·北京高考书面表达)希望今年夏天在训练营见到你，我们可以一起玩得很开心。(祈使句＋and＋陈述句)
Hope_to_meet_you_at_the_training_camp_this_summer,_and we can have fun together.
3．(2018·江苏高考书面表达)真正重要的不是排名，而是你的合理判断。(强调句型)
_It_is not the ratings but your sound judgment that_really_counts.
(二)课堂重点释疑
[短语集释]
1．call up给……打电话；使想起
[记牢]
call off 取消；停止
call for 要求；呼吁；需要；去接(某人)
call at 拜访(某地)
call on/upon 拜访(某人)；号召；需求
[练通] 选用上述短语填空
①The photo calls_up the story of my childhood.
②Don't let anything call_off your attention from your studies.
③Success in school calls_for much hard work.
④Mr. White called_at my house after he finished his speech.
[写美] 补全句子
⑤(2016·北京高考书面表达)地球日前一周，在我们学校周围张贴了海报，呼吁我们加入到这个“让地球变得更绿”的活动中来。
A week before Earth Day, posters were put up around our school, calling on/upon us to join in the activity for a greener earth.
2．get through设法联系上(尤指打通电话)；(设法)做完；通过；熬过；用完
[辨清] 写出下列句中get through的含义
①I managed to get through the task and the effort was worth it in the end.做完
②I couldn't get through to him because his telephone was out of order now and then. 设法联系上
③Luckily, the gap in the fence was just wide enough for the sheep to get through._通过
④The little boy got through all his money in just one week and had to ask his mom for some more. 用完
[记牢]
get (sth.) across (to sb.) 使(某事)被(某人)理解
get along with sb. 与某人相处；进展
get away with sth. 携某物潜逃；不因某事受惩罚
get down to (doing) sth. 开始做某事；认真处理某事
get over 熬过；克服(困难)；从……中恢复过来
[练通] 选用上述短语填空
⑤How can I get it across to you how important this is?
⑥I think the problem can be got_over without much difficulty.
⑦According to Lee, it was Ben's carelessness that accounted for the accident. But Ben got_away_with his wrongdoing.
[写美] 翻译句子
⑧(2018·浙江高考写作)作为一个外向的女孩，我几乎和我身边的每个人都相处得很好。
As_an_outgoing_girl,_I_nearly_get_along_well_with_everyone_around_me.
[句式集释]
祈使句＋and＋陈述句
[教材原句] Follow_it_up,_explore_all_around_it,_and before you know it, you will have something worth thinking about to occupy your mind.
[悟拓展例句]
(1)Follow_your_doctor's_advice,_and you will get better soon.
遵循医生的建议，你很快就会好的。
(2)Don't leave your bike here, or_you_will_be_fined.
不要把你的自行车放在这里，否则你会被罚款的。
(3)It is really dangerous. One more step, and_the_baby_will_fall_into the well.
真危险，多走一步，这个小孩就会掉进井里。
[析用法规则]
(1)祈使句＋and＋陈述句＝If ...，＋主句
(2)祈使句＋or/or else/otherwise＋陈述句＝If ...，＋主句
(3)名词词组＋and＋陈述句
[背写作佳句]
(1)(2018·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)Don't be too talkative, or you may leave a poor impression on others.(要点句)
(2)(2018·浙江高考写作)Give me a chance, and I will reward you with more.(总结句)
[词块、句式过关综合训练]
Ⅰ.选词填空
out of order， hang on， get through， ring off， now and then， dive into， set about， call up， ring back， set out
1．I know you are tired, but try to hang_on a minute.
2．When I asked if I was speaking to the manager Jones, he simply rang_off.
3．The thief dived his hand into my handbag and robbed the wallet and ran away.
4．Sorry to hear that you've failed the exam.If only you had set_about studying hard earlier!
5．It's the love and responsibility that have driven him to get_through many hardships and survive.
6．The engines of the ship were out_of_order and the bad weather added to the helplessness of the crew at sea.
7．The students go to visit their English teacher now_and_then who retired from school last year.
8．As I grew up in a small town at the foot of a mountain, the visit to the village called_up scenes of my childhood.
9．If you want to catch that train, you'd better set_out for the station immediately.
10．I'll ring_back as soon as I find out anything.
Ⅱ.句型转换/补全句子
1．If it is convenient for you, you can come and see me.
