高中英语人教版 (2019)必修 第一册Unit 4 Natural disasters精品学案

这是一份高中英语人教版 (2019)必修 第一册Unit 4 Natural disasters精品学案，共63页。学案主要包含了巩固训练，答案及解析，2018全国 I 卷，2018浙江卷，2017·北京卷，2017·天津，2016·北京，2016·江苏等内容，欢迎下载使用。

Unit 4 NATURAL DISASTERS
4.2 Discovering Useful Structures

定语从句（一）---关系代词的用法
在复合句中, 修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句通常由关系代词或关系 副词引导，说明事物的具体信息，从句位于被修饰词之后 。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词, 引导定语从句的词叫关系词，关系词指代先行词，并在定语从句中充当成分。关系词有两种: 关系代词who, whom ,whose, that, which, as和关系副词when, where, why。
根据定语从句与先行词的关系，可将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。一般说来，限制性定语从句是整个句子不可缺少的部分，如果省略会影响全句的主要意思，这种定语从句前面不用逗号隔开；而非限制性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明, 通常和主句用逗号隔开, 将从句去掉后句子的意思仍然完整，译成汉语时, 从句常单独译成一句话，除了that和why不能引导非限制性定语从句，其他关系词的用法和限制性定语从句关系词的用法相同。
关系代词的用法
一．判断定语从句的关系代词的方法：
如果名词或代词后有一个句子，并且该名词或代词在句子中充当成分，则该句子就是定语从句。主要按照以下三步来判断：
1.找准先行词（定语从句前的名词或代词）。
2.把先行词还原到定语从句中，看充当什么成分。
3.根据先行词在定语从句中所充当的成分以及句意来选用适当的引导词。
如果先行词在从句中作主语，宾语，定语，表语，则用关系代词，关系代词主要有who, whom ,whose, that, which, as。
二．关系代词的基本用法
指代
关系代词以及在定语从句中充当的成分
例句

1.人
who(主语、宾语)
whom(宾语)
that(主语、宾语)
The man who/that is speaking at the meeting is a famous scientist. （作is speaking的主语）
在会上讲话的人是一位著名的科学家。
He who/that does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man. （作does not reach的主语）
不到长城非好汉。
This is the famous scientist (who/whom/that) we visited last week. （作visited的宾语）
这就是我们上周拜访的那位著名科学家。

2.物

that(主语、宾语)
which(主语、宾语)

He finally worked out the problem which/ that puzzled him for a long time. （作puzzled的主语）
他最后解出了这个令他困惑很久的问题。
The fish (that/which) we bought yesterday were not fresh. （作bought的宾语）
我们昨天买的鱼不新鲜。

3.人的；
物的

whose(定语)
They rushed over to help the man whose car broke down. （whose car=the man’s car，作定语，修饰car）
他们跑过去帮助那个汽车抛锚的人。
There is a mountain whose top is always covered with snow.( whose top=the mountain’s top，作定语，修饰top)
有一座山顶常年被雪覆盖的山。
4.句子
（在非限制性定语从句中）

which(主语、宾语)
as(主语、宾语)

The weather turned out very good, which was more than we could expect. （which指代“天气最后晴朗起来”，作was的主语）
天气最后晴朗起来，这是我们没有料到的。
 As everyone knows ,China is a beautiful country with a long history . （As指代“中国是一个有着悠久历史的美丽国家”，作knows 的宾语）
每个人都知道，中国是一个有着悠久历史的美丽国家。

三．关系代词易错点：

1.关系代词的省略
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，不可省略；做宾语时，在限制性定语从句中可以省略，在非限制性定语从句中不可省略。
Is he the man who /that wants to see you?( 作wants的主语不可省略)
他就是那个想见你的人吗？
Hangzhou is a beautiful city(that/which)I always want to visit.（在限制性定语从句中作visit的宾语，可以省略）
杭州是我总想参观的一个美丽城市。
Hangzhou ,which I visited last week, is a beautiful city.（在非限制性定语从句中作visited的宾语，不可省略）
杭州是一个美丽的城市，我上周去参观过。
2.从句中代词的重复多余
定语从句中的引导词指代先行词，并在从句中作成分，从句中不能再出现指代该先行词的代词。
The book that I read it yesterday is very interesting.（×）
The book that I read yesterday is very interesting.（√）
我昨天读的那本书很有趣。
This is the woman who I met her last time.（×）
This is the woman who I met last time. （√）
这就是我上次遇见的妇女。
3.关系代词和代词的误用
定语从句的引导词要用关系代词，而不能用一般代词。
This is the boy he told me a story yesterday. （×）
This is the boy who told me a story yesterday. （√）
这就是昨天给我讲故事的男孩。
This is the boy his father is our headmaster. （×）
This is the boy whose father is our headmaster. （√）
这就是这个男孩，他的爸爸是我们的校长。
4.what不引导定语从句
定语从句中有关系代词that和which ，而没有what ，what 可以引导名词性从句。
All that we need is a supply of oil. (that引导定语从句，修饰先行词all)
What we need is a supply of oil. (what引导主语从句)
我们需要的是石油供应。

5.that不引导非限制性定语从句（用逗号隔开）
在非限制性定语从句，不能用关系代词that。如果指代“人”，用关系代词who/ whom，指代“物”，用关系代词which。
The basketball star, who tried to make a comeback, attracted lots of attention. 这位打算复出的篮球明星引起了很多关注。
Beijing, which is the capital of China, is a beautiful city. 中国的首都北京是座美丽的城市。
He has become a doctor, which he wanted to be.
他成为了一名医生，这是他以前一直梦想的。
6.介词+which/whom
先行词在从句中作介词宾语，若介词提前，指代物时，只能用which，不用that； 指代人时，只能用whom，而不用who。介词不提前时，用that/which, who /whom都可以。
I have the book about which you are talking.
= I have the book (that/ which) you are talking about.
我有你现在谈论的那本书。
The man with whom I talked just now is from Beijing University.
= The man( who / whom/that) I talked with just now is from Beijing University.
刚才和我谈话的那个人是从北京大学来的。
7.whose+n.
= the+n
+of which
=of which
+the+n.
whose+n.可与the+n +of which
互换，而且of which也可置于名词之前，名词之前必须有定冠词the。
I live in the room whose window faces south.( whose window=the room’s window)
I live in the room the window of which / of which the window faces south.( the window of which= the window of the room)
我住在窗子朝南开的房间里。
8. 定语从句中的主谓一致:
关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，定语从句的谓语通常与先行词在人称和数上保持一致。
注意：当先行词为“one of +复数名词” 时定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式；当先行词为“the (only/very)one of +复数名词” 时定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。
He is a good student who likes to help others.
他是一个乐于助人的好学生。
They are good students who like to help others.
他们是乐于助人的好学生。
He is one of the students who were praised.
他是一个受到表扬的学生之一。
He is the one/ the only one of the students who was praised. 他是唯一一个受到表扬的学生。


三．易混的关系代词辨析：
（一）that 和 which

1.用that，不用which的情况
①当先行词为不定代词：everything, anything, nothing, all, any, much, many, some, few, little, none等或当先行词被no, some, any, all, much, little等词修饰时，只能用that。
To get the job started, all that I need is your permission.要开始工作，我所需要的是你的许可。
Is there anything that I can do for you?有什么要我做的事吗?
He answered few questions that were asked by the reporters.他几乎没有回答记者提问的问题。
②当先行词被the only, the very, the same等词修饰时。
That’s the only thing that we can do now.目前我们只能这样了。
This is the very pen that I am looking for. 这正是我找的钢笔。
He still lives in the same house that we visited ten years ago. 他还住在十年前我们参观的同一座房子里。
③当先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。

