全国版2021版高考英语大一轮备考复习第三部分高考题型突破题型一阅读理解2主旨大意题课件

这是一份全国版2021版高考英语大一轮备考复习第三部分高考题型突破题型一阅读理解2主旨大意题课件，共49页。PPT课件主要包含了高考帮·备考方向导航，考法帮·解题能力提升等内容，欢迎下载使用。

析考情 · 题型突破链高考 · 真题探究
考法1 归纳文章标题考法2 概括文章大意考法3 总结段落大意
析考情 · 题型突破
一 考情概述 主旨大意题是阅读理解的必考题目类型,每套试卷一般设置1—2题,其中,选择最佳标题类的题目是每套试卷的必考点,段落大意题偶有出现,通常针对说明文和议论文设题。2020年全国Ⅲ卷考查了3道主旨大意题,这
说明高考试题越来越注重考查考生的概括能力以及对文章深层次的理解能力。主旨大意题在阅读理解中所占比例不高, 但难度较大, 是拉开分数差距的一个重要的题目类型,因此考生应给予足够的重视。预计未来高考阅读理解主旨大意题的比例将保持稳定,考查方式将从原来简单的主旨概括向综合性归纳转变。二 命题特点　　主旨大意题旨在考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力,以及归纳与概括信息的能力。题干中往往会出现下列词语:subject,tpic, theme,title,main idea等。
　　主旨大意题的考查方向:1.概括整篇文章的中心思想(main idea);2.选择最佳标题(best title);3.分析归纳文章某段的段落大意。三 选项特点1.正确选项的特点(1)通常不含细节信息和表示绝对意义的词。(2)能概括文章或段落的主要内容。
2.干扰项的特点(1)以偏概全。概括的范围过于狭窄,只阐述了文章的一部分内容(也就是文章的局部信息)或文章主题的一个侧面。(2)断章取义。以文章中的个别信息或个别词作为选项的内容,或者以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点。(3)主题扩大。归纳、概括的范围过大,超出文章实际所讨论的内容。(4)似是而非。关键词好像在文章中提到了,但认真分析之后会发现它与文章的主旨毫无联系。 (5)张冠李戴。命题者有意把属于A的特征放在B上。
链高考 · 真题探究
Passage 1　[2020全国Ⅲ,C]语篇类型:说明文　主题:英国多代同堂的趋势在上升　词数:318　难度:★★★　建议时间:7分钟高考真题 With the yung unable t affrd t leave hme and the ld at risk f islatin(孤独), mre families are chsing t live tgether.1 　　The drway t peace and quiet, fr Nick Bright at least, leads straight t his mther-in-law: she lives n the grund flr, while he lives upstairs with his wife and their tw daughters.
Fur years ag they all mved int a three-strey Victrian huse in Bristl — ne f a grwing number f multigeneratinal families in the UK living tgether under the same rf. They share a frnt dr and a washing machine, but Rita Whitehead has her wn kitchen, bathrm, bedrm and living rm n the grund flr.　　"We flated the idea t my mum f sharing a huse,"says Kathryn Whitehead. Rita cuts in:"We spke mre with Nick because I think it's a big thing fr Nick t live with his mther-in-law."
And what des Nick think? "Frm my standpint, it all seems t wrk very well. Wuld I recmmend it? Yes, I think I wuld."　　It's hard t tell exactly hw many peple agree with him, but research indicates that the numbers have been rising fr sme time. Official reprts suggest that the number f husehlds with three generatins living tgether had risen frm 325,000 in 2001 t 419,000 in 2013.2 　　Other varieties f multigeneratinal family are mre cmmn. Sme peple live with their elderly parents; many mre adult
children are returning t the family hme, if they ever left. It is said that abut 20% f 25-34-year-lds live with their parents,cmpared with 16% in 1991. The ttal number f all multigeneratinal husehlds in Britain is thught t be abut 1.8 millin.　　Stries like that are mre cmmn in parts f the wrld where multigeneratinal living is mre firmly rted. In India, particularly utside cities, yung wmen are expected t mve in with their husband's family when they get married.
28.Wh mainly uses the grund flr in the Victrian huse in Bristl?　　　　　 　　　　　　 　　　　　　 A. Nick. B. Rita.C. Kathryn. D. The is Nick's attitude twards sharing the huse with his mther-in-law?A. Psitive. B. Carefree.C. Tlerant. D. Unwilling.