→Come_and_see_me whenever it's convenient for you.
2．He walked so fast that I couldn't keep up with him.
→So fast did_he_walk that I couldn't keep up with him.
3．She found that the door was broken in when she came back home.
→She found the door broken_in when she came back home.
4．必要时你可以给我打电话。(状语从句的省略)
You may give me a call when_necessary.
5．直到老师进了教室学生才停止说话。(强调句型)
It_was_not_until_the_teacher_entered_the_classroom_that the students stopped talking.
Ⅲ.分步写作
假定你是李华，你校将于4月26日“世界知识产权日”(The World Intellectual Property Day)举办一次以“科技让校园生活更美好”(Science Makes Life Better on Campus)为主题的创意作品展。请你写封邮件，邀请美国交换生Henry参与展评活动。内容包括：
1．目的：尊重知识、崇尚科学；
2．展评时间、地点、内容；
3．报名方式及截止日期。
注意：1.词数100左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3．邮件格式已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Henry，
Yours，
Li Hua
第一步：准确审题，理行文脉络，拟写作要点
1．审题：①文体：邀请信 ②人称：主要是第一和第二人称
③时态：主要是一般现在时和一般将来时
2．审读题目，根据内容要求，可以从以下三个方面拟点构思：
开头：点明写信目的(学校组织活动，邀请对方参加)；
主体：介绍活动的内容(展评时间、地点、内容、目的、报名方式及截止日期)；该部分要点较多，写作时容易遗漏其中要点，造成失分。
结尾：表达希望(希望对方回复)。
要点1－①：我很高兴地告诉你，我们学校要举办一个展览。这次展览的主题聚焦在“科技让校园生活更美好”。(focus on)
I'm_delighted_to_tell_you_that_our_school_is_going_to_hold_an_exhibition.The_exhibition_focuses_on_the_theme_“Science_Makes_Life_Better_on_Campus”．
要点1－②：我写信邀请你参加此次展览。
I'm_writing_to_invite_you_to_join_in_it.
要点2－①：展览将于4月26日世界知识产权日在我校美术馆举行。(take place)
The_exhibition_will_take_place_in_our_school_art_gallery_on_April_26th,_the_World_Intellectual_Property_Day.
要点2－②：它旨在鼓励学生尊重知识、崇尚科学。(advocate)
It_aims_to_encourage_students_to_respect_knowledge_and_advocate_science.
要点2－③：在场的每一个人都会惊讶地看到很多来自我们学生的极好的创意作品。
Everyone_present_will_feel_amazed_to_see_lots_of_fantastic_creative_works_from_us_students.
要点2－④：你需要在4月1日前在Science@hotmail.com上注册。
You_are_required_to_register_online_at_Science@hotmail.com_by_April_1st.
要点3：期待你的早日答复。
Looking_forward_to_your_early_reply.
第二步：添加细节，文意更丰满，表达更亮眼
为了使内容更充实，表达更高级，我们需要对要点进行拓展或升级，如要点1－①可以用定语从句进行升级；要点2－①和2－②可以用现在分词作定语进行合并；要点2－③后可以增加自己邀请对方的原因(认为对方会展出独特的东西)；要点2－④可增加条件状语从句(如果你想尝试一下)。
升级要点1－①：我很高兴地告诉你，我们学校要举办一个主题聚焦在“科技让生活更美好”的展览。(定语从句)
I'm_delighted_to_tell_you_that_our_school_is_going_to_hold_an_exhibition_that_focuses_on_the_theme_“Science_Makes_Life_Better_on_Campus”．
合并要点2－①和2－②：展览将于4月26日世界知识产权日在我校美术馆举行，旨在鼓励学生尊重知识、崇尚科学。(现在分词作定语)
The_exhibition_will_take_place_in_our_school_art_gallery_on_April_26th,_the_World_Intellectual_Property_Day,_aiming_to_encourage_students_to_respect_knowledge_and_advocate_science.
补充要点2：我觉得你会在这次展览中展出一些独特的东西。(unique)
I_feel_that_you_would_have_something_unique_to_display_in_this_exhibition.
拓展要点2－④：如果你想尝试一下，你需要在4月1日之前在Science@hotmail.com上注册。(have a go，条件状语从句)
If_you_want_to_have_a_go,_you_are_required_to_register_online_at_Science@hotmail.com_by_April_1st.
