2019版二轮复习英语练酷版练习：专题四 习题讲评 课五(含解析)

 选考点——冠词、代词及其他


技法一
根据特指或泛指选择冠词
1.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.
解析：the　此处是特指，故用定冠词the。over the past 25 years表示“在过去的25年里”。
2．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This included digging up the road, laying the track and then building a strong roof over top.
解析：the　此处特指“地铁的顶部”，故用定冠词the。
3．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Instead, she is earning ￡6,500 a day as model in New York.
解析：a　句意：相反，她在纽约作为一名模特每天挣6 500英镑。model是可数名词，前面没有限定词，而此处泛指“一个”，故填a。
4．(2018·湖北七市联考) great Chinese poet Li Bai from the Tang Dynasty once compared Yang Yuhuan’s beautiful face to blooming peonies (牡丹)．
解析：The　句中Li Bai作poet的同位语，而介词短语“from the Tang Dynasty”是后置定语，所以空格处应填定冠词The表示特指。
5．(2018·福州期末) center of the city Beijing was the royal palace — the Forbidden City.
解析：The　句意：北京城的中心是皇宫——紫禁城。根据该句中的“of the city Beijing”可知，该处特指“北京城的中心”，故用定冠词The。
6．(2018·福州四校联考)On topic of classical music, I always love the clapping and the cheering which come at the end of a concert.
解析：the　此处表示特指，故用定冠词the。
7．(2018·太原阶段测评)Society even glorifies “burning the candle at both ends” as sign of our devotion to work and family.
解析：a　此处指作为我们对工作和家庭的奉献的一种标志，表示泛指，故用a。
8．(2018·陕西质量检测一)There is saying in education that Harvard is the crown of American education and Harvard Business School is the shining diamond on it.
解析：a　该处泛指“一句格言”，且saying的读音以辅音音素开头，故用不定冠词a。
技法二
根据固定搭配选择冠词
1.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ改编)In tonight’s Easter special they come to aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget.
解析：the　固定短语come to the aid of “给……帮助”。
2．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Unexpectedly, I’m face­to­face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at top of her lungs.
解析：the　at the top of one’s lungs是固定短语，意为“用尽量大的声音”，因此填定冠词the。
3．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)As result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.
解析：a　句意：结果，人们将吃更多的食物去弥补损失的东西。固定短语as a result表示“结果”，故填a。
4．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for while, exercising, or doing something you enjoy.
解析：a　for a while“一会儿”，为固定短语。
5．(2018·太原二模)Then he opened one of his bags and gave me handful of freshly picked cherries, explaining that he had just taken them from his orchard.
解析：a　固定搭配a handful of意为“一把……”，故用不定冠词a。
6．People develop a preference for a particular style of learning at early age and the preference affects learning.
解析：an　at an early age“在幼年时”，形容词early的读音以元音音素开头，因此用不定冠词an来修饰。
7．You are working so hard.You’d better keep balance between work and relaxation.
解析：a　keep a balance为固定搭配，意为“保持平衡”，故此处应填a。
8．As you know, science plays very important role in our education.
解析：a　play an important role in ...为固定搭配，意为“在……中扮演重要角色(发挥重要作用)”，因为空格后有读音以辅音音素开头的very，故填冠词a。
技法三
根据所指对象确定代词
1.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using every day.
解析：it　use是及物动词，其后接宾语，此处应用it指代前面提到的the railway。
2．(2016·浙江高考改编)In many ways, the education system in the US is not very different from in the UK.
解析：that　句意：在很多方面，美国的教育体系与英国的并没有很大的不同。分析句子结构可知，这里指代前面的不可数名词the education system，为避免重复，所以用that。
3．(2015·广东高考)Now it occurred to that his farm had much potential and that the death of the cow was a bit of luck.
解析：him　It occurred to sb. that ...意为“某人突然想到……”，根据语境可知此处指突然发生在他身上的事情。
4．(2018·湖南长郡中学检测)However, quite a few others, especially in the countryside, would fix a lucky date so that their marriage would have “Double Happiness”．
解析：those　根据语境可知，空格处指那些在农村地区的人，表示复数，故用代词those。
5．(2018·湖北八校第一次联考)Chekhov said, “Before drinking from his cup, he held with his hands and presented to me and the bar owner and bartenders, saying ‘qing (please)’．”
解析：it　此处表示：在喝酒之前，他手举着杯子，向“我”和酒吧老板及酒吧服务员说“请”。根据该句中的“Before drinking from his cup, he held with his hands”可知，空格处指代该句中的“cup”，故用it。
技法四
根据所作成分确定代词的转换
1.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find (they) alive.
