中考英语语法考点详解03——数词 教案
展开考点03 数词
命题趋势:
单项选择部分很少涉及对数词的考查,但在听力部分和词语运用部分考查较多,完形填空中也偶尔涉及。听力部分主要考查数词的基本用法和读法,如数字辨音;词语运用主要考查基数词和序数词的相互转化;完形填空主要考查数词在语境中的基本用法。 预测以后在听力部分和词语运用题对数词的考查会以数字辨音和词性转换为主。
考查题型:对数词的考查主要分布在单项选择和完形填空中。
考查重点:对数词的考查主要包括以下几个方面
1.基数词和序数词的构成和基本用法;
2.日期、时间、年龄、编号等的表示法;
3.分数的表达法以及分数作主语时谓语的单复数形式;
4.hundred,thousand,hundreds of, thousands of 在具体语言环境中的运用。
一、基数词的词形及用法。
数词的概述
一、数词的定义:
英语中用来表示事物的数量或顺序的词叫做数词。根据数词的特征,可将数词分为基数词和序数词;根据数字是否为整数,有可将它分为整数、分数和小数;根据数字所表示的数是否确定,有可分为定数和概数。数词在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语、状语等。
在表示基数词时,要特别注意hundred, thousand, million, billion等几个词的用法:若其前用了基数词,则不论其面是否有of,都必须用单数形式(此时若带of则通常表示特定范围中的一部分);若泛指数百、数千、数百万等,则用 hundreds of, thousands of, millions of 等这样的结构。
二、数词的种类:
(1) 基数词:用于表示事物数量的词。
(2) 序数词:表示数目的顺序或事物的位置的词。
基数词及其用法
基数词用于表示事物的数量。如:
two bridges 两座桥;twenty soldiers 20个战士;one important article 一篇重要文章。
一、基数词的词形
1. 从1 到12 是独立的数词:one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, te n, eleven, twelve。
2. 从13 到19:在个位数后-teen,并有两个重音。thirteen, fifteen,eighteen, nineteen
3. 从20到90的各整十位数都以-ty结尾。twenty, thirty,fifty, eighty, ninety
4. 20到100之间的其余的两位数,要在十位和个位之间加连字符号“-” 。twenty-five, thirty-two, ninety-eight
5. 百位以上的数词,要在百位和十位(没有十位则和个位)之间加and。
101:one hundred and one; 258:two hundred and fifty-eight
巧记100内的基数词:
十二以内词各异,十三数到十九去,后加-teen莫忘记;
二十、三十....至九十,整十之后有-ty; 要说“几十几” ,
中间“-”号别丢弃,hundred是“一百”请你记住莫大意。
◆【知识拓展】一
基数词的读法
用逗号把长数字从右向左三位三位地分开,如12,000.
英语中的数词每3位数一个单位:hundred百,thousand 千,million百万 ,billon十亿
从个位向前,每三位加一个“,”;第一个“,”号前是thousand(千),第二个“,”前是million(百万)……。读数时,从左向右三位三位地按照三位数读法读,遇上逗号就分别加上该逗号所表示的数词。
4,002:four thousand and two; 7,059:seven thousand and fifty nine
95,680:ninety five thousand, six hundred and eighty
43,982,567 forty-there millon,nine hundred and eighty-two thousand,five hundred and sixty-seven
巧记读数:
从右向左三逗开,一逗千,二逗百万,三逗就是十万万;左右三位分开读,保你又快又喜欢。
注:逗指逗号。
二、基数词的用法
1.基数词在句子中可以作主语、宾语、定语、表语和同位语。
Two of them are workers from China.他们之中有两名是来自中国的劳工。(作主语)
--How many pieces of bread do you want? --你要几片面包? (作宾语)
--I want two. 我要两片。
--Three times five is fifteen.3乘5等于15。(作表语)
His daughter is only five.他的女儿只有5岁。(作表语)
The four students didn't pass the exam.这4个学生考试不及格。(作定语)
There are twenty two boy students in our class.我们班有22个男生。(作定语)
They two will go to attend the meeting with you.他们俩个人将与你一起去参加那个会议。(作同位语)
2.基数词与名词连用表示编号。
Lesson Eight 第八课
Class One, Grade Three 三年级一班
Room 102 102号房间
No.4 Middle School 四中
38 Changan Street 长安街38号
Bus No.10 10路公共汽车
P.O.Box 325 325号信箱
Tel. No. 6850,3258 电话号码:6850,3258
(读作:six eight five zero three two five eight)
3. 基数词复数表示年龄和年代、月份和日期。
Ⅰ表求确切年龄
She is ten years old.(=She is aged ten.)她十岁了。
注意:①年代是四位数时,各分成二位来读:1998年:读作:nineteen ninetyeight。
②日期按序数词读:7月10日读作July tenth。
Ⅱ表示年代或人的不确切岁数,用几十的复数形式
in the forties 在40年代
The old man is now in his eighties.