30.What is the authr's statement abut multigeneratinal family based n?A. Family traditins. B. Financial reprts.C. Published statistics. D. Public is the text mainly abut?A. Lifestyles in different cuntries.B. Cnflicts between generatins.C. A husing prblem in Britain.D. A rising trend f living in the UK.
命题分析▶素养解读本文主要讲述了英国多代同堂的社会现象呈上升趋势,通过介绍英国多代同堂的居住方式,培养考生的跨文化意识,并启发考生运用辩证的思维思考家庭和社会生活中的现象和问题。这体现了学科核心素养中的文化意识和思维品质这两个方面。▶试题分析这篇材料考查的角度很全面,包括细节理解、观点态度、推理判断和主旨大意。其中第31题为主旨大意题,考生要找准文章的中心句。
庖丁解牛▶熟词生义flat 常见义:v.(使)漂浮 本文义:v.提出(计划、想法或方案)▶词块积累cut in 插嘴,打断(谈话)be firmly rted (in) (在……中)根深蒂固,深深扎根(于)▶难句突破1.句式分析:逗号前的部分为with的复合结构(with+宾语+adj./介词短语),在句中作原因状语。
句意:由于年轻人无力承担离开家的费用以及老年人面临孤独的风险,更多的家庭选择住在一起。2.句式分析:suggest"表明"后的that引导宾语从句,从句中的"with three generatins living tgether"为with的复合结构,作后置定语,修饰其前的husehlds。句意:官方报告表明,三代人同住的家庭的数量已经从2001年的32.5万户增长到2013年的41.9万户。
解题思路28.B　考查细节理解。根据题干中的"Victrian huse in Bristl"可定位到文章第三段,再根据题干中的关键词"grund flr"定位到本段中的"but Rita Whitehead has her wn kitchen, bathrm, bedrm and living rm n the grund flr",由此可知,本题应选B。29.A　考查观点态度。根据第五段中的"Frm my standpint, it all seems t wrk very well. Wuld I recmmend it? Yes, I think I wuld"可以判断,Nick对于与岳母住在一起持积极的态度。psitive"积极的";carefree"无忧无虑的";tlerant"宽容的";unwilling"不情愿的"。故选A。
30.C　考查推理判断。根据第六段中的"Official reprts suggest that the number f husehlds with three generatins living tgether had risen frm 325,000 in 2001 t 419,000 in 2013"和第七段中的"It is said that abut 20% f 25-34-year- 1.8 millin"可知,作者是通过罗列数据来说明多代同堂家庭的情况的,故选C项"公布的数据"。31.D　考查主旨大意。根据全文中心句"With the yung unable t affrd t leave hme and the ld at risk f islatin(孤独),mre families are chsing t live tgether"可知,本文主要介绍了近年来英国多代同堂的趋势在上升,故选D。
Passage 2　[2019全国Ⅰ,D]语篇类型:说明文　主题:青少年中小学阶段的受欢迎类型　词数:339　难度:★★★　建议时间:8分钟高考真题 During the rsy years f elementary schl(小学), I enjyed sharing my dlls and jkes, which allwed me t keep my high scial status. I was the queen f the playgrund. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cl kids. They rse in the ranks nt by being friendly but by smking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jkes n thers, amng whm I sn fund myself.
Ppularity is a well-explred subject in scial psychlgy. Mitch Prinstein, a prfessr f clinical psychlgy srts the ppular int tw categries: the likable and the status seekers. The likables?plays-well-with-thers qualities strengthen schlyard friendships, jump-start interpersnal skills and, when tapped early, are emplyed ever after in life and wrk. Then there's the kind f ppularity that appears in adlescence: status brn f pwer and even dishnrable behavir.　　Enviable as the cl kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein's studies shw unpleasant cnsequences. Thse wh were highest in
status in high schl, as well as thse least liked in elementary schl, are "mst likely t engage(从事)in dangerus and risky behavir." In ne study, Dr. Prinstein examined the tw types f ppularity in 235 adlescents, scring the least liked, the mst liked and the highest in status based n student surveys(调查研究). "We fund that the least well-liked teens had becme mre aggressive ver time tward their classmates. But s had thse wh were high in status. It clearly shwed that while likability can lead t healthy adjustment, high status has just the ppsite effect n us."