解析：them　人称代词作宾语时，要用其宾格。them在此作find的宾语，指代上文的the gorillas。
2．(2017·6月浙江高考)“She thought I had hurt (I)，” says Pahlsson.
解析：myself　句意：Pahlsson说：“她以为我伤到了自己。”宾语从句中的主语为I，空格处为宾语，替代主语时，应用反身代词。故填myself。
3．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)On my recent visit, I held a lively three­month­old twin that had been rejected by (it) mother.
解析：its　句意：最近的一次参观中，“我”抱着一对可爱的、三个月大的双胞胎中的一个，它被它的妈妈遗弃了。根据句意可知此处应该使用形容词性物主代词its作定语。
4．(2018·四川成都九校联考)At that time, I thought he was a strange man who got on (I) nerves.
解析：my　此处表示这个男人会让我心烦。由句意以及句子结构可知，空格处应用形容词性物主代词，故填my。get on one’s nerves“烦扰，使心神不定”。
5．(2019·南昌一模)The village of Zhouzhuang in Jiangsu calls (it) “the oldest water town in China”．
解析：itself　句意：江苏周庄自称“中国最古老的水乡”。根据语境可知，应用反身代词itself。
6．At the end of the Qing Dynasty, after closed China came under the influence from abroad, many old hutongs lost (they) former neat arrangement.
解析：their　根据空格后的名词短语“former neat arrangement” 可知，空格处修饰该名词短语，故用形容词性物主代词。
7．(2018·惠州第二次调研)The unnamed woman admitted to regularly playing the game for seven or eight hours without moving and finally lost (she) right eyesight.
解析：her　根据空格后的“right eyesight”可知，此处应用形容词性物主代词修饰名词，故填her。
8．(2018·昆明调研)In the tour packages, tourists can imagine (they) to be ancient merchants by riding camels in deserts.
解析：themselves　本句表达的意思是“通过在沙漠中骑骆驼，游客们可以把他们自己想象成古代的商人”，所以要用反身代词。
技法五
代词固定搭配、固定句式要记全
1.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ) If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give a try.
解析：it/running　此处号召我们尝试一下跑步这种运动，故填名词running，也可用it指代。give it/sth. a try是固定短语，意为“尝试某事物”。
2．(2018·福州期末)And the hutong today is fading into the shade for tourists and local people.
解析：both　both ...and ...为固定搭配，意为“两者都……”。
3．(2018·洛阳市第一次统考)The tour guide told us there were almost 8,700 rooms in the Palace Museum.During the Ming Dynasty, construction began in 1406. took 14 years to build the Forbidden City.
解析：It　“It takes (sb.) some time to do sth.”为固定句型，意为“花费(某人)多长时间做某事”，故此处应用It作形式主语。
4．(2018·广州调研)Microbes can’t survive on (they) own. They need food.
解析：their　on one’s own为固定用法，意为“单独地，独自地”。
5．(2018·重庆第一次调研)There are mainly 3 stone areas. One big area seems to be deep and dark red. two areas seem almost yellow and green.
解析：Another　根据上文中的“3 stone areas”和“One big area”可知，这里用Another。Another two areas表示“另外两个地区”。
技法六
熟记基数词和序数词的相互转换
1.(2018·福州期末)However, in the urban district of Beijing houses along hutongs still occupy one (three) of the total area, providing housing for half population, so many hutongs survived.
解析：third　该处指“在北京市区的胡同中的房子占整个地区的三分之一”，表示分数时，分子用基数词，分母用序数词，故填third。
2．(2018·日照联考)Many of these workers are young, and some are even in their (twenty)．
解析：twenties　in one’s twenties为固定用法，意为“在某人二十多岁的时候”。
3．I don’t think the British opera you told me about this morning is worth seeing a (two) time.
解析：second　句意：我认为今天早上你跟我谈到的那部英国歌剧不值得再看一次。“a＋序数词”表示“再一，又一”。
4．According to one study, two (five) of the boys of middle school in urban India are getting some after­school tutoring.
