全国统考2022届高考英语一轮复习模块三千变万化的动词第4讲动词的时态语态和主谓一致讲义教案

模块三　千变万化的动词

第4讲　动词的时态、语态和主谓一致

Ⅰ. 语法填空

1. (2020·全国Ⅰ卷)It means (mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon is constructed (construct).

2. (2020·全国Ⅱ卷 )This is why decorating with plants, fruits and flowers carries (carry) special significance.

3. (2020·全国Ⅲ卷) The artist was sure he would be chosen (choose), but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperor’s chief minister, the old man laughed.

4. (2020·全国Ⅲ卷) They smiled and pointed (point) down the river.

5. (2019·全国卷Ⅱ)I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I have made (make) over the years.

6. (2019·江苏高考)The musician along with his band members has given(give) ten performances in the last three months.

7. (2018·北京高考)A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who had been trapped(trap) in the mountains for two days.

Ⅰ. 语法填空四谨记

1. 明晰高考考查类型:

动词的时态和语态题, 大致可分为以下3种类型: 一是题干中提供时间状语, 考生可直接根据所给的时间状语作出答案。二是提供的时间状语有较强的干扰性和迷惑性, 考生不能直接据此进行答题。三是题干中不提供任何时间状语, 而是给出一个上下文情景或一个结构较为复杂的句子, 考生必须仔细分析语境, 才能作出最佳答案。

2. 掌握独特的时间状语标志

(1)看到always, often, seldom, sometimes, usually等要想到用一般现在时; 

(2)看到yesterday, last night, a few days ago, the other day等要想到用一般过去时; 

(3)看到since, so far, up to now, in the last/past few years等要想到用现在完成时。

注意: 如果题干中没有时间标志词, 而是有两个或两个以上的谓语动词, 这时我们应该将两个动词动作发生的时间进行比较, 依据动词发生的时间先后, 确定正确的时态。

3. 熟记固定句型中的时态

(1)be doing. . . when. . . , 主句常用过去进行时, 从句常用一般过去时; 

(2)It is/has been+时间段+since. . . 表示“自从……以来已经……”, 主句用现在完成时或一般现在时, 从句用一般过去时; 

(3)祈使句+and/or+陈述句, 陈述句常用一般将来时。

4. 分清主动被动, 辨析语态

看到动词为及物动词, 后面缺少宾语要想到用被动语态。

Ⅱ. 短文改错

1. (2020·全国Ⅱ卷)Actually, I start to learn kung fu when I was seven years old. (start→started)

2. (2020·全国Ⅲ卷)My dad don’t like the soup and I don’t enjoy apples. (第一个don’t改为doesn’t)

3. (2019·全国卷Ⅱ)And the other is that I wanted to help people in need. (is改为was)

4. (2019·全国卷Ⅲ)Though it may appear simple, it required a lot of ideas and efforts. (required改为requires)

5. (2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Still I unwilling to play the game with them sometimes. (在I后加was)

6. (2018·全国卷Ⅰ)During my last winter holiday, I went to the countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I find a big change there. (find改为found)

Ⅱ. 短文改错三定法

1. 明晰常见错误类型

谓语动词的错误是历年考试的重点和热点, 常见动词错误类型有: ①一般现在时与一般过去时错用; ②and前后动词时态不一致; ③主谓不一致; ④缺少动词, 特别是be动词; ⑤第三人称单数形式错用; ⑥主动语态和被动语态错用。

2. “六根据”定时态、语态

(1)根据语篇和上下文整体把握时态;  (2)根据时间状语判断时态; 

(3)根据连词连接成分的对称原则辨清时态; 

(4)根据主句谓语识别从句时态: 在复合句中, 主句用一般现在时, 从句可根据需要用各种时态;  主句用一般过去时, 从句用过去的某种时态; 

(5)根据固定句式要求改正时态;  (6)根据主动被动辨析语态。

3. “四看”定谓语单复数

(1)看主语为第一、二人称还是第三人称, 确定谓语动词形式; 

(2)看到主语为动名词(短语)/to do不定式或从句, 要想到谓语应为第三人称单数形式; 

(3)看到“分数/百分数+of+名词”作主语, 要想到谓语的数取决于名词; 

(4)看到there be等结构, 要想到就近一致原则。

一般时态

1. 一般现在时(do/does; is/am/are)

(1)表示经常发生的、习惯性的、反复出现的动作或状态。常与表示习惯的副词(词组)always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually, every day/night等连用。

(2)按时间表、时刻表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作, 用一般现在时。只限于go, arrive, leave, start, stay, return, begin, come等动词。

(3)普遍真理。

(4)用在时间、条件或让步状语从句中, 用一般现在时表示将来。

※The earth goes round the Sun once a year.

