2021届高考一轮复习梳理点拨学案：人教版必修3Unit4Astronomythescienceofthestars

Unit 4  Astronomy: the science of the stars基础自主检测 阅读识记Ⅰ.英译汉1.astronomy n. 天文学2.fundamental adj. 基本的；基础的3.acid n. 酸4.multiply vi.& vt. 乘；增加Ⅱ.汉译英1.billion pron.& n．& adj. 〈英〉万亿；〈美〉十亿2.gravity n. 万有引力；重力3.satellite n. 卫星；人造卫星4.spaceship n. 宇宙飞船高频应用1.system n. 系统；体系；制度2.theory n. 学说；理论3.atmosphere n. 大气层；气氛4.chain n. 链子；连锁；锁链5.thus adv. 因此；于是6.gentle adj. 温和的；文雅的7.climate n. 气候8.crash vi.& vt. 碰撞；坠落9.pull n．& vt. 拉(力)；拖；牵引力10.float vi.& vt. (使)浮动；(使)漂浮　n. 漂浮物拓展变形1.religion (n.) 宗教；宗教信仰→religious (adj.) 宗教上的；信奉宗教的；虔诚的2.globe (n.) 球体；地球仪；地球→global (adj.) 全球性的；全世界的3.violent (adj.) 猛烈的；激烈的；强暴的→violence (n.) 暴力→violently (adv.) 暴力地；猛烈地4.unlike (prep.) 与……不同；不像→like (vt.) 喜欢 (prep.) 像→dislike (vt.) 不喜欢；讨厌→likely (adj.) 可能的5.harmful (adj.) 有害的→harm (n.& vt.) 伤害→harmless (adj.) 无害的6.reaction (n.) 反应；回应→react (v.) 反应7.exist (vi.) 存在；生存→existence (n.) 存在；生存8.puzzle (vt.& vi.) (使)迷惑；(使)为难 (n.) 谜；难题→puzzled (adj.) 感到困惑的→puzzling (adj.) 令人困惑的9.biology (n.) 生物学→biologist (n.) 生物学家10.physicist (n.) 物理学家→physical (adj.) 物理的；身体的→physician (n.) 医师，(尤指)内科医生→physics (n.) 物理学 1.后缀­ist高频名词①biologist 生物学家②tourist 旅游者；游客③physicist 物理学家④scientist 科学家⑤psychologist 心理学家2.un­前缀高频形容词①unlike 不像的②unfair 不公平的③unimportant 不重要的④unusual 不寻常的⑤unhappy 不幸福的⑥unfortunate 不幸运的3.常见的“n.＋ful→adj.”①use→useful 有用的②pain→painful 疼痛的③peace→peaceful 和平的④harm→harmful 有害的⑤power→powerful 有力的⑥doubt→doubtful 怀疑的⑦meaning→meaningful 有意义的⑧cheer→cheerful 高兴的 一 动词＋介/副词1.prevent ... from 阻止；制止2.depend on/upon 依靠；取决于3.block out 挡住(光线)4.cheer up 感到高兴；感到振奋5.break out 突发；爆发6.watch out for 密切注意；当心；提防二 介词＋名词7.in time 及时；终于8.in one's turn 轮到某人三 其他9.give birth to 产生；分娩10.now that 既然11.get the hang of 熟悉；掌握；理解1.“阻止/禁止某人做某事”的多种表达(1)阻止某人做某事①prevent sb. (from) doing sth.②stop sb. (from) doing sth.③keep sb. from doing sth.(2)禁止某人做某事④prohibit sb. from doing sth.⑤ban sb. from doing sth.⑥forbid sb. from doing sth.2.“动词＋out”短语荟萃①block out 挡住(光线)　　　 ②break out 突发；爆发③find out 查出；弄明白④look/watch out 当心；提防⑤put out 扑灭   ⑥run out 用完⑦let out 泄露；发出(声音)   ⑧die out 灭绝 1.whether ... or not “是否……”The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not (是否). (教材P25)2.make it＋adj./n. for sb./sth. to do sth.This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop (使生命发展成为可能). (教材P26)3.as ... as 比较结构 ..., but it will not be as strong a pull as (像……一样强) the earth's. (教材P31)4.“倍数＋as＋adj./adv.＋as”句型But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth (是地球上的两倍远) and fell over. (教材P31)5.now that 引导的原因状语从句 ... walking does need a bit of practice now that  (既然) gravity has changed. (教材P31) 单句语法填空1.According to a widely          (accept) theory, the universe began with a “Big Bang”          threw matter in all directions.答案：accepted; that2.         is even more important is that          the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface.答案：What; as3.It was not immediately obvious          water was to be fundamental          the development of life.答案：that; to4.         many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve          (harm) gases and acids into the oceans and seas.答案：What; harmful5.They produced young generally          laying eggs.答案：by6.         a result of this, many scientists believe the earth may become too hot          (live) on.答案：As; to live 7.         life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.答案：Whether8.Last month I was lucky enough          (have) a chance          (make) a trip into space with my friend.