解析：fifths　句意：根据一项调查，在印度城市里，上中学的男孩中的五分之二都上课外辅导班。分数的分子用基数词，分母用序数词表示。如果分子大于1，序数词用复数。


1．不定冠词“一”“再”“惯”
(1)在单数可数名词前，表示“一”概念；
(2)在序数词前，表示“又一，再一”；
(3)用于某些习惯用法，常见的搭配有：catch a cold, have a fever, all of a sudden, as a matter of fact, as a result, have a gift for, make a living, have/take a rest, give sb. a lift, have a good knowledge of等。
They found an apartment in America.They were there for only a month.
他们在美国找到一个公寓，在那里待了仅仅一个月。
As the old saying goes, “Rome was not built in a day.”
常言道，“罗马不是一天建成的。”
He missed the gold medal in the high jump, but will get a second chance in the long jump.
他在跳高比赛中没有赢得金牌，但是，在跳远比赛中他还有一次(获得金牌的)机会。
2．定冠“特”“序”“独”“专”“乐”“惯”
(1)特指某人或某事；
(2)用在序数词及最高级前；
(3)用在世界上独一无二的东西及某些专用名词前；
(4)用在乐器名词前；
(5)用在固定搭配中，如：at the same time, on the contrary, to tell the truth, in the distance, make the most/best of, in the middle of, on the spot等。
As is known to all, the People’s Republic of China is the biggest developing country in the world.
众所周知，中华人民共和国是世界上最大的发展中国家。
The little girl likes to play the violin and often plays it after school.
这个小女孩喜欢拉小提琴，经常放学后演奏。
The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you will make.
你越小心，就会越少犯错误。
3．代词选用前后看
(1)填it的情况：作形式主语和形式宾语一定用it；指代前面提到的同一个物体；固定搭配，如make it(成功)，as sb. puts it (正如某人所说)。
(2)语境中给出两个选择的情况：二者选其一，用either；二者都不选，用neither；二者都选，用both。
(3)表示其他或另外的情况：若表示“另外一个”，即暗指除这个之外的另一个，用another; other和others均表示不确定意义，其中other可以修饰名词，而others后不能接名词，两者的关系可描述为：others＝other＋复数名词。
Some like staying at home at the weekend; others like going to the cinema.
一些人喜欢周末待在家里，另一些人喜欢去看电影。
It worries me the way he keeps changing his mind.
他老是改变主意，这让我很厌烦。
4．基数词和序数词对比记忆
one—first; two—second; three—third; four—fourth; five—fifth; six—sixth; seven—seventh; eight—eighth; nine—ninth; ten—tenth; twenty—twentieth; thirty—thirtieth; forty—fortieth
Beijing is the second largest city in China.
北京是中国第二大城市。

1．受惯性思维模式影响，看到元音字母就用an，看到辅音字母就用a；看到very 就用the
考生在做题时要注意：若可数名词或其前的修饰词的读音以元音音素开头，则要用不定冠词an，如an NBA player, an X­ray examination, an 11­year­old girl；若可数名词或其前的修饰词的读音以辅音音素开头，则用不定冠词a。特别要注意useful, universal, uniform, united等词前的不定冠词要用a; hour, honest, honor等词前的不定冠词要用an。
①(2018·日照联考)Many people may think the Forbidden City, or the Palace Museum, is outstanding and old­fashioned museum.
分析：根据语境可知，此处表示泛指，故用不定冠词；又因为空格后单词“outstanding”的读音以元音音素开头，故用冠词an。
②(2018·湖南长郡中学检测)The wedding ceremony is usually hosted warmly and it very often ends with unique banquet.
分析：空格后的banquet为可数名词，表示泛指，且unique的读音以辅音音素开头，故用不定冠词a。
③The Tianzishan mountain ranges, Baofenghu and the Suoxi Valley, is very popular filming and tourist destination.
分析：destination为可数名词，且在此表示泛指，故填a。
2．代词it 用法灵活，句式结构不会分析
it用作形式主语或形式宾语，而把真正的主语或宾语放在后面，真正的主语或宾语往往由从句、动名词、不定式充当。
No matter where he is, he makes it a rule to go for a walk before breakfast.
不管在哪里，他养成了早餐前散步的习惯。
①(2018·浙江高考)Many westerners who come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap can be to eat out.