※He plays basketball every day.

※(2020·江苏高考)If you look at all sides of the situation, you’ll find probably a solution that suits everyone.

※The film starts at two o’clock.

2. 一般过去时(did; was/were)

(1)表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况。

(2)表示过去习惯性动作。

【点津】would/used to do: 表示过去常常做……

※We used to go there every year.

※We often played together when we were children.

※—Haven’t seen you for ages!  Where have you been? 

—I went to Ningxia and stayed there for one year, teaching as a volunteer.

【小题快练】 单句语法填空

①Every few years, the coal workers have (have)their lungs X-rayed to ensure their health.

②The real reason why prices were(be), and still are, too high is complex, and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem.

③Playing football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also gives (give) us a sense of fair play and team spirit.

④It has been a long time since we met(meet)in China last time.

进行时态

1. 现在进行时(am/is/are doing)

(1)表示说话时正在进行或表示现阶段正在进行的动作, 虽然此时此刻该动作不一定正在进行。

(2)表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作, 常用的这类动词有: go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, work, sleep, stay, have, wear等。

(3)表示说话人现在对主语的行为表示赞叹或厌恶等(常与always, constantly, continually等副词连用)。

※He is listening to a tape, but he can’t hear it clearly.

※He is leaving tomorrow to play his first match.

※We are always finding new beauties in Shakespeare’s poetry.

2. 过去进行时(was/were doing)

(1)表示在过去具体的时间正在发生的动作或者表示过去某个时间段内一直在发生的事情。常同表示过去的时间状语从句以及at that time, at that moment, at this time yesterday, at ten o’clock yesterday等连用。

(2)过去进行时可以表示过去将来的含义。

(3)过去进行时和频度副词连用可以表示说话者或褒义或贬义的感情色彩。

※We were playing football at this time yesterday afternoon.

※(2018·北京高考)Susan had quit her well-paid job and was working as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.

※She was always arguing with him and fighting with him.

3. 将来进行时(will/shall be doing)

表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作, 或表示要从将来某一时刻开始, 并继续下去的动作。

常见的标志性的时间状语有this time tomorrow, from 1: 30 p. m. to 4: 30 p. m. , the day after tomorrow等。如:

※I will be discussing the situation with colleagues this time tomorrow.

【小题快练】 单句语法填空

①I’ll go to the library as soon as I finish what I am doing (do).

②The manager was worried about the press conference his assistant was giving (give)in his place but, luckily, everything was going on smoothly.

③What will you be doing (do)this time tomorrow?   

将来时态

1. 一般将来时(will/shall do)

(1)“shall/will+动词原形”表示现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态。“will+动词原形”还可以表示说话时临时做出的决定。

(2)“be going to+动词原形”表示: ①现在打算或计划将来要做的事情; ②表示根据某种迹象认为在最近或将来要发生的事情。

(3)“be to+动词原形”表示: ①预先安排好的计划或约定; ②表示说话人的意志、意图、义务、命令等; ③表示注定要发生的事情。

(4)“be about to+动词原形”表示正要或即将要做某事, 该结构不与表示具体的将来时间状语连用。

※We shall be punished if we break the rule.

※My daughter’s going to work next year.

※They are to attempt to be the first to circle the Earth non-stop by balloon.

※Will you kindly obey the instructions I am about to give?

2. 过去将来时

过去将来时表示在过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态, 即过去将来时是“立足过去, 着眼未来”的一种时态, 常用于宾语从句中。

※They said they would give the police their full cooperation.

【点津】除“should/would+动词原形”外(第一人称通常用should, 其他人称通常用would), 过去将来时还有以下常见表达方式:  was/were going to do, was/were about to do, was/were to do, 但是表示过去的某种习惯性动作时, 常用would do/used to do。

※I had a feeling you were going to be difficult about this.

※He was about to offer an explanation, but she was beginning to laugh.

【小题快练】 单句语法填空

①—What time is it?

—I have no idea. But just a minute, I will check(check) it for you.

②If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, the sports meet will be held (hold)in the playground of our school.

③You promised you would keep (keep)us safe.  