答案：to have; to make9.I might even grow          (tall) if I stay here long enough.答案：taller10.Leaving the moon's gravity          (be) not as  painful as leaving the earth's.答案：was 考点步步冲关1 harmful　adj. 有害的What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas.(P26)很多科学家相信，由于地球上长期有水存在，使地球得以把有害气体和酸性物质溶解在海洋里。(1)be harmful to sb./sth. 对某人/某物有害(2) 对某人有害(3) 做某事没有坏处 即时练1单句语法填空①As we all know, a bad eating habit is          (harm) to one's health.②As far as I'm concerned, there is no harm          making an apology to him first.答案：①harmful　②in一句多译有些男生对玩电脑游戏简直到了痴迷的程度，这对他们的健康非常有害。③Some boys are too crazy about playing games on the computer,                                     . (定语从句)④Some boys are too crazy about playing games on the computer, and                                               .(并列句)答案：③which is very harmful to their health　④it does great harm to their health 2 exist　vi.存在；生存They laid eggs too and existed on the earth for more than 140 million years.(P26)它们也生蛋，在地球上生存了一亿四千多万年。(1)exist on靠……生存/生活exist in存在于……之中There exist(s) ... 某地有……；存在……(2)come into existence产生；成立；开始存在in existence现存；存在(3)existing adj.现存的；现行的[名师点津]　(1)exist只用作不及物动词，因此没有被动语态，且通常不用于进行时。(2)There exists ... 表示“存在；有”，there不可用it替换。 即时练2单句语法填空①They can't exist          the money he's earning.②Large amounts of Calcium exist          milk.③         exists a generation gap between the young and the old.④Pakistan came into          (exist) as an independent country after the war.答案：①on　②in　③There　④existence 3 pull　n．& vt.拉(力)；拖；牵引力As the rocket rose into the air, we were pushed back into our seats because we were trying to escape  the pull of the earth's gravity.(P30)随着火箭的升空，由于我们在努力挣脱地球的引力，我们被向后推在座位上。pull away (车辆等)驶离；开走pull in (车辆等)进站；停靠pull down   拆除；使受挫；使虚弱pull off (成功地)完成；驶离pull on    (匆忙地)穿上pull out    驶出车站；撤离pull through 恢复健康；渡过难关pull up    停车pull together (使)齐心协力 即时练3用pull相关短语的适当形式填空①The train              and all the passengers got off.②They are                some houses to make room for a new hotel.③Everyone was very concerned about whether he would                or not.④So long as we                there's no mountain top we can't conquer.答案：①pulled in　②pulling down　③pull through　④pull together 1in time 及时；终于；最终教材原句They were in time to produce carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water vapour and other gases, ... (P25)它们最终产生了二氧化碳、氮气、水蒸气和其他多种气体，……(1)at a time 一次；每次at one time 曾经；一度at times 有时；间或at the same time 与此同时；然而at no time 决不；从不in no time 立刻；马上on time 按时；准时for the time being 暂时(2)take one's time 别着急；慢慢来all the time 始终；一直kill time 消磨时光[名师点津]　(1)in time后可接for sth./to do sth.的形式，意为“做某事及时/来得及/正好赶上做某事”。(2)at no time等含否定意义的词组位于句首，句子要部分倒装；in no time意为“立刻，马上”，无否定意义，置于句首，不引起倒装。 即时练1用time相关短语的适当形式填空①They ran all the way to the corner just                to see the bus disappearing up the street.②As the old saying goes, “Where there is a will, there is a way.” Our efforts will pay off               .③              ， I even felt my parents couldn't understand me so I hoped I could be free from them.④             did I feel they were being unreasonable.⑤We'll be there               .答案：①in time　②in time　③At one time　④At no time　⑤in no time 2in one's turn 轮到某人教材原句Thus they have, in their turn, become the most important animals on the planet.(P26)于是，他们接着成为了这个行星上最重要的动物。in turn 依次；轮流；逐个；相应地；转而by turns 轮流；交替take turns doing/to do sth. 轮流做……It's one's turn to do sth. 轮到某人干某事turn out to be sth. 结果是；原来是It turns/turned out that ...  结果是…… 即时练2用turn相关短语的适当形式填空①When it is               ， I am too excited to speak.