This was one of the most interesting books that were sold in this book store.这是这家书店售出的最有趣的书之一。
The first thing that should be done is to get some food.该做的第一件事是弄点吃的。
④当先行词中同时包括人和物时。
I’m going to talk about the countries and people that I have visited.
我要谈论一下我所访问的国家和人民。
⑤当要避免与疑问词which重复时。
 Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?
那件体恤衫最适合我？

2.用which，不用that的情况
①在非限制性定语从句中
Football, which is an interesting game, is played all over the world.
全世界都踢足球，它是一项有趣的运动。
②介词提前时，不用that，而用which，介词不提前时，用that和which都可。
This is the room in which my father lived last year.
= This is the room (that/ which) my father lived in last year.
这是我父亲去年居住过的房子。

（二）which和 as（引导非限制定语从句，指代整个主句内容）
1.位置上的区别：
as引导的从句可放在主句首、句末或句中。而which引导的从句只能放在主句之后。
As is known to us all, the earth turns around the sun.
The earth, as is known to us all, turns around the sun.
The earth turns around the sun, as /which is known to us all.
众所周知，地球绕着太阳转。
2.语义的区别：
as有“正如”之意，因此主句和从句语义一致，而which表示“这一点” 在意义上相当于一个并列句，可以用and this代替，在语义上可以不一致。
Mike won the first prize, as was expected.
正如所料想的, 迈克获得了一等奖。
Mike won the first prize, which was not expected.
迈克获得了一等奖，这一点没被料想到。


四．as引导的定语从句的用法
（一）as引导的定语从句
1. 在限制性定语从句中，先行词有such, so, as, the same修饰时，引导词用as。

比较：
I have never read the book that you have talked about. 我从未读过你谈到的这本书。
I have never read such an interesting book as you have talked about.
= I have never read so/ as interesting a book as you have talked about.
我从未读过像你谈到的这样有趣的书。
2. 在非限制性定语从句中，指代整个主句内容。
As we know, she is a good teacher.
我们都知道她是一个好老师。
Lily, as we expected, won the first prize in the competition yesterday.
像我们所期望的那样, 莉莉在昨天的比赛中获得了一等奖。

（二）易混句式辨析
1. such/ so…as…和such/ so…that…
①such/so…as…表“像……这样的……”，用来引导定语从句（as在从句中充当主、宾或表语等）
②such/so…that…表示“如此..以致……”，用来引导结果状语从句。
This is such a heavy stone as no one can lift.（作lift的宾语，是定语从句）
This is such a heavy stone that no one can lift it. （不缺成分，是结果状语从句）
这是一块如此重的石头，没人能搬得动。

2. the same…as…和the same…that…
①the same…as…表示“类似的一个，而不是同一个”（相似性）
②the same…that…表示“同一个”（同一性）
I have bought the same watch as you have.
我买了一块和你的一样的手表。（相似的，非同一个）
This is the same watch that I lost.
这就是我丢的那块手表。（同一个）


【巩固训练】
一．名言背诵
1.He who would climb the ladder must begin at the bottom. 千里之行,始于足下。
2.He laughs best who laughs last. 谁笑到最后,谁笑得最美。
3.Nothing is too difficult to the man who will try. 世上无难事,只要肯登攀。
4.God helps those who help themselves. 自助者天助之。
5.Not all that glitters is gold. 闪光的不都是金子。

二．用正确的关系代词填空
1. The trees ________ stand by the river were planted by us.
2. She never gives in to those ________ have money.
3. This is the best film ________ has been shown so far in the city.
4. February is the only month ________ has fewer than 30 days.
5. My son made notes of everything ________ he read.
6. Yesterday I met the teacher ________ once taught us maths.
7. Will you show me the girl ________ name is Wei Fang?
8. The tall girl ________ is standing there is a friend of my elder sister’s.
9.The foreigner _____ visited our class yesterday is from Canada.
10 Please pass me the book _____is lying on the table.
11. ---- Class, you should be thankful to those people _______ helped and supported you.
---- We will. Miss Chen.
12. ----Is this the new dictionary_______ you got yesterday?
----Yes. Now it's very convenient for me to look up words.
13.--Do you know the student _______got an A in the English exam?
---Of course. She is my deskmate, Li Hong
14. I really like the family photo _____ we took on my grandpa’s 80th birthday.
15. My grandparents like stories ________ endings are happy.
16.Yuan Longping is a Chinese rice scientist _____ is leading a search to develop “sea rice”.
17.The teacher _______I like best often encourages me to fight for my dream.
18. Jack likes being with the classmates __________are outgoing and kind.
19. A kind of shared bike _____is called bluegogo is getting more and more popular in Chengdu.
20. Tu Youyou is the woman _______ used the plant’s special power to save millions of lives.
21.His parents wouldn't let him marry anyone _____ family was poor.
22.It is the third time that she has won the race, ____ has surprised us all.
23.Can you remember the scientist and his theory  _____ we have learned?
24.Until now, we have raised 50, 000 pounds for the poor children,  _____ is quite unexpected.
25.  _____ is reported , the number of smokers has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
26. Yesterday Mr. Green went to his hometown and visited the old house in ______ he was born.
27. The man, from______ I learned the news, is an engineer. 
28. — Do you like the weekly talk show The Readers on CCTV?
— Sure．It’ s a great TV program ______ purpose is to bring the habit of reading back into the public.
29. Children ______ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.
30. After graduating from college, I took some time off to go travelling, turned out to be a wise decision.

三．单项选择
1.----Qingdao is the most beautiful city ____ I’ve ever been to.
----So it is. Many international meetings are held there every year.
A. that B. which C. what
2.----Have you watched the play “In the name of People” ?
---It’s the most popular play ______our Party’s trying to struggle against corruption（腐败）.
A. where; show B. which ;show C. that ;shows D. who ;shows
3.We are talking about the piano and the pianist ______were in the concert last night.
A. that B. which C. who D. whom
4.一CCTV has produced a TV show-Chinese Poetry Competition. Have you seen it?
一Sure. Wu Yishu, 16, _____studies at the High School Affiliated to Fudan, is the winner.
A. which B. where C. who D. whom
5. According to a survey, people _______ are able to speak two languages can manage two things at the same time more easily.
A. which B. whom C. whose D. who
6.She often parks her car near the house ______ she can easily get to.
A. where B. who C. which D. what
7.We should look up to those scientists sent Tianzhou-1 Cargo Spaceship to space.
A. which B. who C. what
8. I’d like to tell you about the table manners ________ you should know when you visit France.
A. which B. who C. what D. how
9.Roald Dahl was a great children’s writer. His dark past helped him paint a picture was different to most other writers.
A. that B. who C. / D. whom
10. —What kind of movies do you prefer?
—I prefer the movies ________ me something to think about.
A. which give B. that gives C. that gives D. who gives
11. She is the girl ________ brother is studying abroad .
A. that B. who C. whose D. whom
12. Everyone ______ is a server knows that customers always come first.
A. whom B. what C. who D. which
13. --Only You is a TV program __is popular with most young people.--Yes, it is definitely true.
A. that B. whose C. what D. who
14. You are talented young adults______ full of hope for the future.
A. who; is B. whom; is C. whom; are D. who; are
15. This is a heartwarming story about a boy_____ saved his mother's life.
A. which B. who C. whose D. whom
16. I’ve become good friends with several of the students in my school _______ I met in the English speech contest last year.
A. who B. where C. when D. which
17. Many children, parents are working in big cities, are taken good care of in the village．
A. their B. whose C. them D. whom
18. As a child, Jack studied in a village school, ______ is named after his grandfather.
A. which B. where C. what D. that
19. His movie won several awards at the film festival, was beyond his wildest dream.
A. which B. that C. where D. it
20. She is one of the teachers _________ much teaching experience.
A. who; has B. who; have C. whom; has D. whom; have

答案：
二．1.that/which 2.who 3.that 4.that 5.that 6.who/that 7.whose 8.who/that
9.who /that 10. which/that 11. who 12. that/which 13. who/that 14. that/which 15. whose
16. who/that 17. who/whom/that 18. who/that 19. that/which 20. who/that 21. whose 22.which 23. that 24. which 25. As 26.which 27. whom 28.whose 29. whose 30. which
三．1-5 ACACD 6-10 CBAAA 11-15 CCADB 16-20 ABAAB




一、单词拼写
1. This is one of the worst natural d__________ ever to hit the area.
2. I think it is pleasant to b____________ the fresh air in the morning.
3. To some life means pleasure, to others s___________.
4. E_____________ line operators must always stay calm and make sure that they get all the information they need to send help.
5. What happens when food and petrol s_________ run out?
6. In order to catch the bear, some villagers set a __________(陷阱) and covered it with some leaves.
7. In spite of great __________(努力), we failed to carry out our plans through.
8. ___________(智慧) is knowing what to do next.
9. Don’t leave the lights on. It wastes ______________(电).
10. There is a ___________(小结) at the end of each chapter.