完成时态

1. 现在完成时(have/has done)

(1)表示发生在过去而对现在仍有影响的动作, 常用的时间状语: already, just, yet, never, before, lately, recently, in the last(past) few years, up to now, so far等。

(2)表示从过去某时开始而延续至今的动作或状态, 常与for, since等表示一段时间的状语连用。

(3)在条件、时间、让步状语从句中, 表示将来某时间前已完成的动作。

(4)This/It is the first/second. . . time+that从句, that从句中谓语要用现在完成时。

(5)It(This)is the best(worst, most interesting等)+名词+定语从句, 从句中的谓语用现在完成时。

※(2018·北京高考)China’s high-speed railways have grown from 9, 000 to 25, 000 kilometers in the past few years.

※(2020·天津高考)The number of medical schools reached 18 in the early 1990s and has remained around that level since.

※I won’t pay you until you have finished this job.

※This is the first time I have left my country and set foot on foreign soil.

2. 过去完成时(had done)

(1)表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态, 即过去的过去。

(2)表示从过去某一时间开始, 一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作, 常用的时间状语: by then, by that time, by the end of, by the time+句子等。

(3)表示“愿望、打算”的动词(如hope, want, expect, think, mean, suppose, plan, intend)用于过去完成时表示过去本打算实现而未实现的希望或计划。

(4)在“hardly(scarcely). . . when. . . ”, “no sooner. . . than. . . ” 句型中, 主句用过去完成时, 从句用一般过去时, 意为“一……就……”。

※By that time, I had already made the decision to leave.

※(2019·天津高考)I had hoped to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage, but I couldn’t manage it.

※We had no sooner had supper than we began to repair the machine.

完成进行时

现在完成进行时(have/has been doing)

(1)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在并且还要继续下去的动作。

※We have been waiting for him for two hours.

(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直反复进行的动作。

※(2020·天津高考)—You are a great swimmer.

—Thanks. It’s because I have been practising a lot these days.

【小题快练】 单句语法填空

①For many years, people have been dreaming (dream)of electric cars. However, making them has been more difficult than predicted.

②By the time we arrived, everyone had received(receive) medical care.

③(2020·江苏高考)Instead of getting down to a new task as I had expected(expect), he examined the previous work again.

④This is the first time my cousin has adapted (adapt)to her new job.  

被动语态

　　被动语态的构成为“be+过去分词”, 只要变换be的形式就可以得到不同时态的被动语态, 除be外被动语态的构成形式还有: get/become+过去分词。

只有及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语才有被动语态, 不及物动词或短语无被动语态。常考的不及物动词或短语: last, cost, spread, happen(to), take place, belong to, break out, go out, run out, work out。

1. 被动语态的构成(以do为例)

2. 使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题

(1)主动变为被动时双宾语的变化。

※The reporters asked the president some questions.

→The president was asked some questions by the reporters.

→Some questions were asked the president by the reporters.

(2)主动变为被动时, 宾语成主语; (作补语的)不定式前需加to(位置不变)。

※I heard him say good-bye to his friends.

→He was heard to say good-bye to his friends.

(3)短语动词变被动语态时, 勿掉“尾巴”。

※This dictionary must be taken good care of.

(4)情态动词, be going to, be to, be sure to等结构变为被动语态时, 只需将它们后面的动词原形变为“be+过去分词”。

※This book may not be taken out of the reading room.

(5)get+过去分词构成的表示被动的短语get paid/lost/hurt等。

※They get paid twice as much as I do, but the job is exactly the same as mine.

※No matter how well you know Paris, it is easy to get lost.

3. 主动形式表示被动含义

(1)表示感受、感官的系动词如feel, sound, taste, look等, 后面跟形容词、名词构成系表结构, 常常以主动形式表示被动意义, 借指其本身具有的属性、特征等。

(2)当sell, read, draw, wash, write, open, wear, run, burn等不及物动词后带状语(well/easily等)修饰, 用来表示主语内在的品质或性能时用主动形式表示被动含义。

※The music isn’t pleasant to listen to.

※This kind of radio doesn’t sell well.

【小题快练】 单句语法填空

①After getting lost in a storm, a member of the navy team was rescued (rescue)four days later.

②Entire villages have been washed (wash)away. Roads and bridges have been destroyed and crops ruined.

③The church tower which is being restored (restore) will be open to tourists soon. The work is almost finished.

④My pen writes (write) smoothly.