这位老人现在已经80多岁了。
Ⅲ表示年、月、日
in 1992 在1992年
in June, 1966. 在1966年6月
on July 28, 1978. 在1978年7月28号
4. 基数词用于表示时间
表示时间有两种方法:
①表示“几点过几分”,30分钟之内用介词past。
例如:八点十分(8∶00) ten past eight
九点一刻(9∶15) a quarter past nine
十二点半(12∶30) half past twelve
②表示“几点差几分”,30分钟之内(不包括30分整),用介词to。
例如:差十分八点(7∶50) ten to eight
差一刻九点(8∶45) a quarter to nine
十二点五十(12∶50) ten to one
③也可以按照时刻表直接读数字。
例如:二点四十(2:40) two forty
五点半(5:30) five thirty
七点一刻(7:15) seven fifteen
九点零五(9:05) nine 0 five
◆【知识拓展】二
基数词可以表示算式
8+4=12
Eight plus(and) four is twelve.
15-9=6
Fifteen minus nine is (leaves) six.
7×9=63
Seven times nine is sixty three.
30÷6=5
Thirty divided by six is five.
◆【知识拓展】三
hundred, thousand, million的用法
hundred, thousand, million在任何具体数字之前,都要用单 数形式。但如果其后有of,则要用复数形式(其前面不能再加具体数目)。例如:
two million 200万
millions of 数百万
thousands of 成千上万
Thousands and thousands of visitors have come to Beijing in the last two months.在过去的两个月里有成千上万的来访者到过北京。
【典例】
根据汉语提示完成句子。
1.______ added to______ is seven. (六加一等于七。)
答案:One; six
【解析】在表示数量计算时用基数词,此处基数词作主语。故用One; six。
2.It is not rare in ______ that people in their______ are going to university for further educaticn.(在90年代50多岁的人上大学深造并不稀奇。)
答案:the 90s;fifties
【解析】在表示年代和年龄是用基数词。此处基数词作介间宾语。故用the 90s;their fifties。
序数词及其用法
一、序数词的形式
从第一到第三为独立的特殊形式:first, second, third.
从第4到第19
以基数词加“th”构成:fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth fifteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth
第20以上的的序数词
从20到90等以ty 结尾的十位整数,把 y 改成i再加 “eth”构成序数词
twentieth, thirtieth, fortieth, fiftieth, sixt ieth, seventieth, eightieth, ninetieth
100的序数词为:hundredth。
其余的两位或多位数,只将个位改成序数词 ,其余仍用基数词表示:
twenty--first, thirty--second, forty--third
two hundred and ninth--eighth(第298)
three thousand, seven hundred and twenty--first(第3721)
注意:
①fifth, ninth, twelfth与原基数词拼写不同。
②序数词的缩写形式为阿拉伯数字加序数词最后两个字母组成。
122nd(第122),38th(第38),281st(第281)
2983rd(第2983),1320th(第1320)
二、序数词及其用法
1.序数词可以作主语、宾语、表语、状语和定语。
The second is better than the first.第二个比第一个好。(作主语)
He has built five bridges since 1950, now he is starting on the sixth.自1950年以来,他已建造过五座桥了,现在他正开始建第六座桥。(作宾语)
Mary is the first to complete the test paper in her class.玛丽是她们班上第一个完成试卷的人。(作表语)
She always comes first.她总是第一个到。(作状语)
This was the first time he came to China.这是他第一次来中国。(作定语)
2.序数词可以表示日期。
August 5th;May 1st.