二、用下列表格中短语的正确形式完成句子。
sweep away , 　as if, 　 on hand , 　in the open air , 　suffer from,
in ruins, 　 set up, (be) struck by, 　in shock, 　 first aid kit




1. As a child, he watched a river ____________ the wheat planted on the family farm in Indiana.  
2. Visitors to Beijing are usually ____________ the great number of trees in the city.  
3. Reading _______________ will damage your eyes.
4. If you can’t keep healthy, you will often ______________ your weak body.  
5. A _______________ is a necessary piece of equipment for people when traveling.
6. After the big fire, the main building of the church was _____________.  
7. He suddenly rushed out, leaving all the people in the room _____________.  
8. He had a big task _______________ and he began to do it without delay.
9. They ___________ schools, factories and hospitals in this poor area.
10. He talks with a stranger ___________ they were good friends.  

三、单句语法填空
1.The children had great fun 　　　　　(slide) down the grassy slope last Sunday. 
2.Thousands of soldiers and rescue workers were sent there to search for the 　　　　　(survive). 
3.It is well known that ancient Greece was a fountain of 　　　　　(wise) and philosophy. 
4.When I finally got to the meeting room,the discussion had already come to 　　　　　end. 
5.We must take 　　　　　(effect) measures to protect the environment from going bad to worse. 
6.The fish can grow to a ____________(long) of four feet.
7.Good teamwork is a ____________(power) tool for effective management.
8.A man in the river was shouting and ____________(wave) his arms around desperately.

四、补全句子
①Your father is angry because you have _____________________________ the flower beds.(damage n.)
你把花坛损坏了，你父亲对此非常生气。
②He had an accident and ___________________________________.(damage vt.)
他遇到意外事故，把自行车弄坏了。
(1)选词填空(affect/effect)
①Don’t play around here！Your noise ____________ my job badly.
②Playing computer games too much will have a bad ____________ on your study.
(2)补全句子
③What you say or do will ____________________ others.
你所说或所做的每一件事都会对别人产生影响。
(3)选词填空(suffer/suffer from)
①Fortunately he ____________ no pain.
②They ________________ all kinds of diseases in those years.

五、短语填空
1.We haven’t cleaned the house for a few days，because we don’t want to ________________(消除) good luck.
2.________________(至少) one policeman is said to have been injured in the accident.
3.Judging from ________________(……的数量) cars，he thought there were not many people at the club yet.
4.Always have your dictionary ________________(在手边) when you study.
5.They had to sleep ________________(露天) after the earthquake.
参考答案
一、单词拼写
1. disasters
2. breathe
3. suffering
4. Emergency
5. supplies
6. trap
7. efforts
8. Wisdom
9. electricity
10. summary

二、用下列表格中短语的正确形式完成句子。
1. sweet away 2. struck by 3. in the open air 4. suffer from
5. first aid kit 6. in ruins 7. in shock 8. on hand
9. have set up 10. as if

三、单句语法填空
1.sliding
2.survivors
3.wisdom
4.an
5.effective
6.length
7.powerful
8.waving

四、补全句子
①caused/done damage to
②damage the bike
(1)affects
effect
(2)
have an effect on
(3)
suffered
suffered from

五、短语填空
1.sweep away
2.At least
3.the number of
4.on hand
5.in the open air


一、语法填空
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
As the effects of global warming, rising seas and natural disasters become more serious _____1_______ before, some local communities are taking action. Among them is one community in Florida ____2____ local people and government officials are proving successful in protecting _______3__(coast) cities from the dangers of rising sea levels.
The community has studied how much sea levels will rise and has suggested ____4___(way) to address the problem. It has persuaded the state government ____5____(ban) new developments on land near the coastline and recommended building sand dunes(沙丘) along beaches. Kristin Jacobs, one of the group’s founders, decided to take action in 2008 after it became ____6____(gradual) clear that her state’s water authorities couldn’t agree on joint(联合的) action.
While some Florida government officials doubt whether the climate will become hotter or ___7____(cold), the people who ____8__ (live) in these locations are certain of the need to protect their communities.
At present, doing sth __9__(be) a pressing concern. Only time will tell whether these coastal communities will succeed in 10.___ 10______ end.
二、七选五
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Everyone wants to succeed in their life, don't they? 11 It really isn't that hard. Follow the steps below, and you can have a successful teenage life!
● Do well in school.
Try your best, listen to the teachers, do your homework, study, and get good grades. 12 And a better education will help you to get a great job in the future.
● Do something good in your community.
If you like helping people, volunteer at a soup kitchen. If you love helping the environment, plant trees or pick up garbage. 13 You're making a big difference in the world, and above all, having lots of voluntary hours will make your resume (简历) more attractive!
● 14
Remember they're there to help you be the best that you can be. Respect them and value their opinions, even if they annoy you sometimes. Keep in mind that they do the things because they care about you and want you to succeed in life.
● Have good friends to help you out!
Friends are there to support you and lift your spirits. 15 And create a group of supportive, loving friends that can help you succeed in life. Find a few really good friends that will stick with you once you leave high school.

A．Do what you love.
B．Be nice to your parents and teachers.
C．Be with people who make you happy.
D．This could be your job for the rest of your life.
E．Doing so will help you get into a better university.
F．Even as a teenager, you can achieve success in your life.
G．When you help others, it will make you feel better about yourself.
三、阅读理解
阅读下列短文,从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

