2019版高考化学一轮优化探究练习:章末排查练(六) (含解析)
展开章末排查练(六)
一、原电池电极反应式或总反应式的书写
1.铁镍电池(负极-Fe,正极-NiO2,电解液-KOH溶液)
已知:Fe+NiO2+2H2OFe(OH)2+Ni(OH)2,则:
负极:
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正极:
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阴极:
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阳极:
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答案:Fe-2e-+2OH-===Fe(OH)2 NiO2+2H2O+2e-===Ni(OH)2+2OH- Fe(OH)2+2e-===Fe+2OH- Ni(OH)2-2e-+2OH-===NiO2+2H2O
2.LiFePO4电池(正极-LiFePO4,负极-Li,含Li+导电固体为电解质)
已知:FePO4+LiLiFePO4,则
负极:
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正极:
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阴极:
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阳极:
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答案:Li-e-===Li+ FePO4+Li++e-===LiFePO4 Li++e-===Li LiFePO4-e-===FePO4+Li+
3.高铁电池(负极-Zn,正极-石墨,电解质为浸湿的固态碱性物质)
已知:3Zn+2K2FeO4+8H2O3Zn(OH)2+2Fe(OH)3+4KOH,则:
负极:
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正极:
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阴极:
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阳极:
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答案:3Zn-6e-+6OH-===3Zn(OH)2 2FeO+6e-+8H2O===2Fe(OH)3+10OH- 3Zn(OH)2+6e-===3Zn+6OH- 2Fe(OH)3-6e-+10OH-===2FeO+8H2O
4.氢氧燃料电池
(1)电解质是KOH溶液(碱性电解质)
负极:
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正极:
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总反应方程式:
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(2)电解质是H2SO4溶液(酸性电解质)
负极:
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正极:
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总反应方程式:
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(3)电解质是NaCl溶液(中性电解质)
负极:
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正极:
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总反应方程式:
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答案:(1)2H2-4e-+4OH-===4H2O O2+2H2O+4e-===4OH- 2H2+O2===2H2O (2)2H2-4e-===4H+ O2+4H++4e-===2H2O 2H2+O2===2H2O (3)2H2-4e-===4H+ O2+2H2O+4e-===4OH- 2H2+O2===2H2O
5.甲烷燃料电池(铂为两极,正极通入O2和CO2,负极通入甲烷,电解液有三种)
(1)电解质是熔融碳酸盐(K2CO3或Na2CO3)
正极:
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负极:
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总反应方程式:
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(2)酸性电解质(电解液为H2SO4溶液)
正极:
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负极:
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总反应方程式:
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(3)碱性电解质(电解液为KOH溶液)
正极:
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负极:
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总反应方程式:
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答案:(1)2O2+8e-+4CO2===4CO CH4-8e-+4CO===5CO2+2H2O CH4+2O2===CO2+2H2O (2)2O2+8e-+8H+===4H2O CH4-8e-+2H2O===CO2+8H+ CH4+2O2===CO2+2H2O (3)2O2+8e-+4H2O===8OH- CH4-8e-+10OH-===CO+7H2O CH4+2O2+2OH-===CO+3H2O
6.甲醇燃料电池
(1)碱性电解质(铂为两极,电解液为KOH溶液)
正极:
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负极:
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总反应方程式:
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(2)酸性电解质(铂为两极,电解液为H2SO4溶液)
正极:
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负极:
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总反应方程式:
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答案:(1)3O2+12e-+6H2O===12OH- 2CH3OH-12e-+16OH-===2CO+12H2O 2CH3OH+3O2+4KOH===2K2CO3+6H2O (2)3O2+12e-+12H+===6H2O 2CH3OH-12e-+2H2O===12H++2CO2 2CH3OH+3O2===2CO2+4H2O
7.CO燃料电池(总反应方程式均为2CO+O2===2CO2)
(1)熔融盐(铂为两极,Li2CO3和Na2CO3的熔融盐做电解质,CO为负极燃气,空气与CO2的混合气为正极助燃气)
正极:
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负极:
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(2)酸性电解质(铂为两极,电解液为H2SO4溶液)
正极:
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负极:
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答案:(1)O2+4e-+2CO2===2CO 2CO+2CO-4e-===4CO2 (2)O2+4e-+4H+===2H2O 2CO-4e-+2H2O===2CO2+4H+
二、电解池电极反应式和总反应式的书写
1.用惰性电极电解下列溶液
(1)NaCl溶液
阴极:
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阳极:
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总反应式:
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(2)CuSO4溶液
阴极:
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阳极:
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总反应式:
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答案:(1)2H++2e-===H2↑ 2Cl--2e-===Cl2↑ 2NaCl+2H2O2NaOH+H2↑+Cl2↑ (2)2Cu2++4e-===2Cu 4OH--4e-===2H2O+O2↑ 2CuSO4+2H2O2Cu+2H2SO4+O2↑
2.用惰性电极电解下列熔融态物质
(1)MgCl2
阳极:
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阴极:
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总反应式:
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(2)Al2O3
阳极:
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阴极:
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总反应式:
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答案:(1)2Cl--2e-===Cl2↑ Mg2++2e-===Mg MgCl2(熔融)Mg+Cl2↑ (2)6O2--12e-===3O2↑ 4Al3++12e-===4Al 2Al2O3(熔融)4Al+3O2↑
3.用铜做电极电解下列溶液
(1)H2SO4溶液
阴极:
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阳极:
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总反应式:
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(2)NaOH溶液
阴极:
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阳极:
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总反应式:
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答案:(1)2H++2e-===H2↑ Cu-2e-===Cu2+ Cu+H2SO4CuSO4+H2↑ (2)2H2O+2e-===H2↑+2OH- Cu-2e-+2OH-===Cu(OH)2↓ Cu+2H2OCu(OH)2↓+H2↑
4.用Al做电极电解下列溶液
(1)H2SO4溶液
阴极:
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阳极:
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总反应式:
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(2)NaOH溶液
阴极:
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阳极:
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总反应式:
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答案:(1)6H++6e-===3H2↑ 2Al-6e-===2Al3+ 2Al+3H2SO4Al2(SO4)3+3H2↑
(2)6H2O+6e-===3H2↑+6OH- 2Al-6e-+8OH-===2AlO+4H2O 2Al+2H2O+2NaOH2NaAlO2+3H2↑