Dr. Prinstein has als fund that the qualities that made the neighbrs want yu n a play date — sharing, kindness, penness — carry ver t later years and make yu better able t relate and cnnect with thers. In analyzing his and ther research, Dr. Prinstein came t anther cnclusin: Nt nly is likability related t psitive life utcmes, but it is als respnsible fr thse utcmes, t. "Being liked creates pprtunities fr learning and fr new kinds f life experiences that help smebdy gain an advantage," he said.
32.What srt f girl was the authr in her early years f elementary schl?　　　　 　　　　　　 　　　　　　 A. Unkind. B. Lnely.C. Generus. D. is the secnd paragraph mainly abut?A. The classificatin f the ppular.B. The characteristics f adlescents.C. The imprtance f interpersnal skills.D. The causes f dishnrable behavir.
34.What did Dr. Prinstein's study find abut the mst liked kids?A. They appeared t be aggressive.B. They tended t be mre adaptable.C. They enjyed the highest status.D. They perfrmed well is the best title fr the text?A. Be Nice — Yu Wn't Finish LastB. The Higher the Status, the BetterC. Be the Best — Yu Can Make ItD. Mre Self-Cntrl, Less Aggressiveness
命题分析▶素养解读本文作者结合自己的亲身经历和研究人员的研究结论,论述了受欢迎的人的两种类型:讨人喜欢的人和追求地位的人。在语篇选择上注重关注人际关系,促使考生提高思辨能力。这主要体现了学科核心素养中的语言能力和思维品质这两个方面。▶试题分析第33题是段落大意题,需要考生通读第二段并整合全段内容作出判断。第35题是标题归纳题,需要考生在整体把握文章主旨大意和写作意图的情况下,选出最佳标题。
庖丁解牛▶熟词生义emply 常见义:v.雇用 本文义:v.运用,使用▶词块积累rsy years 美好的几年 clinical psychlgy 临床心理学dishnrable behavir 不光彩的行为 carry ver 继续存在▶难句突破 句式分析:主句的主干为They rse, nt 为连接的介宾并列结构,作状语, amng whm引导非限制性定语从句。句意:他们不是靠着对人友善而是靠着抽烟、违反规则和戏弄别人来提升自己的地位,我很快就发现自己也在被戏弄的队伍中。
解题思路32.C　考查推理判断。根据第一段的第一句"During the rsy years f elementary schl(小学), I enjyed sharing my dlls and jkes, which allwed me t keep my high scial status"可知,作者在小学时乐于分享。unkind"不友好的",lnely"孤独的",generus"慷慨的,大方的",cl"酷的",故选C。33.A　考查段落大意。根据第二段的第二句"Mitch Prinstein, a prfessr f clinical psychlgy srts the ppular int tw categries: the likable and the status seekers"可知,受欢迎的人被分为两类:受人喜爱的人和追求地位的人;接着第三、四句分别描述了两类受欢迎的人的特征,因此该段主要是介绍受欢迎的人的两种类型。故选A。
34.B　考查推理判断。根据第四段的最后一句"It clearly shwed that while likability can lead t healthy adjustment, high status has just the ppsite effect n us"可知,受人喜爱的人能够进行健康的调整,故选B,B选项中的adaptable 和该句中的healthy adjustment相呼应。35.A　考查标题判断。根据全文内容尤其是最后一段的第一句"In analyzing his and ther research,Dr. Prinstein came t anther cnclusin: Nt nly is likability related t psitive life utcmes, but it is als respnsible fr thse utcmes, t"可知,受人喜爱与积极的人生结果相关,是这些结果的成因。因此,对人友好,你的人生不会太差,故选A。
考法1 归纳文章标题
命题透视 归纳文章标题类的题目是近几年全国卷每年每套试卷的必考点,主要考查考生把握主题和理解中心思想的能力, 要求考生在理解文章的基础上运用判断、归纳、概括等方法, 对文章的主题进行提炼或高度概括,最终准确地选出文章的标题。常见的设问形式: 1.Which is the best title fr this passage?2.Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr this passage?3.What wuld be the mst suitable title fr the text?