A
Water goes around and around Earth in a never ending journey called the water cycle（循环）. The sun heats up lakes, oceans, and other wet places on Earth. When the water gets warm enough, it changes into vapour. Plants also give off lots of water vapour. Some of this water vapour cools off high in the sky and becomes clouds. Then it falls back to Earth in a new place as rain or snow. This cycle happens over and over again.
The ground can absorb water like a sponge (海绵). If you could see this groundwater, it wouldn’t look like a lake or river. The groundwater is mixed in with the rocks and sand that lie in layers(层) below Earth’s surface.
Groundwater moves along slowly. How slowly? Maybe 1.5 kilometres in one century. Some of this water has been underground for thousands of years. And once groundwater is pumped out of the ground from a deep well（井） by people, it may take hundreds of years for another water to take its place.
16. The groundwater seems to________.
A. be just on the ground B. be pure water like that in a lake or river
C. exist in rocks and sand D. flow along like rivers or streams
17. The underlined word “pumped” in the passage can be replaced by________.
A. run B. pushed
C. drawn D. picked
18. What conclusion（结论） can we draw from the passage?
A. Groundwater can be quickly replaced by other water once pumped out.
B. Groundwater is very valuable.
C. Groundwater has nothing to do with human beings.
D. Groundwater travel in an unknown way.
B
（烟台理工学校2019—2020学年度第二学期期中）
The trouble started at 9：30 pm last New Year’s Eve, in Newmark. When the fire engines (消防车) arrived at the fire, a very old woman was sitting in a third floor window. The firefighters placed a ladder (梯子) against the wooden house, and 26－year－old Marcus Reddick climbed 35 feet to the third floor.
The woman, 60 years old and very fat, was sitting with both feet out of the window. When Marcus reached the top of the ladder, the woman, afraid and nervous, put her two legs around him. Suddenly Marcus fell backwards off the ladder, with the large woman sitting on him. Marcus landed first—hitting a wall beside the front stairs—and broke the woman’s fall. She fell no more, but he fell another ten feet down the stairs. When the fire officer reached him, Marcus was unconscious．
Within an hour, a doctor told the men that Marcus was nearly brain dead, and would only get worse. Doctors talked of turning off the life－saving machine and asked if the family would like to give away his heart. The answer was “yes”．
On January 6, firefighters lifted Marcus’ coffin (棺材)—covered with an American flag—onto a yellow fire engine. Hundreds of firefighters from all over the state joined the procession (行列) through Newmark streets. Children watched silently from school windows. The day Marcus died, his heart was given away to a young girl. His family said that it was the second life Marcus had saved.
19．What happened last New Year’s Eve in Newmark?
A．An old woman was killed. B．A fire engine was missing.
C．A firefighter was murdered. D．A wooden house caught fire.
20．After reaching the top of the ladder, Marcus________．
A．was very afraid and nervous B．couldn’t see anything clearly
C．found it difficult to get down D．was knocked off and got hurt
21．The underlined word “unconscious” in Paragraph 2 means “________”．
A．homeless B．senseless C．breathless D．helpless
22．We can infer from the end of the text that Marcus’ family might feel ________．
A．sad but proud B．shy but excited
C．angry and doubtful D．worried and surprised
C
World Environment Day is celebrated annually on June 5th and was created to inspire people around the globe to take an active part in environmental protection and learn more about ways we can help to guarantee the future of our planet is safe.
The very first World Environment Day took place in 1974，established by the United Nations General Assembly on the first day of the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment that took place in 1972.
Each year the United Nations pick a theme and a host city where anyone who is concerned about the environment can talk about environmental topics with others，followed by different kinds of exhibits to promote environmental awareness. Environmentalists，academics and scientists come together to bring new ideas on the table concerning the environment.
The 2018 World Environment Day is hosted by India，and the theme is Beat Plastic Pollution. It urges people to explore and choose supportable alternatives like paper or cloth bags to reduce the production and use of disposable plastic，which makes up 10% of all of the waste. Even though the United Nations pick a specific host city every year，people around the world still celebrate World Environment Day in their hometowns with parades(游行)，concerts，cleaning up and tree planting and all kinds of green actions to work towards having a beautiful planet and battling pollution.
World Environment Day is not a public holiday，so you won't be getting the day off work or school，but if you want to celebrate，why not bring it to the attention of your parents，friends，colleagues or classmates? World Environment Day is all about working together to take action for the planet，so try to get everyone you know interested in helping do something. Things as small as making sure people have a way to recycle can make a difference. You could also try beautifying your neighborhood by planting gardens，learn about green foods，raise money for a local wildlife conservation group of simply learn about the effects of different products on the earth.
23．Why is World Environment Day set up?
A．To make people know more about nature.
B．To ask people to help to protect the globe.
C．To warn people of the danger of air pollution.
D．To encourage people to plan the earth's future.
24．What do people do on World Environment Day?
A．Decide a host city.
B．Hold a theme party.
C．Discuss environmental ideas.
D．Show some plastic products.
25．Which of the following words is the closest in meaning to “disposable” in Paragraph 3?
A．High cost.
B．Poor- quality.
C．Secondhand.
D．Single use.


D
JERUSALEM — Israel’s Environmental Protection Ministry asked citizens Wednesday to avoid unnecessary physical activity and stay indoors, as a serious sandstorm struck the Middle East in a thick yellow haze(霾) for a second day with no hope to see things clearly.
The ministry said heavy levels of dust and sand in the air were a threat to cities throughout the country. The ministry’s website advised pregnant women, the elderly and those with heart and respiratory(呼吸的) conditions to stay indoors, and asked schools to keep children indoors.
The emergency service Magen David Adom reported that it has treated more than 300 Israelis suffering from breathing problems, and that hospitals have more respiratory-related patients(呼吸道疾病患者), including a large number of the elderly and those with asthma(哮喘) and related conditions.
The domestic Israeli airlines Arkia and Israir continued to ground their flights to Eilat because of reduced visibility.
The sandstorm has affected Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, Lebanon and Syria, where at least five deaths have been reported.
“There has been nothing that came close to the magnitude(巨大) of this sandstorm,” said Daniel Rosenfeld, a professor with the Institute of Earth Sciences at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem.
“While Israel has experienced a number of sandstorms in the past, they started from the Sinai Desert and the Sahara Desert to the south and were joined by winter windstorms that cleared the air,” he said. In this case, the storm comes from Syria and Iraq to the north and east.
Because the storm is hitting during the summer, at a time of both little wind and severe heat and humidity, forecasters expect the particles(沙) to remain in the air throughout the weekend and possibly into next week.
“This is really puzzling,” said Rosenfeld, adding that he and his colleague will conduct research into the origins of the unprecedented (前所未有的) storm.
26. What’s the probable meaning of the underlined word “ground” in Paragraph 4?
A. add B. reduce
C. cancel D. fuel
27. It can be learned from the text that the sandstorm ________.
A. happened in winter B. showed no sign of weakening
C. came from Syria and Iraq to the south D. could clear the air
28. How did Rosenfeld feel about the origins of the storm?
A. Confused. B. Upset.
C. Confident. D. Happy.
29. Where does the text probably come from?
A. a novel. B. a news story.
C. a geography book. D. a travel guide.

四、完形填空
Children need to be prepared for an earthquake as much as adults, if not more. For babies and children, special 30 should be paid to making their 31 as safe as possible. Their beds should be placed away from 32 and tall, unsteady bookcases and shelves that could 33 down.
At the very least a 72-hour 34 of extra water, bottles, food, juices, clothing, plenty of diapers(尿布), baby wipes and ready medicines should be 35 where it is most likely to get 36 an earthquake. Also keep an extra diaper bag with these things in your car. Store baby cars, blankets and baby beds with right wheels to put babies in to leave in time, if 37 . Set soft pads(垫子) in baby beds or baby cars to 38__ babies during the shaking.
By age three or so, children can 39 what an earthquake is and how to get ___40__ for one. Take the time to explain the 41 of earthquakes and their damage ___42 what they’ll understand. Include your children in family discussions and planning for earthquake 43 . Take drills and 44 safety procedures(步骤) every six months. Show children the safest places to be in each room when an earthquake hits. Also show them all 45 exits from each room. Teach children what to do 46__ they are during an earthquake (at school, in a tall building, outdoors). 47 children’s emergency cards at school are up-to-date.
48 children should not reach any gas equipment, it’s important that they know what gas smells like. Advise children to tell a(n) 49 if they smell gas after an earthquake.
30. A. advice B. warning C. attention D. help
31. A. environments B. stations C. gardens D. sports
32. A. doors B. walls C. desks D. windows
33. A. break B. fall C. fold D. put
34. A. supply B. number C. amount D. deal
35. A. taken B. left C. stored D. bought
36. A. before B. during C. since D. after
37. A. important B. necessary C. easy D. harmful
38. A. protect B. lay C. relax D. drive
39. A. call B. understand C. expect D. guess
40. A. worried B. eager C. excited D. ready
41. A. event B. effect C. result D. cause
42. A. according to B. because of C. in spite of D. thanks to
43. A. reason B. result C. safety D. truth
44. A. practise B. review C. copy D. teach
45. A. similar B. different C. equal D. possible
46. A. wherever B. whatever C. whenever D. whoever
47. A. Make sense B. Work out C. Make sure D. Set down
48. A. Although B. Because C. If D. Besides
49. A. person B. adult C. stranger D. friend





