2019版二轮复习英语练酷版练习：专题一 习题讲评 课八(含解析)

词义猜测题增分点(一)——“根据上下文语境”猜测

[典例]　(2018·全国卷Ⅰ阅读C节选)

...

Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation­state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.

...

29. Which of the following best explains “dominant” underlined in paragraph 2?

A．Complex.　　　　　 B．Advanced.

C．Powerful.  D．Modern.

[解析]　选C　根据选段第二句“In recent centuries, trade ...dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.”可知，近几个世纪以来，人类社会发展的很多因素导致许多语言消失，而逐渐被英语、西班牙语和汉语等语言取代，这就暗示出这些语言是“占主导地位的”。由此推知dominant languages意为：占主导地位的语言。故选C。

[干扰项分析]　complex复杂的；advanced高级的，先进的；modern现代的。这三项不能说明这几种语言占主导地位的根本原因。

[增分技巧]　利用上下文语境猜词义

在文章中，任何一个单词都不是孤立存在的，它总要通过上下文和其他单词有着紧密的联系(如定义、重述、举例、近义词和反义词等)，通过这些联系可以猜测出单词的意思。

有时作者在阐述某人、某物或某一现象的特点时，先是一般地或概括性地说一下，然后再作具体的说明或解释；或者反过来，先作具体的阐述，然后再进行归纳、总结。如果读者能抓住作者的思路就能从那些具体说明、解释或归纳中找出猜词的线索来。

做词义猜测题，要学会“顺藤摸瓜”和“上下取证”，即利用上下文提供的情景和线索，结合我们的生活常识和社会经验进行符合逻辑的综合分析，并依此来推测词义，切忌脱离上下文盲目猜测。

A(2018·全国卷Ⅲ阅读D节选)

Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that more is more when it comes to kids and their belongings? The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.

...

32．What do the words “more is more” in paragraph 1 probably mean?

A．The more, the better.

B．Enough is enough.

C．More money, more worries.

D．Earn more and spend more.

解析：选A　根据选段第三句可知，作者不认同前面的more is more这种观点；再根据第一句可知，成人能够理解到处堆满物品是什么感受，可是当涉及孩子和他们的物品时，为什么我们总是认为(孩子)拥有的东西越多越好呢？more is more是相对于enough is enough而言的，故选A项。

B(2018·浙江高考阅读B节选)

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Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year.So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts (收银台)．The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California，including Los Angeles.Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.

...

25．What does the word “headwinds” in paragraph 2 refer to?

A．Bans on plastic bags.

B．Effects of city development.

C．Headaches caused by garbage.

D．Plastic bags hung in trees.

解析：选A　根据画线单词所在句“看到这种’逆风’，塑料袋制造商雇用了一些像Stein一样的科学家来说明他们的产品并没有像大多数人认为的那样对地球有害”，再联系上一句“The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in ...”可知，A项“禁止使用塑料袋”为正确选项。

C(2016·全国卷Ⅰ阅读C节选)

I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012, I’ve done 89 trips — of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells (干细胞) in my little box because I’ve got two ice packs and that’s how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor (捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we’ve got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.

...

29．Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph 1?

A．provider　　　　　　  B．delivery man

C．collector  D．medical doctor

解析：选B　根据画线单词后的“I’ve done 89 trips ... to carry stem cells (干细胞)”以及“...from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor (捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we’ve got 72 hours ...”可知，“我”是一个运送干细胞的人，运送有严格的时间限制，故B项“送货员”与之相符合。

D(2016·北京高考阅读D节选)

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For previous generations, college was a decisive break from parental control; guidance and support needed to come from people of the same age and from within. In the past two decades, however, continued connection with and dependence on family, thanks to cell phones, email and social media, have increased significantly. Some parents go so far as to help with coursework. Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility, universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home.

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68．The underlined word “passage” in Paragraph 2 means         .

A．change　　　　　　　　 B．choice

C．text  D．extension

解析：选A　此题考查passage的熟词新义。根据画线部分后面的内容“from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility”可知，此处指从受到家庭的庇护到拥有自主性和担负起成年人的责任，这是大学阶段的一种“转变”。

(加★的题目可根据上下文语境解题)

A

In my first college poetry class we were supposed to write poems.My efforts satisfied neither me nor the professor.I recall one poem about the rushing sounds of cars in rain.