②All theories are from practice and              serve practice.③The young parents had to                to look after their sick baby.④I think                to drive the kids to school this week.⑤It                  that I was wrong.答案：①in my turn　②in turn　③take turns　④it's my turn　⑤turned out 1This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop.(P26)翻译这就产生了一个连锁反应，使生命的发展成为可能。句型make it＋adj./n.＋for sb. to do，其中it作形式宾语，而真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式。(1)make＋it＋形容词/名词＋that从句make＋it＋形容词/名词＋to do不定式make＋it＋no good/no use/no value ... ＋doing sth.(2)常用于这种句型的动词还有：think, consider, find, feel等。 即时练1单句语法填空①They want to make          clear to the public that they do an important and necessary job.②People in the west make it a rule          (buy) Christmas presents for their relatives and friends.③I consider it no use          (quarrel) with him about it.答案：①it　②to buy　③quarrelling一句多译精通这项科技可能会让我们更加有效地利用网络。④Mastering the technology makes it possible                              more effectively. (用不定式)⑤Mastering the technology makes it possible                              more effectively. (用宾语从句)答案：④for us to use the Internet　⑤that we can use the Internet 2But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.(P31)翻译而当我试着向前迈步的时候，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍，因而我摔倒了。twice as far as  ... 是一种倍数的表示方法，意为“是……的两倍远”。as far as ... “远到……”。英语中四种最常见的倍数表达法：(1)倍数＋as＋原级＋as ... (2)倍数＋比较级＋than ... (3)倍数＋the size/length/width/height/depth ... of ... (4)倍数＋what从句[名师点津]　在表示“两倍”时要用double或twice，三倍或三倍以上用“基数词＋times”。倍数有时也可以用分数、百分数、half等来替换。 即时练2单句语法填空①It is said that his new apartment is twice          (large) than the old one.②The population now in this village is five times          it was ten years ago.答案：①larger　②what一句多译据报道，最近发现的一颗行星几乎是地球的三倍大。③It is reported that a new planet that has been discovered recently is almost three times                  the earth.④It is reported that a new planet that has been discovered recently is almost three times                  the earth.⑤It is reported that a new planet that has been discovered recently is almost three times                  the earth.答案：③as large as　④larger than　⑤the size of 主语从句主语从句　用作主语的从句称为主语从句(Subject Clause)。引导主语从句的连接词主要有三类：(1)连词that, whether等；(2)连接代词what, who, whose, whatever, whichever, whoever等；(3)连接副词when, where, why, how等。①That she could come to help us made us very happy.她能来帮我们，这使得我们很高兴。②Where the English evening will be held hasn't been decided.英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有决定下来。③Whatever you do in your spare time should do no harm to others.无论你在业余时间做什么都不应伤害他人。主语从句能用it作形式上的主语　由于主语从句太长，为了避免头重脚轻，常常用it作形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末。比较常见的句型有：(1)It＋be＋形容词(important, likely, possible, clear等)＋主语从句；(2)It＋be＋名词(fact, idea, mystery, pity, pleasure, wonder等)＋主语从句； (3)It＋be＋过去分词(known, said, reported, suggested等)＋主语从句；(4)It＋特殊动词(appear, seem, happen等)＋主语从句。④It is obvious to the students that they should get well prepared for their future.很显然，学生们应该为自己的未来做好准备。⑤It is suggested that the old man (should) go to the countryside to have a rest.建议这位老人到乡下去休养。⑥It  happened that she was out when we called.我们打电话时她碰巧不在家。 即时练Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．Every year,          makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.答案：whoever2．        we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.答案：How3．I think          impresses me about his painting is the colors he uses.答案：what4．         