【答案及解析】
一、语法填空
1．than 解析：考查连词。句意：由于全球变暖的影响，海平面上升和自然灾害变得比以前更加严重，当地的一些社区正在采取行动。根据设空处前的more serious及设空处后的before可知，此处表示比较意义。故填than。
2．where 解析：考查定语从句。句意：其中一个是佛罗里达州的一个社区，在保护沿海城市免受海平面上升的威胁方面，当地的人们和政府官员(的做法)证明是成功的。分析句子结构可知，设空处在句中引导定语从句，先行词为Florida，表示地点，设空处在从句中充当地点状语，故应用where引导该从句。故填where。
3．coastal 解析：考查词性转换。句意见上一题解析。设空处在句中修饰名词cities，应用形容词。故填coastal。
4．ways 解析：考查名词单复数。句意：社区研究了海平面上升的程度，并提议解决问题的方法。此处way意为“方法”，是可数名词，根据句意及语境可知，此处指不止一种方法，故应用复数形式。故填ways。
5．to ban 解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：社区劝说州政府禁止在海岸线附近开发新的土地并建议沿着海滩建起沙丘。persuade...to do...为固定搭配，意为“劝说……做……”，故此处应用不定式to ban作persuade的宾语补足语。故填to ban。
6．gradually 解析：考查词性转换。句意：克里斯汀·雅各布斯是这个组织的创建者之一，在逐渐了解到州内各水利局就联合行动不能达成统一的意见之后，她于2008年决定采取行动。设空处修饰形容词clear，应用副词，故填gradually。
7．colder 解析：考查形容词的比较等级。句意：尽管佛罗里达州有些政府官员怀疑气候是否会变得更热或更冷，但住在这些地区的人们确定需要保护他们的社区。根据并列连词or及之前的hotter可知，此处表示比较意义，应用形容词的比较级。故填colder。
8．living 解析：考查非谓语动词。句意见上一题解析。分析句子成分可知，设空处修饰主语the people，且与the people之间是逻辑上的主动关系，故用现在分词作定语。故填living。
9．is 解析：考查动词的时态和主谓一致。句意：如今，在财力受限的情况下，提出对抗气候变化影响的方法是迫切的问题。句中“coming up with ways...”是动名词短语，为本句主语，其谓语动词应用单数形式，且根据本句时间状语At present可知，此处应用一般现在时。故填is。
10．the 解析：考查冠词。句意：只有时间会说明这些沿海社区(的举措)最终是否会成功。in the end是固定搭配，意为“最终，最后”。故填the。

二、七选五
FEGBC
【解析】学科网
试题分析：每个人都希望成功，即使孩子也不例外。那怎么才能走向成功呢？作者在文中给出了一些建议。比如要在学校努力学习；要在社区多做好事；要尊敬父母和老师；要有一些能帮助你的好朋友等等。
11.F 上句提到了每个人都希望成功，F选项内容是说孩子们也喜欢成功，与前句是递进关系，故选F。
12.E 上句作者建议要好好学习，而后句是更好的教育会帮助人们找到更好的工作， E选项是说这样做会让人能进入更好的大学，能起到承上启下的作用，故判断选E。
13.G本段小标题是建议人们做些好事，前句是建议人们要热爱环境，要种树，而G选项内容是要帮助别人，内容符合语境，选G。
14.B 根据本段内容可知作者是建议人们要尊重父母和老师，因为他们是总在你需要的时候伸手帮助你的人，选B。
15.C 根据上句lift your spirits可以判断C选项可以承接上文，选C。
考点：考查七选五阅读


三、阅读理解
16.
【答案】C
【解析】考查细节查找。从第一段中信息“The groundwater is mixed in with the rocks and sand that lie in layers(层) below Earth’s surface.”可知地下水存在于砂石之中。故选B。
17.
【答案】C
【解析】猜测词义题。从划线词后面信息“from a deep well（井） by people”可以看出一旦地下水被人从井里“pumped out”，就会需要其它地方的水源补充，由此猜出地下水是被抽出来了。 故选C。
18.
【答案】B
【解析】推理判断题。从全文最后一句话“…it may take hundreds of years for another water to take its place.”可知，补充地下水需要很多年的时间，因此地下水资源很珍贵。故选B。
B
19．
【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。从第一段中信息“The trouble started at 9：30 pm last New Year’s Eve, in Newmark. When the fire engines (消防车) arrived at the fire…”可知，在New year’Eve, 发生了火灾。故选C。
20．
【答案】D
【解析】细节查找题。从第二段中信息“Suddenly Marcus fell backwards off the ladder, with the large woman sitting on him.……”可知当时Marcus是摔倒了。故选D。
21．
【答案】B
【解析】推理判断题。下一段内容“Within an hour, a doctor told the men that Marcus was nearly brain dead, and would only get worse”可知Marcus应该是失去了知觉。故选B。
22．
【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。从短文最后一段可知虽然 Marcus失去了生命， 但是他的心脏捐给了一位小姑娘，某种意义上是获得了重生。故选A。

C
23．
【答案】B
【解析】考查细节理解。从第一段中的不定式所作的目的状语to inspire可以看出，世界环境日的目的是鼓励人们积极参与环境保护并学会很多方法来帮助确保地球将来的安全，故选B。
24．
【答案】C
【解析】考查细节理解。从第二段中的“where anyone who is concerned about the environment can talk about environmental topics with others”以及第二段最后一句可以看出，人们主要是在这一天讨论环境问题。故选C。
25．
【答案】D
【解析】考查词义猜测。从第三段中的Beat Plastic Pollution可以看出，2018年的主题是“塑战速决”，再结合画线词前面的It urges people to explore and choose supportable alternatives like paper or cloth bags和后面的which makes up 10% of all of the waste可知，disposable plastic造成大量资源浪费，所以“一次性的”符合语境，故选D项。

D【答案】26-29 CBAB
【解析】本文属于新闻，介绍以色列遭受一场沙尘暴的袭击，环保部警告人们尽量不要外出，与此同时医院接待呼吸类病人增多，航班减少，该情况预计持续到周末，其背后原因气候学家还没有弄清楚。
26. 词义猜测题。根据第四段“The domestic Israeli airlines Arkia and Israir continued to ground their flights to Eilat because of reduced visibility.”中的“because of reduced visibility”可知，由于能见度降低，因而可推测以色列的航班禁止飞行，故选C。
27. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Because the storm is hitting during the summer, at a time of both little wind and severe heat and humidity, forecasters expect the particles(沙) to remain in the air throughout the weekend and possibly into next week.”可知，由于本次沙尘暴发生在夏季，风很小，天气炎热，湿度很低，因此预测沙尘暴持续到周末，甚至到下周。可知，此次沙尘暴没有显示出减缓的迹象，故选B。
28. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“ ‘This is really puzzling,’ said Rosenfeld”可知Rosenfeld对此持疑惑的态度，故选A。
29. 推理判断题。文章介绍以色列遭受一场沙尘暴的袭击，环保部警告人们尽量不要外出，与此同时医院接待呼吸类病人增多，航班减少，该情况预计持续到周末，其背后原因气候学家还没有弄清楚。可知本文属于新闻，故选B。