After the last term, I picked up my work at the professor’s office and asked, my knees shaking, “Do I have any talent？” I’d earned a B — even though I did every task and missed no classes.He was a kind person.“Probably not，” he said softly, looking down.“Thank you.” I said, and walked back to my dorm.I felt like a grafted (嫁接的) apple tree: part of me disappointed; another part defiant.

The defiant part led me to another poetry class the following year.This time, students drove the discussion and we read contemporary poems. I earned an “A”．Many years later, the professor told me that every student who did the work earned an “A”．His approach was as encouraging as the first instructor’s was discouraging, but from that discouragement, I learned that teachers don’t hold the keys to their students’ talent.

I believe that every human being is born with talent for making art: visual, literary or musical.Some lucky souls are born with many talents.But no one can predict if or when talent might develop into art that others recognize as good.Artists must have enough ego (自我) to make art and enough modesty to improve it.They must be open to change.They must be their own toughest critics (批评者)，and be able to absorb the criticism.

I’ve been teaching creative writing for more than 30 years now.Students sometimes ask me, “Do I have talent？” I tell them my story, and I repeated Joyce Carol Oates’ words, “There is only the work.”And then I say, “Of course you have talent, but you must not need praise.Make art regardless of whether anyone approves —  or even notices.”

语篇解读：本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者参加了诗歌班，老师却认为作者没有天赋，但作者并没有气馁，而是继续努力，最终成为一名创意写作老师。

★1.What does the underlined word “defiant” mean in Paragraph 2?

A．Showing sorrow.　　  B．Showing satisfaction.

C．Showing desperation.  D．Showing disagreement.

解析：选D　词义猜测题。从画线部分前面的内容“I felt like a grafted (嫁接的) apple tree: part of me disappointed”可知，作者认为自己就像一棵嫁接的苹果树，一半失望的，一半“反抗”的。第三段开头的“The defiant part led me to another poetry class the following year.”也有提示，正因为作者不服气，所以她去了另一个诗歌班。

2．What does the author want to tell us in Paragraph 4?

A．Discouragement pushes artists to improve.

B．Hard work leads artists to success.

C．A good artist needs more than talent.

D．Sense your value and keep modest.

解析：选D　推理判断题。根据第四段的内容可知，作者告诉我们要有自我，但是同时也要谦卑地接受别人的批评以求进步。

3．What is the author’s suggestion to her students?

A．Spare no effort to find your special talent.

B．Try your best to prove your talent to others.

C．Practise more to improve your  creative writing.

D．Develop your talent even if others disapprove.

解析：选D　细节理解题。从最后一段的内容可知，作者建议学生要刻苦努力，每个人都有天赋，不必奢求别人的表扬和认可。

4．What would be the best title for the text?

A．Everyone has talent

B．What makes a good teacher?

C．No one can predict your future

D．Learn to accept others’ criticism

解析：选A　标题归纳题。通读全文可知，作者通过自己的故事告诉我们：每一个人都有天赋，一定要有自己的坚持和努力，为了进步可以接受他人批评但是不能因为别人不认可而让自己止步。

B

(2018·湖北省八校高三第一次联考)Even for a certified teacher with a degree and teaching certificate from Florida, a certain embarrassment exists.The two words “English teacher” don’t clearly show who I am.

Let me explain: When I go back to the US, I  meet all my old friends.Some are stressed, exhausted and generally unhappy.They are stuck in jobs they don’t love that they do only to pay the bills.Even the ones making good money don’t even have the time to spend it and enjoy themselves.If I were in the US and I were working as a teacher, an accountant, a lawyer or so on, then that would be my job more or less for the next 30 to 40 years. I might have other talents, but I would be limited in being able to explore them.

In China the system is fluid for everyone: Chinese and expats (侨民)．I know many friends, both Chinese and expats, who changed careers because they wanted something new and it didn’t require going back to university for four more years.All it required was motivation and a calculated risk.One of the best things about living in China for me is that I can explore different career choices and actually find one that I truly love.Let’s face that people change over the years: Your likes, your abilities and even the things that make you happy are constantly changing.Why shouldn’t your jobs and the opportunities also change with you?