⑤In the near future, more advances in the robot technology will be made(make) by scientists.

⑥This cloth feels (feel)much softer than that one.

主谓一致

1. 语法一致原则

主语的单复数决定了谓语动词的单复数。

(1)动名词、动词不定式、从句、不定代词作主语时, 谓语动词常用单数。

※Serving the people is my great happiness.

※Whether we’ll go depends on the weather.

【点津】what引导的从句作主语时, 谓语动词一般用单数形式, 但如果从句表示复数意义, 则谓语动词用复数形式。

※What lies at the root of his troubles is a sense of insecurity.

※What the school needs are qualified teachers.

(2)主语后有with, together with, along with, except, besides, as well as等单词或短语时, 谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。

※(2019·天津高考)Amy, as well as her brothers, was given a warm welcome when returning to the village last week.

(3)and, both. . . and. . . 连接两个不同的主语时, 谓语动词用复数形式; 但是如果由and连接的两个名词表示同一个人或物, 谓语动词用单数形式。

※Both you and I are students.

※The singer and dancer is said to perform in our school on May Day.

(4)定语从句中关系代词作主语时, 从句中的谓语动词要与先行词保持一致。

※He is one of the men who were chosen to represent the group.

※He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.

2. 意义一致原则

意义一致原则指不管主语的形式是单数还是复数, 主语的意义决定了谓语动词的单复数。

(1)集体名词作主语时, 若被看作一个整体, 谓语动词用单数形式; 若被看作构成集体的一个个成员, 谓语动词用复数形式。常见的集体名词有: family, class, team, group, public, committee, government, audience等。

※His audience consists mainly of young people.

※The audience were clapping for over ten minutes.

(2)“分数/百分数/the majority+of+名词”作主语时, 谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数以及其表示的意义; all, some, half, most, the rest等作主语时, 谓语动词的单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。

※Two-thirds of the people present are against the plan.

※The majority of the damage is easy to repair.

(3)“the+形容词”表示一类人在句中作主语时, 谓语动词用复数形式。

※The old are more likely to catch cold than the young.

(4)表示时间、距离、重量、金额等的复数名词作主语时, 谓语动词通常用单数形式。

※Four thousand dollars is quite a lot of money for a boy.

3. 就近一致原则

就近一致原则指谓语动词的单复数形式取决于离它最近的主语的单复数。

(1)由or, either. . . or. . . , neither. . . nor. . . , not only. . . but also. . . , not. . . but. . . 等连接的词语作主语, 谓语动词的数常与最近的主语保持一致。

※Either you or Paul is responsible for this thing.

※Not only you but also your sister is lovely.

(2)由there, here引起的主语不止一个时, 谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。

※There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.

※Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.

【小题快练】 单句语法填空

①Three fourths of the surface of the earth is covered (cover)with water.

②What they want to get are(be) a number of good books.

③Neither my parents nor my elder sister likes (like) running.

④My father as well as his workmates has been(be) to Beijing.  

⑤Ten dollars is (be)enough for this book.

Ⅰ. 语法填空

　　China plans to release one or two giant pandas into the wild. So far the spot

1. __________(select) in east China’s Jiangxi province. It will be the first time to release a giant panda into the wild outside southwest China’s Sichuan Province,

2. __________ 13 pandas had been released by the end of last year.  

　　An expert meeting was held in Jiangxi, where it was decided that pandas would be transported from Sichuan. Then they will be released into the Jiangxi Guanshan National Nature Reserve. The nature reserve 3. __________(have) a mild climate and a quite good ecosystem, with abundant bamboo 4. __________(resource) and little human interference, which is good for giant pandas to reproduce.  

　　Researchers also 5. __________ (brief) introduced the research method to experts. The method includes 6. __________ giant panda reintroduction program. The reintroduction program refers to 7. __________(release) captive-bred (圈养繁殖的) pandas to their past distribution areas. They will live in these areas after wild training 8. __________ (rebuild) the wild population. Researchers will obtain

9. __________ (value) data. And the data shows how pandas adapt to the environment and climate after they stay at the wild habitats.  

　　The program has high research value for studying some problems. Why did pandas die out in their historical distribution areas?  How did climate changes influence the current panda population?  The program will also help expand the distribution range 10. __________ giant pandas. Besides, it can reduce the extinction risks of their wild population.