四、完形填空
【答案】30-34 CADBA 35-39 CDBAB 40-44 DDACB 45-49 DACAB
【解析】本文叙述的是，孩子们需要像成人一样为地震做好准备。
30. 考查名词。A. advice 建议；B. warning 警告；C. attention关注；D. help帮助。固定词组：pay attention to注意，重视。此句中是被动语态，故选C。
31. 考查名词。A. environments 环境；B. stations 车站；C. gardens 花园；D. sports运动。对于婴儿和儿童，成人应该特别注意让他们周遭环境尽可能的安全。故选A。
32. 考查名词。A. doors 门；B. walls 墙；C. desks 桌子；D. windows窗户。他们的床应该远离窗户和高高的、不稳定的可能会倒塌的书柜。根据句意可知选D。
33. 考查动词。A. break 打破；B. fall 落下；C. fold 折叠；D. put放。他们的床应该远离窗户和高高的、不稳定的可能会倒塌的书柜。fall down倒塌，故选B。
34. 考查名词。A. supply供应；B. number 号码，数字；C. amount 数量；D. deal交易。至少足够支撑72小时的额外供水、瓶子、食物、果汁、衣服、大量的尿布、婴儿湿巾和现成的药品都应该储存在地震后最有可能拿到的地方。可知答案为A。
35. 考查动词。A. taken拿走；B. left 离开；C. stored储存；D. bought买。至少足够支撑72小时的额外供水、瓶子、食物、果汁、衣服、大量的尿布、婴儿湿巾和现成的药品都应该储存在地震后最有可能拿到的地方。可知答案为C。
36. 考查连词。A. before 在... ...之前；B. during 在... ...期间；C. since自从... ...以来；D. after在... ...之后。至少足够支撑72小时的额外供水、瓶子、食物、果汁、衣服、大量的尿布、婴儿湿巾和现成的药品都应该储存在地震后最有可能拿到的地方。可知答案为D。
37. 考查形容词。A. important 重要的；B. necessary 必要的；C. easy 容易的； D. harmful有害的。如果有必要的话，把带有合适轮子的婴儿车、毯子和婴儿床储存起来，让婴儿借助这些工具及时离开，故选B。
38. 考查动词。A. protect 保护；B. lay 放置；C. relax 放松；D. drive驱使。在婴儿床或婴儿车中放置软垫，为了在地震时保护婴儿。故选A。
39. 考查动词。A. call 打电话；B. understand明白，理解；C. expect 期盼，预测；D. guess猜测。到三岁左右，孩子们就能理解地震是什么，以及如何为地震做好准备。故选B。
40. 考查形容词。A. worried 担忧的；B. eager 渴望的；C. excited 兴奋的；D. ready有准备的。到三岁左右，孩子们就能理解地震是什么，以及如何为地震做好准备。get ready for为... ...做准备，故选D。
41. 考查名词。A. event 活动；B. effect 影响；C. result 结果；D. cause原因。花些时间解释地震的原因以及在他们所能理解的范畴内地震可能造成的损失。可知答案为D。
42. 考查词组。A. according to根据；B. because of 因为；C. in spite of 尽管； D. thanks to多亏了，由于。花些时间解释地震的原因以及在他们所能理解的范畴内地震可能造成的损失。故选A。
43. 考查名词。A. reason理由；B. result结果；C. safety 安全；D. truth真理，事实。让你的孩子参加家庭讨论制定地震安全计划。根据句意可知答案为C。
44. 考查动词。A. practise 练习；B. review复习；C. copy复制，复印；D. teach教。每六个月进行一次演习，检查安全程序。故选B。
45. 考查形容词。A. similar相似的；B. different不相同的；C. equal平等的；D. possible可能的。也要让他们知道每个房间可能的逃生出口。故选D。
46. 考查让步状语从句引导词。A. wherever 无论哪里；B. whatever 无论什么； C. whenever 无论什么时候；D. whoever无论谁。教孩子们在地震来临时，不论他们身处何地（学校、高的建筑楼、户外）都应该做的事情。根据句意可知选A。
47. 考查动词词组。A. Make sense有意义，讲得通；B. Work out 解决，算出；C. Make sure 确保；D. Set down记下。确保孩子们在学校的急救卡的信息是最新的。可知答案为C。
48. 考查状语从句引导词。A. Although 尽管；B. Because因为；C. If 如果；D. Besides另外。虽然孩子们不应该接触任何燃气设备，但重要的是要让他们知道天然气是什么味道。根据句意可知答案为A。
49. 考查名词。A. person 人；B. adult 成年人；C. stranger陌生人；D. friend朋友。建议孩子在地震后闻到煤气味，及时告诉大人。故选B。



定语从句高考真题（考查关系代词）
1.【2019·新课标II卷·语法填空】Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield， ___62___ she opened with her late husband Les.

2.【2019·新课标III卷·语法填空】They were well trained by their masters ___64___ had great experience with caring for these animals.

3.【2019·北京卷·语法填空】The students benefitting most from college are those ___9___ are totally engaged(参与)in academic life.

4.【2018全国 I 卷】Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014  66 showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.
 
5. 【2018全国 II 卷】The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 — when the government started a soil-testing program   69   gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
 
6. 【2018浙江卷】Many westerners   57   come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.
7【2017·北京卷】31. The little problems ______ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.
A. that B. as C. where D. when

8【2017·天津】9. My eldest son, _______ work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.
A. that B. whose C. his D. who

9.【2016·北京】22. I live next door to a couple ________ children often make a lot of noise.
A. whose B. why C. where D. which
10.【2016·江苏】23.Many young people, most ______were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
A. of which B. of them C. of whom D. of those

11.【2016·浙江】11. Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears , none of ______ has been proved.
A. whom B. which C. what D. that

12【2015·湖南】29.It is a truly delightful place, ________ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages..
A. as B. where C. that D. which


13.【2015·重庆】14. He wrote many children’ s books, nearly half of____ were published in the 1990s.
A. whom B. which C. them D. that

14.【2015·浙江】19. Creating an atmosphere employees feel part of a team is a big challenge.
A. as B. whose C. in which D. at which

15【2015·四川】3.The books on the desk, covers are shiny, are prizes for us.
A．which B. what C. whose D. that

16【2015·福建】34.China Today attracts a worldwide readership,_______ shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.
A. who B. whom C. that D. which

17【2015·江苏】21.The number of smokers, _____ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
A. it B. which C. what D. as

18.【2015·安徽】28.Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon______ school education depends.
A. it B. that C. whose D. which


19.【2014·重庆卷】9. We’ll reach the sales targets in a month _______ we set at the beginning of the year.
A. which B. where C. when D. what

20.【2014·北京卷】26. I borrow the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week, ______ my classmates recommended to me..
A.who B. which
C. when D. Where

21.【2014·天津卷】12. English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, _________ uses it differently.
A. all of which B. each of which C. all of them D. each of them

22.【2014·山东卷】10. A company ______profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.
A. which B. whose C. who D. why

23.【2014·四川卷】4. I now, we have raised 50.000 pounds for the poor children, ______ is quite unexpected.
A. that                          B. which               C. who                  D. it[

24.【2014·陕西卷】13. Please send us all the information _________ you have about the candidate for the position.
A. that B. which C. as D. what

25.【2014·安徽卷】22．The exact year Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.
A. When B. where C. why D. which

26. [2013·重庆卷] John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of ________ are family members.
A．them B．that C．which D．whom

27. [2013·四川卷] Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment ________ they live.
A. what B. which C. when D. where

28. [2013·山东卷] Finally he reached a lonely island ________ was completely cut off from the outside world.
A. when B. where C. which D. whom


29. [2013·山东卷] There is no simple answer, ________ is often the case in science.
A. as B. that C. when D. where



答案解析
1【答案】where
【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知，先行词为the pet shop，在非限制性定语从句中作opened一词的宾语，故用which。