When people ask me if I love my job, my answer is “YES.” In China I have had many jobs: an actor, a model, a salesman and a teacher at various stages during my seven years here.And no one told me “You can’t do that.” There was no self­limiting.In China, if you have the motivation to work hard and the drive to succeed  then opportunities present themselves around every corner.

语篇解读：作者是个美国人，他以自己的亲身经历说明人们在中国可从事多种职业，不像在美国那样僵化。

5．Why the term “English teacher” couldn’t explain the author’s role in China clearly?

A．Because he has taken many different jobs in China.

B．Because he has no choice but to be an English teacher.

C．Because the purpose of his teaching is to make good money.

D．Because there’re too many jobs for him to choose from.

解析：选A　细节理解题。由文章最后一段可知，作者在中国生活的7年时间里，从事了多种职业，故第一段中所说的“英语教师”这个词并不能清楚地说明其在中国的角色。

6．Why are some of the author’s old friends generally unhappy?

A．Because they have no chance to work in China as teachers.

B．Because it’s even harder for them to earn money in the US now.

C．Because they have no ability to explore their other talents.

D．Because they can’t get away from the work they don’t enjoy.

解析：选D　推理判断题。根据第二段中的“They are stuck in ...enjoy themselves.”可知，作者美国的一些朋友不开心是因为他们被困在他们不喜欢的职业中，即使那些赚了钱的人也没有时间去消费，即他们都无法摆脱他们不喜欢的工作，故选D。

★7.What does the underlined word “fluid” in Paragraph 3 mean?

A．Strict.  B．Fixed.

C．Changeable.  D．Exciting.

解析：选C　词义猜测题。根据该句后面所列举的事例可知，人们在中国可以很容易地改变职业，故中国的工作体制不是僵化的，而是可变的(changeable)。

8．What does the author think of China?

A．A country without motivation.

B．A land of opportunities.

C．A nation full of foreigners.

D．A place short of jobs.

解析：选B　推理判断题。结合全文可知，作者认为人们在中国可从事多种职业，即中国是一个充满机会的国度，故选B。

C

While still a young child, Morales Casanova saw neighborhood children harm local trees and even their own pets.So she formed a group called Humanity United to Nature in Harmony for Beauty, Welfare, and Goodness to address the problem.Through small group meetings, she taught friends to grow plants and care for pets, inspiring a new respect for nature.

A few years later, at age 13, she sent the president a proposal (提议) for creating a protected area to train children about environmental issues.He awarded her the National Youth  Award for Environmental Protection.

That backing helped her group to expand its grassroots youth conservation projects through her home state.In 2007 the state capital donated land that let her realize a long­held dream of opening an environmental education park.

Opened in 2013, Ceiba Pentandra Park provides a free, interactive (互动的) learning experience for children and teachers on topics ranging from climate change to wildlife protection and the effects of pollution.The park’s unusual aspect is its teachers: other children.“I think children have great potential to be leaders，” Morales Casanova says.

Park students who show leadership ability are trained to be educators.They learn to speak in front of groups, plan activities, and do fundraising for projects that they design and manage themselves.

“When kids see other kids making a real difference, it gives them confidence that they can do it, too，” Morales Casanova says.“The children we work with are growing up with new values ...They are already taking action to change not only their own lifestyles, but also the minds of families and teachers.”

语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了Morales Casanova在推动环保事业方面所做出的贡献。她认为对孩子们进行环保教育是解决环境问题的一个非常有效的方法，她曾就此给墨西哥总统提议，并得到了认可。

★9.Which can best replace the underlined word “backing” in Paragraph 3?

A．Approval.  B．Protection.

C．Request.  D．Opportunity.

解析：选A　词义猜测题。第二段中提到Morales Casanova向总统提议建一个保护区对孩子们进行环保教育，总统授予了她一个奖项。画线词后面的内容是说她之前创立的组织得到了扩展，并在她所在州的帮助下实现了自己成立环保教育公园的梦想，由此可以推测，此处的backing指的是总统对她所从事的事业的认可。

10．What is special about Ceiba Pentandra Park?

A．It has children educators.

B．It trains teachers for schools.

C．It focuses on reducing pollution.

D．It involves local government leaders.

解析：选A　细节理解题。根据第四段中的“The park’s unusual aspect is its teachers: other children.”，再结合第五段中的“Park students who show leadership ability are trained to be educators.”可知，Morales Casanova认为孩子们有当领导者的潜力，所以她们选择有这方面潜力的孩子们，并将他们培养成公园的老师。这正是这个公园与众不同的地方，故选A项。

11．What does Morales Casanova stress in solving environment problems?