分析：分析句子结构可知，该宾语从句中it作形式主语，动词不定式作真正的主语。故填it。
②(2018·山东东营一模) is generally acknowledged that young people from poorer social­economic backgrounds tend to do less well in our education system.
分析：句意：人们普遍认为，在我们的教育体制里，社会经济背景不佳的年轻人往往会表现欠佳。it作形式主语，“that young people ...system”为主语从句，是真正的主语。故填It。
③(2018·河北唐山一次调研)I realized was foolish to judge Al that way.
分析：句意：我意识到那样判断阿尔是愚蠢的。设空处需用it作形式主语，本句中的“to judge Al that way”为真正的主语。故填it。


一、
单句对点练——练明考点
1.(2018·惠州第二次调研)Being world’s most popular online battle game, it already has over 200 million players in China.
解析：the　考查冠词。句意：作为世界上最受欢迎的网络对战游戏，它在中国已经拥有超过两亿的玩家。形容词最高级前应用定冠词the。
2．(2018·河南省豫北名校质量评估)Lanzhou is also qualified as hometown of Chinese beef noodle.
解析：the　考查冠词。句意：兰州也被认为是中国牛肉面的故乡。此处表示特指，应用定冠词the。
3．On whole, Canadian students do have a lot of freedom.
解析：the　考查冠词。on the whole“从整体上说”，为固定搭配。
4．(2018·新疆第二次适应性检测)Besides, reference books are just assistant, so we should not rely on them too much.Only in this way can we make full use of reference books.
解析：an　考查冠词。assistant是可数名词，且第一次在语境中出现，故用不定冠词修饰，且assistant的读音以元音音素开头，故用an。
5．(2018·山西省适应性考试)All too soon it was time to leave. I really enjoyed my stay in Xi’an. It is indeed worth second visit.
解析：a　考查冠词。句意：时间过得太快了，到了该离开的时间了。我真的喜欢待在西安。它的确是值得再次参观的。“a＋序数词”表示：又一，再一。
6．This simple way of helping people is now making big difference to society.
解析：a　考查冠词。make a difference“产生影响”为固定搭配。
7．(2018·重庆第一次调研)Bike sharing, for example, is not new itself. But China has made much more convenient and popular both in China and overseas.
解析：it　考查代词。这里it指代前面的Bike sharing，充当动词made的宾语。
8．(2018·山东师大附中二模)At that moment an attractive young lady who noticed my book came up to me and introduced .
解析：herself　考查代词。句意：那时，一位迷人的年轻女士注意到了我的书，向我走来并自我介绍。设空处作宾语，该空处与主语“an attractive young lady”指同一人，故用反身代词herself。
9．Feeling that I could not stand waiting in such a line any longer, I decided to join one.
解析：another　考查代词。表示“另外的”用another。
10．(2018·河南洛阳第一次统考)“As soon as he opens (he) mouth and sings in Chinese, the Chinese are very surprised and they feel very proud of him，” said his music teacher.
解析：his　考查代词。根据语境mouth和主语he可知，此处应用形容词性物主代词his修饰名词mouth，在句子中作定语。

二、
原创语篇练——练熟技法
阅读下面短文，根据本部分语法内容，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。注意使用上面的技法。
As an old English saying goes, “Honesty is the best policy.” It is more than an old cliche (陈词滥调), but 1 good way to live your life.
First, honesty is 2 easiest choice that we can make. When people get caught in lies, it always costs them something. Many relationships are destroyed by lies.
3 (two), honesty gives us much freedom. Many people believe that being honest limits 4 (they) in life, but that is not true. Sooner or later those dishonest people will pay a price for 5 (they) acts; on 6 contrary, when we are honest, we are truly free.
If there were two people standing before 7 ， a person with a record of being honest and a person who is known to be dishonest, who would you be more likely to believe? I’m sure most people would side with 8 honest person. Either we live in the truth or we live in lies. The truth sets us free and lies leave us in nothing 9 more troubles. Honesty is a choice that we make each day. The choice is 10 (you). What will you choose?