2【答案】who
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：它们被他们的主人训练地很好，它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。先行词为masters（主人），且从句缺主语。故关系词填who。
3【答案】who/that
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：从大学中获益最多的学生是那些完全投入学术生活的学生。___3___ are totally engaged(参与)in academic life.是定语从句，修饰先行词those，空格处在句中作主语，代指人，故填who或that。
4. that / which此处用that / which引导定语从句修饰先行词study。
5. that / which 根据语境“… gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers”修饰 “a soil-testing program”，先行词表示物，关系代词作定语从句的主语，用that或者which。
6. who / that  此处缺引导定语从句并在定语从句中作主语的关系代词，故用who或that。
7【答案】A

考点：考查定语从句。
【名师点睛】
定语从句的关系词分为关系代词（who, whom, whose, that, which, as 等）和关系副词（when, where, why等）。
1. 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语，定语等成分。关系副词可代替的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
eg. An architect is a person who / that designs houses and buildings.
The city where / in which I was born is on the new railway line.
2. 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，关系代词可省略（非限定性定语从句中不可省略）。
e.g. I find it difficult to cooperate with those who always stick to their own opinions.
I find it difficult to cooperate with the one who always sticks to his own opinion.
The suit (which / that ) the tailor made for me doesn’t fit me.
3. 非限定性定语从句中，关系词均不可省略。注意关系代词that, 关系副词why, 不可用于非限定性定语从句。
4. 作介词宾语的关系代词
在限制和非限制性定语从句中，关系代词作介词宾语，即介词+关系代词，whom用于指人，which用于指物，不能用that。
e.g. The man with whom you shook hands just now is head of our department.
Mrs. Nye, with whom you shook hands just now, is head of our department.
The room in which my family live used to be a garage.
8【答案】B
【解析】

考点：考查定语从句。
【名师点睛】定语从句的考查主要就是考查关系词的辨析，关系代词that, which, whom, as， who在句中做主语，宾语，表语;whose做定语；where, why, when在句中做地点，原因和时间状语。要分析定语从句的成分，看缺少什么成分，就选用相应的关系词。
9【答案】A
【解析】
试题分析：题目考查定语从句的关系词。a couple是先行词，这对夫妻的孩子很吵，children和couple是所属关系，故用whose作定语，whose children相当于the children of whom，故选A。
考点：考查定语从句
【名师点睛】
定语从句的关系词分为关系代词（who, whom, whose, that, which, as 等）和关系副词（when, where, why等）。
1. 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语，定语等成分。关系副词可代替的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
eg. An architect is a person who / that designs houses and buildings.
The city where / in which I was born is on the new railway line.
2. 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，关系代词可省略（非限定性定语从句中不可省略）。
eg. I find it difficult to cooperate with those who always stick to their own opinions.
I find it difficult to cooperate with the one who always sticks to his own opinion.
The suit (which / that ) the tailor made for me doesn’t fit me.
3. 非限定性定语从句中，关系词均不可省略。注意关系代词that, 关系副词why, 不可用于非限定性定语从句。
4. 作介词宾语的关系代词
在限制和非限制性定语从句中，关系代词作介词宾语，即介词+关系代词，whom用于指人，which用于指物，不能用that。
eg. The man with whom you shook hands just now is head of our department.
Mrs. Nye, with whom you shook hands just now, is head of our department.
The room in which my family live used to be a garage.
10【答案】C
【解析】

【名师点睛】
“of whom / which”引导的定语从句：在非限制性定语从句中，先行词作为一个整体，表示整体中的一部分，即表示“部分与整体”的关系时，用…of which / whom或者of which / whom…都可以。但与表示所属关系不同，这里不能用whose来代替of which。
一、表示整体中的部分
The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. 公共汽车大多数都已经挤满了人，它们被愤怒的人群包围着。
I picked up the apples, some of which were badly bruised. 我拣起那些苹果，其中有一些伤得很厉害。
I bought a dozen eggs, six of which broke when I dropped the box. 我买了一打鸡蛋，六个在我失手掉了盒子时摔碎了。
There are two bottles left, one of which is almost finished and the other of which is not quite. 只剩两瓶，一瓶快喝完了，另一瓶没完全喝完。
The treasure some of which has been recovered, has been sent to the British Museum. 这些宝藏已送往大英博物馆，其中有一些是失而复得的。
二、表示所属关系
He’s written a book, the name of which I’ve forgotten. 他写了一本书，书名我忘了。
句中的the name of which=whose name。
It was an agreement the details of which could not be altered. 这是一项其细节不可更改的协定。
句中的the details of which=whose details。
考点：考查定语从句


11【答案】B
【解析】

考点：考查定语从句。
【名师点睛】定语从句的考查主要就是考查关系词的辨析，关系代词that, which, whose, whom, as， who在句中做主语，宾语，表语或者定语；where, why, when在句中做地点，原因和时间状语。要分析定语从句的成分，看缺少什么成分，就选用相应的关系词。如果是代词+of+关系代词，注意先行词是人用whom，先行词是物用which。

12【答案】D
【解析】

【考点定位】考查定语从句关系代词。
【名师点睛】本题旨在考查定语从句中的关系词，要求学生掌握在什么情况下用关系副词，什么情况下用关系代词以及各自的意义。非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。

13【答案】B
【解析】
试题分析：句意：他写了许多儿童书籍，几乎一半在1990年左右出版。先行词是books，定语从句中of缺少宾语，故选B项。 学#科.网
【考点定位】考查定语从句。
【名师点睛】定语从句有一种介词+关系代词，用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词，不及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系副词或介词+关系代词，而及物动词后接宾语，则要求关系代词。Do you know the boy to whom she was talking? Do you know the boy (that) she was talking to?此类定语从句，首先从先行词入手，确实主语是人还是物，再根据定语从句缺少的成分来辨别到底用哪个引导词。

14【答案】C
【解析】

【考点定位】考查定语从句介词加which的用法。
【名师点睛】解答此题需要能够看出这是一个定语从句的结构名词+连词+句子，也需要分析从句的句子成分。关系词的选择，最关键的就是看先行词在定语从句中作什么成分，而不是看先行词是表示什么的单词，如表示地点的先行词之后未必用where，同样表示时间的先行词之后未必用when。当关系代词作介词宾语，且该介词不是和从句的谓语动词构成固定短语时，介词可以提前，这样就出现"介词+关系代词"。先行词指物，用"介词+which"，指人则用"介词+whom"， 且两个关系代词均不能省略，介词的选择要遵循两个原则： 1.根据定语从句中谓语动词与先行词的搭配内容而定。2.根据先行词特殊用法而定。
15【答案】C
【解析】

【考点定位】考查定语从句
【名师点睛】本题考查定语从句中关系词的选择。本句主要考查了关系代词whose的用法，whose在定语从句中担当定语，和其后的名词之间存在所有关系，还是比较容易判断的。此题中如果在covers之前加上定冠词the，则需要用of+which结构。即此题等同于：The books on the desk, of which the covers are shiny, are prizes for us.