It's September the first today.今天是9月1日。
It happened on September 18th, 1931.这发生在1931年9月18日。
3.序数词表示顺序,意思是“第几”。前面要加定冠词。例如:
the twelfth lesson (=Lesson12) 第十二课
the second paragaph (=Paragraph Two) 第二段
the fourth Middle School (=No.4 Middle School) 第四中学
the thirty eighth room(=Room 38) 第38号房间
the tenth page (Page 10)第10页
注意:较为容易拼写错误的序数词及其缩写形式:one---first, two---second, three---third, five---fifth, eight---eighth, nine---ninth, twelve---twelfth。
缩写形式:first→1st second→2nd third→3rd fourth→4th twenty-second→22nd
数词的特定表示法和读法
◆【知识拓展】四
分数、小数和百分数的表示方法
1.序数词前面可加不定冠词来表示“再一”,“又一”的意思。例如:
You can do it a second time.你可以做第二次。(作定语)
2.分数表示法
分数的构成
分数的构成为分子用基数词,分母用序数词,分子如果大于1,则分母序数词一般都用复数形式。
1/2:a (one) half, 1/3:a (one) third, 1/4:a quarter
2/5:two fifths, 3/4:three quarters
1/25:a twenty fifth, 1/100:a hundredth
3/100:three hundredths, 5/1000:five thousand ths
带分数的整数和分数之间须用and连接
3 1/2:three and a half
5 1/4:读作 five and a quarter
9 5/12:nine and five t welfths
注意:表示“某一整体的几分之几”,使用:分数+of+the+名词。
She spent one third of her salaries yesterday.她昨天花去了薪水的三分之一。
One half of the students are foreigners.一半的学生是外国人。
They have covered three fifths of the distance.他们已经走完了五分之三的距离。
3. 小数表示法
小数只能用基数词表示。其中小数点读作point,零读作zero(或0[u]);小数点之后按数字依次读出;整数部分为零时,可以省略不读。
0.9:zero point nine 或 point nine
3.58:three point five eight
0.016:0 point 0 one six
8.025:eight point 0 two five
99.87:ninety nine point eight seven
4.百分数表示法
%读作percent
18%:eighteen per cent
0.6%:zero point six per cent
99.9:ninety nine point nine per cent
0.05%:0 point 0 five per cent
注意:
数词与表示单位的名词一起使用作定语时,单位名词必须用单数。
二十英镑的纸币:a twenty pound note
◆【知识拓展】五
算式的表示方法
①加法
“加”用plus,and或 add表示;“等于”用is,make,equal等词表示.
1+2=?可表示为:How much is one plus two?一加二等于多少?
1+2=3
One plus two is three.
One and two is equal to three.
One and two make three.
One added to two equals three.
If we add one to/and two,we get three.
②减法
“减“用minus或take from表示。
9-3=?How much is nine minus three?九减三等于多少?9-3=6
Nine minus three is six.
Take three from nine and the remainder is six.
Three(taken) from nine is six.九减三等于六。
③乘法
“乘”用time(动词)或multiply表示。
2×3=? How much is two times three?二乘以三等于多少?
2×3=6二乘以三等于六。
Two times three is/are six.
Multiply two by three,we get six.
Two multiplied three makes six.
② 除法
“除”用divide的过去分词形式表示
15÷3=?How much is fifteen divided by three?十五除以三等于多少?
15÷3=5
Fifteen divided by three is five.
Fifteen divided by three equals/gives/makes five.十五除以三等于五?
③ 其他算式的写法和读法
比例、乘方、开方等算式的读法
1:2 读作 the ratio of one to two
15:3读作 The ratio of fifteen to three equals five.
32 读作 three squared
23=8读作 Two cubed is eight.
X=Y 读作 The fourth power of x is y.
4=2读作 The square root of four is two.
8=2读作 The cubic root of eight.
【典例】
The hundredth cave that George has discovered in his lifetime is near the Alps.(乔治一生中发现的第100个洞在阿尔卑斯山附近。)( 作定语)
答案:One; six
【解析】
China is one sixth larger than the Uhited State.(中国比美国大六分之一倍。)(作状语)
答案:One; six
【解析】
【强化训练】
一. 单项选择
1.(2020•广西)It is reported that the United States uses ________ energy as the whole of Europe.
A. as twice B. twice much C. twice much as D. twice as much
2.(2020•上海)The house rent is expensive, I’ve got about half the space I had at home and I’m paying ________ here.