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了诚实在人们生活中的重要性。
1．a　考查冠词的用法。此处表示泛指“一种好方法”，因此填不定冠词a。
2．the　考查冠词的用法。最高级前需要填定冠词the。
3．Second　考查序数词。和上一段First相呼应。
4．them　考查代词。此处指代前面的Many people，作limits的宾语。
5．their　考查代词。名词acts前用形容词性物主代词。
6．the　考查冠词的固定搭配。on the contrary“相反”。
7．you　考查代词。根据后面的“who would you be more likely to believe”可知，此处应填you。
8．the　考查冠词。结合上文，“一个诚实的人及一个不诚实的人”，此处特指那个诚实的人。
9．but　考查介词。nothing but ...“只有……”，为固定表达。
10．yours　考查代词。此处用名词性物主代词yours作表语，指代“your choice”。

三、
仿真综合练——练通高考
A
(2018·福建省高三质量检查) No one is sure how many Americans belong to reading groups called book clubs.Yet 1 (publisher) and bookstores report that more and more people throughout the United States are joining 2 (they)．
Most of the clubs work the same way. Members read the same book at the same time.Then they meet to talk about the book.Members may be friends or people 3 live near each other.Some Americans belong to reading groups on 4 Internet.These groups include people around the world who communicate about books they read.They send electronic mails instead of gathering 5 (discuss) books.
Most reading groups study books by 6 (variety) writers.However, some groups read the work of a single writer, 7 (usual) one that has been famous for a while.Other groups may 8 (name) for an important person in the work of a writer, 9 a Sherlock Holmes Club.Members of these book clubs often are experts on their 10 (choose) reading materials. One member of a Holmes reading group, for example, can identify almost every person in every Sherlock Holmes story.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了美国越来越多的人加入读书俱乐部以及读书俱乐部的运作方式、命名方式等。
1．publishers　考查名词复数。此处与and后面的bookstores一起构成并列主语，publisher为可数名词，且其前无限定词修饰，故填publishers。
2．them　考查代词。join表示“成为……的一员，加入”，是及物动词，后面应跟宾语，故填they的宾格形式them。
3．who/that　考查定语从句。先行词是people，空处在从句中作主语，故填who/that。
4．the　考查冠词。on the Internet“在网上”，为固定搭配。
5．to discuss　考查非谓语动词。他们发送电子邮件而不是聚集起来讨论(他们读过的)书。此处动词不定式作目的状语。
6．various　考查形容词。大部分读书俱乐部研究不同作家的书。空后的writers为名词，应该用形容词来修饰，variety的形容词形式为various，故填various。
7．usually　考查副词。空后的“one that has been famous for a while”是空前writer的同位语。usually起强调作用，修饰代词one。
8．be named　考查动词的语态。其他的俱乐部可能以一个作家的作品里的一个重要人物而命名，比如夏洛克·福尔摩斯俱乐部。此处name是动词，意为“命名”，在句中作谓语，与主语“Other groups”之间为被动关系，且空前有情态动词，故填be named。
9．like　考查介词。参见上题解析。空后为举例子，故填like“像，例如”。
10．chosen　考查非谓语动词。这些读书俱乐部的成员通常是他们选中的阅读材料方面的专家。提示词choose是动词，与其所修饰的名词短语“reading materials”之间为逻辑上的被动关系，所以用choose的过去分词作定语，故填chosen。
B
(2018·石家庄一模) Mike Taylor, a university student in the study of prehistoric life forms for his Ph.D., discovered a brand­new species of dinosaur, while 1 (conduct) research at the Natural History Museum in the United Kingdom.This new species 2 (identify) as part of the sauropod family of dinosaurs.The sauropods were four­legged, vegetarian dinosaurs, 3 very long necks and tails, and relatively small skulls and brains.One of their most unusual 4 (characteristic) was their nostrils, which were higher up in their head, almost near the eyes.So far, the sauropod bones 5 (find) in every continent except Antarctica, and they are one of the longest living group of dinosaurs, spanning over 100 million years.This new species, 6 (name) Xenoposeidon proneneukos, which means forward sloping, lived about 140 million years ago.