16【答案】D
【解析】

【考点定位】考查非限制性定语从句
【名师点睛】关系词的选择，最关键的就是看先行词在定语从句中作什么成分，而不是看先行词是表示什么的单词，如表示地点的先行词之后未必用where，同样表示时间的先行词之后未必用when。Which在非限制性定语从句中通常是代指前面整个句子或者一个较长的词语，并且在从句中做主语。
17【答案】D
【解析】
试题分析：句意：据报道，吸烟者人数仅（过去）一年就减少了17%。as引导的非限制性定语从句位置灵活，可以置于主句的句首、句中或句末，指代的是整个一句话。故选D项。考生容易误选B项which，把逗号前面的the number of smokers看成先行词，后面非限制性定语从句用which引导。殊不知，这里关系代词指代的是“The number of smokers has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.”整个一句话。另外，as和which在定语从句都可以指代一句话，但前者有“正如……”的意思，后者则没有。还可以抓住as is reported这一常用结构，类似的还有as is known/expected/planned/mentioned/said等。
【考点定位】定语从句
【名师点睛】考生容易误选B项which，把逗号前面的the number of smokers看成先行词，后面非限制性定语从句用which引导。殊不知，这里关系代词指代的是“The number of smokers has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.”整个一句话。另外，as和which在定语从句都可以指代一句话，但前者有“正如……”的意思，后者则没有。还可以抓住as is reported这一常用结构，类似的还有as is known/expected/planned/mentioned/said等。

18【答案】D
【解析】

【考点定位】考查定语从句
【名师点睛】本题考查定语从句。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，有逗号隔开的是非限制性定语从句。定语从句的关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。在定语从句中，介词后只能跟whom或which，指人用whom；指物用which。这里的先行词是skill，指物。

19【答案】A
【解析】
试题分析：题意：再有一个月就能完成年初制订的销售目标。which指代targets, 在从句中充当set的宾语，排除B、C两项；D项只能引导名词性从句，而本题是一个定语从句，故选择A项。
考点：考查定语从句的用法。
【名师点睛】本题考查学生对定语从句的掌握情况，做题之前先看到句子中间有没有逗号，逗号是非限制性定语从句的标志，没有逗号是限制性定语从句。然后再看句子中缺不缺成份，在定语从句中从句主语宾语缺少某一项时，应该考虑关系代词，本题从句中缺少宾语，要用which或that代替，因此考生需要记住这种方法。

20【答案】B
【解析】
试题分析：本题考查定语从句，考查方式为选择连接词。根据题干信息，定语从句的先行词为book,定语从句中缺乏宾语（我朋友推荐给我“书”），加之逗号后为非限制性定语从句，所以本题选B。句意：上周我从图书馆借了《福尔摩斯》，这是我的同学推荐给我的。
考点：考查定语从句的关系词。
【名师点睛】考查非限制性定语从句。定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如： This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性） The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）考生明确这两种就可以轻松解题。

21【答案】B
【解析】

考点：考查非限制性定语从句和主谓一致。
【名师点睛】考查非限制性定语从句。关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中所指代和修饰的可以是主句中的名词、形容词、短语、其他从句或整个主句，在从句中作主语、动词宾语、介词宾语或表语。如：There are 30 chairs in the small hall, most of which are new.大厅里有三十把椅子，绝大部分是新的。本题中which作主语，从句中的谓语动词是uses ,是动词的单三形式，只能选择B。


22【答案】B
【解析】
试题分析：这是一个定语从句，a company 是先行词，profit和 a company是所属关系，所以要用关系代词whose。句意为：在国内市场利润减少的公司可能会寻求国外发展的机会。故答案选B。
考点：考查定语从句的用法。
【名师点睛】本题与2015年四川卷第3题类似The books on the desk, whose covers are shiny, are prizes for us.
本题考查定语从句中关系词的选择。本句主要考查了关系代词whose的用法，whose在定语从句中担当定语，和其后的名词之间存在所有关系，考生应该容易判断。whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，在从句中作定语。whose通常指人，也可指动物或无生命的事物。如：The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.
那位父亲是位工程师小男孩学习很努力.Above the trees are the mountains, whose magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface.在树林的高处是山，其壮丽的景色完全映照在河面上。

23【答案】B
【解析】

【知识拓展】非限制性定语从句和并列句的区别关键看前后两个句子中间是否是逗号，是否有连词，比如：
He has a daughter, who was admitted to a key university. 而He has a daughter, and she was admitted to a key university .
考点：考查定语从句的用法。
【名师点睛】本题与2015年福建卷第34题类似.China Today attracts a worldwide readership, which shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.非限制性定语从句能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。大多数限制性和非限制性定语从句的先行词往往为某一个词或短语，而特殊情况下非限制性定语从句的先行词也可为整个主句，此时非限制性定语从句常由 which 引导。例A middle-aged woman killed her husband， which frightened me very much.

24【答案】A

考点：考查定语从句。
【名师点睛】that和which都可指物，且在句中都可作主语和宾语，多数情况下可以互换。但在以下情况中，关系代词只能用that，不能用which。1.先行词既指人又指物。⒉先行词是不定代词all,everything,nothing,anything,much,little,few等。⒊先行词被all,every,any,little,only,much,no等修饰时，或先行词本身是all,much,everything,anything,no以及no构成的复合词。⒋先行词被形容词及序数词的最高级修饰。⒌先行词被the only,the very,the last,the same修饰。⒍ 有两个或两个以上分别表示人或物的先行词。
⒎主句以who,what,which开头的特殊疑问句。本题属于第3种情况，故只能用that。

25【答案】D
【解析】
句，而不能用关系副词。所以选D。
【知识拓展】
考点：考查定语从句
定语从句关系词的考查，首先要确定从句是定语从句，然后找到先行词，再分析关系词在从句中的成分，最后选择正确的词。如果定语从句中缺少主宾表或定语，就用关系代词that/which/who/whose引导，如果做宾语，可以省略关系代词，如果定语从句中不缺主宾表，缺少的是状语，用关系副词when，where，why引导定语从句，如果定语从句中缺少介词+先行词，就用介词+关系代词。要求考生具有一定的句子分析能力，和理解能力。一些抽象意义的地点状语，如：situation，point，case，如果定语从句缺少地点状语，用where引导定语从句。
【名师点睛】本题A选项是干扰项，考生要仔细分析先行词在从句中做什么成分来确定关系代词。就本题而言，先行词是the exact year，定语从句中的动词spent，构成结构：sb spend time on sth/in doing sth,后面缺少宾语，所以用关系代词that或which引导定语从句，不能用关系副词。

26【答案】D　
【解析】
试题分析：考查定语从句。该句为非限制性定语从句，用whom来代替people并连接主从句。
【名师点睛】考查定语从句一要看先行词，而要看从句的成分，如果缺少主宾表，要用that或which,缺少状语用关系副词，缺少定语用whose。如果定语从句中缺少介词+先行词，就用介词+which/whom引导定语从句。
3.[2013·陕西卷] is often the case with children, Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived.
A. It B. That C. What D. As
【答案】D
【解析】

【名师点睛】as可以引导非限制性定语从句，可以放在句首或句末，意思是“正如”，指代主句的内容，在从句中做主宾表。有些固定搭配可以记忆，如：as is often the case；as is known to all等。


27【答案】D　
【解析】
试题分析：考查定语从句的用法。此处the environment为先行词，where代替它作后面定语从句的状语。句意：如今人们更关心他们居住的环境。
【名师点睛】定语从句关系词的考查，首先要确定从句是什么类型的从句，然后再分析关系词在从句中的成分，最后选择正确的词。要求考生具有一定的句子分析能力，和理解能力。如果缺少主宾表，要用that或which,缺少状语用关系副词when，where，why，缺少定语用whose。

28【答案】C　
【解析】
试题分析：考查定语从句。先行词是a lonely island，在定语从句中作主语。句意：最终他到达了一个孤岛上，这个孤岛与外界完全隔绝。
【名师点睛】定语从句的考查主要就是考查关系词的辨析，关系代词that, which, whose, whom, as， who在句中做主语，宾语，表语或者定语；where, why, when在句中做状语。要分析句子成分，看缺少什么成分，就选用相应的关系词。通过判断引导词在从句中所作的成分及意义，来选择正确的引导词。

29【答案】A　
【解析】
试题分析：考查定语从句。句意：没有简单的答案，就像科学一样。as引导非限制性定语从句；as is often the case，意思是“情况常常如此”。
【名师点睛】as可以引导非限制性定语从句，可以放在句首或句末，意思是“正如”，指代主句的内容，在从句中做主宾表。有些固定搭配可以记忆，如：as is often the case；as is known to all等。