A．Education.  B．Donation.

C．Experience.  D．Confidence.

解析：选A　推理判断题。根据第一段中的“taught friends to ...”，第二段中的“train children ...”，第三段中的“an environmental education park”和第四段中的“its teachers”等不难看出，Morales Casanova认为对孩子们进行环保教育是解决环境问题的一个非常有效的方法。

12．What is the best title for the text?

A．Respect for Nature

B．New Values in Life

C．Building Leadership Skills in Students

D．Saving Environment Through Children

解析：选D　标题归纳题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了Morales Casanova在推动环保事业方面所做出的贡献，她主要是通过对孩子们进行环保教育来提高他们的环保意识，然后通过他们的改变来影响周围的人，从而使人们从身边的点点滴滴做起，为环保事业尽自己的一份力。故D项作标题最恰当。

D

Krubera  Cave in  the  western  Caucasus Mountains is the deepest known cave in the world. An international team prepared to descend into Krubera. The team members hoped to be the first cavers to reach a depth of 2,000 meters, brought five tons of equipment and other necessities with them, and established camps at key locations along the route. They worked for up to 20 hours each day.

In the third week, progress was blocked at 1,775 meters by a sump — a cave passage filled with water that gives cavers few options. There are basically three techniques available: dive through it, empty it, or go around it. Gennadiy Samokhin dove to the bottom but was disappointed. “No chance to get through，” he said. Searching for a way around the sump, Garcia Dils risked entering a waterfall of near freezing water and discovered that his dry suit had holes in it. “The water was so cold that I lost the feeling in my fingers，” he said later. He, too, was unsuccessful.

Finally, two teammates found a way around the sump through a tight passage they called the Way to the Dream. The team was exhilarated. The passage led to yet another sump at 1,840 meters. After a short test dive, Samokhin emerged, smiling. There was a promising passage, he reported. But it would have to wait. After nearly four weeks, with supplies running low, the team had run out of time and would have to return to the surface.

Four weeks later, a team of nine Ukrainian cavers led by Yuri Kasjan went back to Krubera. Following the path opened by the previous team, they reached the sump at 1,840 meters relatively quickly. After much searching, a pit (坑), later named the Millennium Pit, was discovered that allowed them to pass the 2,000 meter depth. More pits and passages led them to 2,080 meters, a spot they named Game Over. But the caving game is never over. Deeper caves will probably continue to be discovered and call out to be explored.

语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了探洞穴者对世界上目前已知的最深的洞穴——库鲁伯亚拉洞穴进行探索的过程。

13．Why did the team return to the surface after nearly four weeks?

A．They were lacking in supplies.

B．They had achieved their goal.

C．They couldn’t go through the sump.

D．They gave their task to Yuri Kasjan’s team.

解析：选A　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“After nearly four weeks, with supplies running low, the team had run out of time and would have to return to the surface.”可知，因为物资逐渐短缺，探洞穴者被迫返回地面。

★14.What does the underlined word “exhilarated” probably mean?

A．Cheerful.　　　　　　 B．Powerful.

C．Confused.  D．Exhausted.

解析：选A　词义猜测题。根据画线词前的“two teammates found a way around the sump through a tight passage they called the Way to the Dream”可知，两名队员找到了通过水坑的通道，所以他们应该很高兴，故选A项。

15．Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?

A．Game Over was discovered at 2,000 meters.

B．The Way to the Dream begins at 1,840 meters.

C．The Millennium Pit passed the 2,080 meters depth.

D．Samokhin’s teammates found a way around a sump at 1,775 meters.

解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“progress was blocked at 1,775 meters by a sump”以及第三段中的“two teammates found a way around the sump through a tight passage”可知，Samokhin在1 775米处找到了绕过水坑的通道。

16．What is the text mainly about?

A．The features of Krubera Cave.

B．Famous caves around the world.

C．A journey of exploring Krubera Cave.

D．The importance of exploring Krubera Cave.

解析：选C　主旨大意题。本文讲述了探洞穴者对世界上目前已知的最深的洞穴——库鲁伯亚拉洞穴进行探索的过程，故选C项。