the boy didn't take medicine made his mother angry.答案：That5．It is likely          babies are not born knowing this basic fact of the universe; nor are they ever clearly taught it.答案：thatⅡ.单句改错1．Who has helped to save the drowning girl is worthy of being praised. 答案：Who→Whoever2．In some countries, that is called equality does not really mean equal rights for all people. 答案：that→what3．It is really a wonder he is still alive after the crash. 答案：he前加that4．That we were interested in was whether they managed to control the pollution here. 答案：That→What5．How our spring sports meet will be held or not this week is not known yet. 答案：How→Whether 基础达标演练Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．The production is now 3 times          it was ten years ago.答案：what2．During those four years, he worked day and night, thus          (improve) his theory gradually until it was complete.答案：improving3．Sometimes he found          very hard to fall asleep at night, so he went to see the doctor.答案：it4．What makes me          (puzzle) is why he left the country without telling anyone.答案：puzzled5．Many household products are potentially          (harm)．答案：harmful6．         we should work out a plan to deal with the present serious situation is important.答案：That7．         (like) most people in the office, I don't come to work by car.答案：Unlike8．The argument remains extremely heated on whether there are necessary conditions of          (exist) such as water on Mars.答案：existence9．If our parents do everything for us, we won't learn to depend          ourselves.答案：on10．The limits of a person's intelligence, generally speaking, are fixed at birth, but          he reaches these limits will depend on his environment.答案：whetherⅡ.单句改错1．Apes have flexible hands much like ours but unlike that of any other creature. 答案：that→those2．Whenever I get in trouble, my father always encourages me, “Don't worry, my girl. I'm sure everything will get better on time.” 答案：on→in3．The new bridge is three times width of that one built last year. 答案：width前加the4．We hope the new machine will work faster, instead reducing our costs. 答案：instead→thus/hence/therefore5．Teachers can help them learn to take risks in an atmosphere that they feel confident about doing so. 答案：that→whereⅢ.教材微写作A．根据提示完成句子1．地球是火星的六倍大。(time; size)  答案：The earth is six times the size of Mars.2．我们能登陆火星吗？这完全取决于科学和技术的发展。 (depend on)  答案：Can we land on Mars? It all depends on the development of science and technology.3．火星上几乎没有氧气，这使生命存在成为不可能。 (make; exist)  答案：There is almost no oxygen on Mars, which makes it impossible for life to exist.4．中午的温度可能在50度左右，而晚上的温度则在零下100度左右。这使得我们无法在那里生活。(prevent ... from ... )  答案：It might be about 50 degrees above zero at noon and 100 degrees below zero at night, which prevents us from living there.5．既然火星与地球完全不同，如果我们计划有朝一日去火星的话，我们不得不带上我们自己的氧气、食物、衣服和住的地方。(now that)  答案：Now that Mars is quite different from the earth, if we are to go to Mars one day, we have to take our own oxygen, food, clothing and shelter with us.B．将以上句子连成一篇逻辑严密的短文，注意书写规范答案：The earth is six times the size of Mars. Whether we can land on Mars all depends on the development of science and technology. There is almost no oxygen on Mars, which makes it impossible for life to exist. It might be about 50 degrees above zero at noon and 100 degrees below zero at night, which prevents us from living there. Now that Mars is quite different from the earth, if we are to go to Mars one day, we have to take our own oxygen, food, clothing and shelter with us.