方法点拨 1.要想正确解题,首先要了解标题的基本特点:浓缩性强,多为一个短语;涵盖面广,一般要求能覆盖全文;精确度高,不能随意改变文章的内容及要点信息。2.选定标题的基本原则(1)要在阅读原文的基础上,仔细考虑所给选项与文章主题是否有密切的联系。(2)看它对文章的概括是否准确,覆盖面是否够广。 注意避免出现概括不够、过度概括、以具体细节代替主旨大意等错误。
3.选定标题的四大标准精——概括文章中心思想的语言要精练。准——注意文章的内涵和外延,作者的观点表达得要准确。统——标题要能统领文章的细节信息。新——标题要新颖,对读者有吸引力,能激发读者的阅读兴趣。 1 [2018全国Ⅰ,B]Gd Mrning Britain's Susanna Reid is used t grilling guests n the sfa every mrning, but she is cking up a strm in her latest rle — shwing families hw t prepare delicius and nutritius meals n a tight budget.
In Save Mney: Gd Fd, she visits a different hme each week and with the help f chef Matt Tebbutt ffers tp tips n hw t reduce fd waste, while preparing recipes fr under ￡5 per family a day. And the Gd Mrning Britain presenter says she's been able t put a lt f what she's learnt int practice in her wn hme, preparing meals fr sns, Sam, 14, Finn, 13, and Jack, 11. "We lve Mexican churrs, s I buy them n my phne frm my lcal Mexican takeaway restaurant," she explains."I pay ￡5 fr a prtin(一份),but Matt makes them fr 26p a prtin, because they
are flur, water, sugar and il. Everybdy can buy takeaway fd, but smetimes we're nt aware hw cheaply we can make this fd urselves." The eight-part series(系列节目), Save Mney: Gd Fd, fllws in the ftsteps f ITV's Save Mney: Gd Health, which gave viewers advice n hw t get value frm the vast range f health prducts n the market. With fd ur biggest weekly husehld expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tnight's
special they cme t the aid f a family in need f sme delicius inspiratin n a budget. The team transfrms the family's lng weekend f celebratin with less expensive but still tasty can be a suitable title fr the text?A. Keeping Fit by Eating SmartB. Balancing Our Daily DietC. Making Yurself a Perfect ChefD. Cking Well fr Less解析 考查标题判断。通读全文可知,本文主要介绍了Susanna Reid主持的一档电视节目Save Mney: Gd Fd。仔细研读主要段落的主题句
(第一段中的"shwing families hw t prepare delicius and nutritius meals n a tight budget",第二段中的"ffers tp tips n hw t reduce fd waste, while preparing recipes fr under ￡5 per family a day"和最后一段中的"The team transfrms ... with less expensive but still tasty recipes")可知,Save Mney: Gd Fd这个节目旨在帮助普通家庭用更少的钱做出营养美味的饭菜,故"Cking Well fr Less"适合作本文的标题。另外,从文学角度分析,Cking Well fr Less这个标题使用了Well和Less,它们在含义上形成对比,能成功吸引读者的注意,使读者对文章产生兴趣,比平铺直叙地告知文章大意的标题更具文学色彩。故选D。
考法2 概括文章大意
命题透视 概括文章大意类的题目在高考试卷中较常考查,常见的设问形式:1.What is the text mainly abut?2.Which is the main tpic/idea f this passage?3.What des this passage mainly tell us?4.What is mainly described in the text? 5.Which f the fllwing can best summarize this passage?6.What's the subject discussed in this passage?