第三步：连句成文，排语句顺序，重衔接过渡
本文可采用“三段式”结构写作。第一段点明活动并发出邀请，可用So连接两个要点；第二段具体介绍活动的相关内容；最后一段用“期待你的早日答复”结尾。
Dear Henry，
I'm_delighted_to_tell_you_that_our_school_is_going_to_hold_an_exhibition_that_focuses_on_the_theme_“Science_Makes_Life_Better_on_Campus”．_So_I_am_writing_to_invite_you_to_join_in_it.
The_exhibition_will_take_place_in_our_school_art_gallery_on_April_26th,_the_World_Intellectual_Property_Day,_aiming_to_encourage_students_to_respect_knowledge_and_advocate_science.Everyone_present_will_feel_amazed_to_see_lots_of_fantastic_creative_works_from_us_students.I_feel_that_you_would_have_something_unique_to_display_in_this_exhibition.If_you_want_to_have_a_go,_you_are_required_to_register_online_at_Science@hotmail.com_by_April_1st.
Looking_forward_to_your_early_reply.
Yours，
Li Hua
掌握阅读技能之(五) 猜测
有时候，未知的生词对阅读来说存在很大的障碍，对上下文的理解至关重要，我们必须知道这些词的精确含义。那么，如何排除这些障碍呢？此时，了解推理和猜测单词的方法就特别重要，它们大致有以下几种：
1．重述
作者为了使某一难词或术语的含义更清楚，通常会使用常用、简明的词或词组对其进行解释，这就是重述。重述部分通过逗号与句子的其他部分隔开(有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号或括号)或用信号词、同位语引导。常见的信号词有：or, namely, that is, in other words, that is to say, to be more exact, to put in another way等。
典例
(2015·天津卷阅读C节选) In the library, I found my way into the “Children's Room”. I sat down on the floor and pulled a few books off the shelf at random.The cover of a book caught my eye.It presented a picture of a beagle.I had recently had a beagle,_the first and only animal companion I ever had as a child.
分析
由同位语“the first and only animal companion”的解释说明可以猜出beagle为“一种动物”。
2．定义
作者常常通过给某些词汇下定义来帮助读者理解词义，尤其常出现在一些科普类、社科类及与专业内容相关的文章中。下定义时，作者通常使用信号词，如i.e., is, are, is/are called, mean, refer to, known as等。
典例
(2015·北京卷阅读C节选) Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window.
分析
通过本句中的定义“the same way light passes through a window”可知，transparent应意为“透明的”。
3．举例
作者常常会通过对某一难词给出具体的例子，帮助考生理解该词的词义。举例常用的信号词有：such as, such ...as, for example, for instance, like, including, especially等。
典例
(2016·全国卷Ⅲ阅读D节选) Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad.
分析
根据下文的举例“like anger or anxiety”可推知，画线部分的意思应是“消极的”。
4．同义词或近义词
在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。因此，考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词的意思。
典例
(2017·全国卷Ⅱ阅读A节选)By translating the rich and humourous text of Love's Labour's Lost into the physical language of BSL, Deafinitely Theatre creates a new interpretation of Shakespeare's comedy and aims to build a bridge between deaf and hearing worlds by performing to both groups as one audience.
分析
根据上文“By translating the rich and humourous text of Love's Labour's Lost into the physical language of BSL”中的translating可知，interpretation与translating同义，意为“翻译”。
5．反义词
有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。表示对比或反义的信号词/词组常见的有：(whether)．..or, unlike, but, yet, however, while, although, nevertheless, instead, rather than, in contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand等。
典例
(2015·福建卷阅读E节选)If you're tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored, you can attend an upbeat group fitness class that'll keep your workout on track.
73.The underlined word “upbeat” in the second paragraph probably means “________”．
A.cheerful B．average
C.serious D．temporary
分析
根据上文语境，upbeat应与上文中的“tired of”意义相反，故本题正确选项为A项。
6．构词法
英语中的许多词汇，特别是不断出现的新词大多是通过构词法生成的。因此，掌握主要的构词法有助于猜测词义。
典例
(2016·全国卷Ⅰ阅读D节选) A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness,_or worry.
分析
根据构词法知识我们可知，un为否定前缀，ness为名词后缀，easy (舒适的)为词根。因此，我们可猜测uneasiness为“不安；担忧”之意。
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