A. as three times much B. as much three times
C. much as three times D. three times as much
3.(2020•南京) With the help of the German experts, the factory produced ________ cars in 1993 as the year before.
A. as twice many B. as many as twice C. as twice as many D. twice as many
4.(2020•郑州)Paper produced every year is ________ the world’s production of vehicles.
A. the three times weight of B. three times the weight of
C. as three times as heavier as D. three times as heavier as
5.(2020•西安) After the new technique was introduced, the factory produced ________ tractors in 1988 as the year before.
A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as
6.(2020•济南) Dick, it is the ________ time in ________ days that you’ve made the same mistake.(5分)
A. two, three B. second, three C. two, third D. second, third
7.(2020•南阳) It is said that the gravity(引力) on Mars is only about __________ of the gravity on earth.
A. three-eighths B. third-eighth C. three-eights D. third-eight
8. (2020芜湖) -How many people will come to Beijing next year?
-It’s hard to say, ________ people, I think.(5分)
A. million of B. millions of C. three millions D. three millions of
9. (2020年天津) In the past twenty years, many tall buildings have been built in our city. look! This is a ______.
A. 70-floor building B.70-floors building C. 70-floor buildings D.7O floors building
10. (2020年濮阳)The old man began to learn to drive a car at the age of ________.
A. sixty B. the sixieth C. sixty years old D. sixties
二. 完形填空
Do you have a plan for your future? Our country has its plan. It sells what China hopes to do in next __1__ years.
The plan promises higher pay, better education and less pollution by __2__. If the promises all come true, Chinese people’s life will change__3__ lot.
According to the plan, __4__people in the country will benefit a lot. For example, __5__ government will offer safe drinking water to __6__ countryside people in 2010. __7__ of broad roads will be built to connect all towns and villages. So millions of people living in __8__ villages will soon drink running water instead of dirty well water.
As the plan describe, China will make steps forward in __9__science. China spacemen will land on the earth. China might build its own big planes. If you go to university by air in 2010, you will probably find that __10__ plane is not from Boeing (波音) or Air Bus. It’s made in China.
( ) 1. A. fifth B. five C. fives D. fifteenths
( ) 2. A. the 2010 B. 2010th C. 2010 D. the 2010th
( ) 3. A. a B.an C. the D. x
( ) 4. A. Four fifth B. Four fifths C. Fours fifth D. Fours fifths
( ) 5. A. the B. x C. a D. an
( )6. A.100s millions B.100s million C. 100 millions D. 100 million
( )7. A.1000s B.1000th C. Thousands D. Thousand
( )8. A.North Pole B.moon C. the D. sun
( )9. A.the B.an C. a D. x
( )10.A.x B.a C.an D.the
一. 单项选择
1. D【解析】由twice(两倍)和energy后的as可知,此题是考查用“倍数+as+形容词原级+as”来表达倍数的方法。
2. D【解析】倍数three times要放在as的前面,后面省略as I paid at home。
3. D【解析】倍数放在as之前。此题与全国卷曾考过的一题几乎一样:
4. B【解析】倍数three times要放在the weight of之前。若选项D中heavier改为heavy也对。
5.C【解析】倍数放在as之前。
6.B【解析】基数词用来表达事物的量;序数词用来表达事物的顺序。本题的第一空表示顺序用序数词second;第二空用基数词three,答案为B。
7.A【解析】分子在前用基数,分母在后用序数。分子大于一,分母用复数,分子与分母之间可以用连字符连起来也可以不用连字符,如two thirds或two-thirds;当分数修饰名词作定语时,后要跟of,如:two thirds of students三分之二的学生。本题的选项中只有A项正确。
8.B【解析】表示单位的数词用法分两种情况:1)当放在具体的数字后边,表示具体的“百、千、百万、十亿”时,不能用复数形式,可以直接修饰名词复数,如two thousand students;2)当表示大概的“几百、几千、几百万、几十亿”时,用“复数形式+of”结构,前边不能用具体的数字,如:thousands of students。只有B项正确。
9.A【解析】“基数词+可数名词单数”中间用连字符连接,一般用作定语修饰名词,相当于“数词+名词所有格”.
10.A【解析】at the age of 后面跟具体的数字,为固定用法。
二. 完形填空
1—5BCABA 6—10DCCDC