方法点拨 每篇文章都有一个中心思想,获取文章中心思想的有效方法就是辨认主题句。文章的主题句常出现在首段或尾段,因此,我们要特别注意文章的首段和尾段。有的文章没有主题句,中心思想隐含在文章中,比如故事类题材的文章,这需要我们对文章的事实细节进行分析、归纳和总结,从而得到文章大意。在寻找和归纳全文主旨时,考生应注意以下几点:1.关注文章的首段,尤其是其中符合主题句特点的句子,留意下文是否有对该句的解释和细节支撑。2.快速通读文章主体部分的每一段,寻找每一段的主题句,判断各个段落是否
与文章开头或结尾的主题句相呼应。 3.注意文章的末尾,看此处出现的主题句和文章首段的主题句是否呼应。如果文章首段的主题句语言精练,且在主体部分被从多角度说明或论证,又与尾段的主题句相呼应,则首段的这个句子就是全文的主题句。4.如果文章中出现了两种及两种以上的不同观点,则文章最后作者的观点一般为文章的主要观点。此时要注意一些标志性的词或短语,如n the whle, in shrt, therefre, in spite f, n the cntrary, hwever等,因为这些词或短语之后的内容往往是作者的观点,也是全文的主旨大意。
2 [2017丙卷(全国Ⅲ),C]After years f heated debate, gray wlves were reintrduced t Yellwstne Natinal Park. Furteen wlves were caught in Canada and transprted t the park. By last year, the Yellwstne wlf ppulatin had grwn t mre than 170 wlves. Gray wlves nce were seen here and there in the Yellwstne area and much f the cntinental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human develpment. By the 1920s, wlves had practically disappeared frm the Yellwstne area. They went farther nrth int the deep frests f Canada, where there were
fewer humans arund. The disappearance f the wlves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk ppulatins — majr fd surces (来源) fr the wlf — grew rapidly. These animals cnsumed large amunts f vegetatin (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence f wlves, cyte ppulatins als grew quickly. The cytes killed a large percentage f the park's red fxes, and cmpletely drve away the park's beavers. As early as 1966, bilgists asked the gvernment t cnsider
reintrducing wlves t Yellwstne Park. They hped that wlves wuld be able t cntrl the elk and cyte prblems. Many farmers ppsed the plan because they feared that wlves wuld kill their farm animals r pets. The gvernment spent nearly 30 years cming up with a plan t reintrduce the wlves. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully mnitrs and manages the wlf packs in Yellwstne. Tday, the debate cntinues ver hw well the gray wlf is fitting in at Yellwstne. Elk, deer, and cyte ppulatins are dwn, while
beavers and red fxes have made a cmeback. The Yellwstne wlf prject has been a valuable experiment t help bilgists decide whether t reintrduce wlves t ther parts f the cuntry as is the text mainly abut?A. Wildlife research in the United States.B. Plant diversity in the Yellwstne area.C. The cnflict between farmers and gray wlves.D. The reintrductin f wlves t Yellwstne Park.
解析 考查主旨大意。纵观全文尤其是第一段第一句中的"gray wlves were reintrduced t Yellwstne Natinal Park"和最后一段第一句"The gvernment spent nearly 30 years cming up with a plan t reintrduce the wlves"可知,本文主要讲的是将狼重新引入黄石国家公园这一举措。故选D。
考法3 总结段落大意
命题透视 总结段落大意类的题目在近两年的高考试题中出现的频率有所上升,常见的设问形式:1.What des the last paragraph mainly talk abut?2.What des the writer try t express in Paragraph 3?3.Which f the fllwing can best summarize Paragraph 1?4.What's the main tpic discussed in the first paragraph?
方法点拨 每个段落通常都有一个主题句,段落主题句通常会出现在段落的首句或尾句中,有时也会出现在段落中间。阅读中应尽量利用有关信息确定主题句的位置: 1.细节表述在前,归纳概括在后,主题句常在段尾,即"分总"式。2.先提观点,后举例子,主题句常出现在段首,即"总分"式,这种形式较多出现在说明文和议论文中。3.段落中没有出现主题句,考生要学会根据段落细节内容概括出主题句。 3 In 1988, a cmpany in Ohi invented an alchl-based hand cleaner, which was meant t be used by health care wrkers,
when sap and water were unavailable. Je Kanfer, the cmpany's CEO, tld me recently, "There were a cuple f ther alchl prducts ut there, but they were really ugly. Either they were greasy (油腻的) r they burned yur hands white." Kanfer tk a year and a half t develp this prduct which is visually appealing and des almst n harm t ne's skin. Still, Kanfer lst mney n it fr mre than a decade because peple culdn't get what it was fr. The prduct is called Purell. Tday, yu can see it everywhere. My dctr uses it several times during every ffice visit. Yu can
see it in almst every ffice in the U.S. and schl picnics wuld be impssible withut it. The frmer president Gerge W.Bush was called a racist fr using the hand cleaner, but after first shakinghands with Barack Obama,Bush als gave sme f it t him and recmmended it as a cld preventative (预防药). What was nce barely even a prduct is nw a grwing prduct categry, wrth hundreds f millins per year. ...