Mike Taylor, 7 has spent five years studying sauropod vertebrae, 8 (immediate) knew that this was the backbone of a sauropod. However, he had never seen one like this before. 9 (far) research proved this was indeed a new kind of sauropod.The bone, which had been discovered in 10 1890’s, had never been examined.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。迈克·泰勒偶然发现了一种新的恐龙物种。经研究证明，这是一种新的蜥脚类动物。
1．conducting　考查现在分词。该句主语“Mike Taylor”和动词“conduct”之间是逻辑上的主动关系，且根据空前的“while”可知，该处表示动作正在发生，故用conducting。该句也可以看成状语从句的省略，省略了主语“Mike Taylor”和be动词“was”。
2．was identified　考查动词的时态和语态。该句主语“This new species”和动词“identify”之间是被动关系，故用被动语态；此处陈述的是过去发生的事情，故用一般过去时。
3．with　考查介词。该蜥脚类动物为四肢食草恐龙，它有着长长的脖子和尾巴，还有相对小的头骨和大脑。with表示“具有，带有”。
4．characteristics　考查名词复数。characteristic为可数名词，根据该句中的“One of”可知，该处用名词的复数形式。
5．have been found　考查动词的时态和语态以及主谓一致。根据该句中的“So far”可知，该句用现在完成时；该句的主语“the sauropod bones”为复数形式，且和动词“find”之间是被动关系，故用被动语态，谓语动词用复数形式。
6．named　考查非谓语动词。分析该句结构可知，空处作“This new species”的后置定语；主语“This new species”和动词“name”之间是逻辑上的被动关系，故用named。
7．who　考查定语从句。分析该句结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为“Mike Taylor”，指人，关系词在从句中作主语，故用who引导该定语从句。
8．immediately　考查副词。根据空后的动词“knew”可知，空处修饰该动词，表示“立即，立刻”，故用immediate的副词形式。
9．Further　考查形容词比较级。进一步的研究证明，这的确是一种新的蜥脚类动物。根据句意可知，空处用比较级，表示“更进一步的”。
10．the　考查定冠词。in the 1890’s表示“在19世纪90年代”，故用定冠词the。
C
(2018·合肥市第二次质量检测) Xuan paper, known as one of the Four Treasures of the Study, first came into 1 (exist) in Xuan Prefecture in the Tang Dynasty.The traditional skill of making the paper 2 hand has been passed down through generations.The process takes as many as 18 steps, all of 3 require a level of delicacy.
Take paper­making master Zhou Donghong, for example.He uses a fine screen to filter (过滤) a mixture of water and fibers.He lifts it up, and it’s a sheet of paper.It takes him and his partner only 15 seconds 4 (form) and shape it, but they’ve devoted 5 (they) to perfecting the skills for decades.
“There are a lot of tricks of filtering the fibers, and timing is the 6 (difficult) part of all.We have only one chance to filter the right amount of fibers, and only the proper weight guarantees the paper is neither too thin nor too thick, and the margin (差额) for error is 7 (extreme) small，” said Zhou.With just the right degree of thickness, top quality Xuan paper holds ink and water tightly.
The skill of paper­making, 8 (recognize) as a national treasure, has also proven to be an international one.We felt 9 great sense of pride as it was listed as a world intangible cultural heritage (非物质文化遗产) by UNESCO in 2009.Since then, in Jing County, Xuan papermaking 10 (teach) in schools.
语篇解读：本文主要介绍了中国文房四宝之一——宣纸。
1．existence　考查名词。come into existence“产生，开始存在”，是固定短语，故此处填名词existence。
2．by　考查介词。by hand意为“用手工”，是固定搭配。
3．which　考查定语从句。which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词steps，在从句中作介词of的宾语。
4．to form　考查非谓语动词。此处为固定句型It takes sb.some time to do sth.，意为“做某事花费某人多长时间”，It作形式主语，不定式作真正的主语。
5．themselves　考查代词。固定搭配devote oneself to sth./doing sth.意为“致力于做某事”，故用反身代词themselves。
6．most difficult　考查形容词最高级。结合“There are a lot of tricks of filtering the fibers”和“of all”可推知，此处表示时间的控制是其中最困难的部分，故用形容词最高级形式修饰名词part，与下文中的“only”呼应。
7．extremely　考查副词。此处应用副词extremely修饰形容词small，在句子中作状语。
8．recognized　考查非谓语动词。recognize和句子的谓语proven之间没有连词，故用非谓语动词形式；且recognize和句子的主语The skill之间构成逻辑上的被动关系，故用过去分词作后置定语。
9．a　考查冠词。此处为固定搭配a sense of ...，意为“一种……感”，且great的读音以辅音音素开头，故用不定冠词a。
10．has been taught　考查动词的时态和语态。根据“Since then”可知，句子中应用现在完成时；又因谓语teach和句子的主语Xuan paper­making是被动关系，故用现在完成时的被动语态。