1. 【解析】has been selected。考查时态和语态。该句主语the spot是第三人称单数, 和谓语动词select是被动关系, 再根据时间状语so far可知, 此处用现在完成时的被动语态, 故填has been selected。

2. 【解析】where。考查定语从句。先行词为“China’s Sichuan Province”, 在定语从句中作地点状语, 故填where。

3. 【解析】has。考查主谓一致。本句主语“reserve”是第三人称单数, 且这里是陈述客观事实, 所以用一般现在时的第三人称单数形式。故填has。

4. 【解析】resources。考查名词单复数。resource是可数名词, 此处用复数形式。故填resources。

5. 【解析】briefly。考查副词。空后为“introduced”, 根据副词修饰动词, 应用副词形式briefly。故填briefly。

6. 【解析】a。考查冠词。根据句意“这个研究方法包含一个大熊猫再引进计划”, 表示“一个”用不定冠词, 名词giant以辅音音素开头, 故填a。

7. 【解析】releasing。考查非谓语动词。根据“refer to sth. ”中“to”为介词, 其后用v. -ing形式作宾语。故填releasing。

8. 【解析】to rebuild。考查非谓语动词。这里是用动词不定式表示目的。故填to rebuild。

9. 【解析】valuable。考查形容词。此处data是名词, 这里应该用形容词修饰它, 故填valuable。

10. 【解析】of。考查介词。range意为“范围, 种类”, 常与“of”连用。故填of。

Ⅱ. 短文改错

　　Senior Three student will face the question after they pass by the college entrance examination. “Should I choose a good major and a good university? ” Some students prefer to consider majors first so that they can learn which they are interested in. It will also make it possible for them take their favorite jobs in the future. However, those who think differently believes that the environment is important to one’s development. They also believe that students graduated from leading universities are often more likely to find good jobs. In my opinion, a best choice is to choose a good major at a good university. But if they can’t obtain both, the first thing to consider was a good major. Because no matter where they study, we can still achieve a lot in a certain field if they try their best.

答案:

1. 【解析】第一句student改为students。考查可数名词单复数。根据从句after they pass. . . 中的they可知, Senior Three student应该是复数形式。故student改为students。

2. 【解析】第一句去掉介词by。考查固定短语。短语pass the exam“通过考试”, 不需要介词by; pass by意思为“经过”。故去掉by。

3. 【解析】第二句and改为or。考查连词。根据句意, 此处应该用连词or, 意思为“或者”, 表示选择关系。故and改为or。

4. 【解析】第三句which改为what。考查宾语从句引导词。“which they are interested in”是宾语从句, 从句中缺少宾语, 应该用what引导宾语从句, 意思为“……事情/东西”, 在从句中作宾语。故which改为what。

5. 【解析】第四句take前加to。考查非谓语动词。句中it是形式宾语, 真正的宾语应是不定式短语 to take their favorite jobs in the future。故take前加to。

6. 【解析】第五句believes改为believe。考查主谓一致。句子的主语those是复数意义, 谓语动词believes的单复数应与those一致。故believes改为believe。

7. 【解析】第六句graduated改为graduating。考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构, “graduated from leading universities”在句中作定语; 主语students和graduate之间是逻辑上的主动关系, 应该用现在分词短语作后置定语。故graduated改为graduating。

8. 【解析】第七句第一个a改为the。考查冠词。best是形容词的最高级形式, 前面应该用定冠词the。故第一个a改为the。

9. 【解析】第八句was改为is。考查时态。整篇文章叙述的是现在的情况, 是一般现在时, 此处也应该相应地用一般现在时。故was改为is。

10. 【解析】第九句we改为they。考查代词。根据上下文中的they can’t obtain both. . . no matter where they study和if they try their best可知, 此处we也应相应地用代词they。故we改为they。

Ⅲ. 写作运用

　　补全下面写作, 注意动词的运用。

Hello, everyone!  I would like to share with you my first travel abroad. 1. Last summer vacation, I, together with several classmates, took part in an exchange program with an American school. (去年暑假, 我和几个同学一起参加了与一所美国学校的交流项目。)During our visit, we stayed in host families, which gave us an opportunity to learn about American society. The main part of our program was to experience the school life. 2. Compared with Chinese students, American students are more open and active. (与中国学生相比, 美国学生更加开放和活跃。)Besides, they have less homework and fewer exams. 3. But we also have a lot in common, like being crazy about NBA. (但我们也有很多共同点, 比如对NBA的狂热。) When the visit was over, I made friends with some American students, who become very interested in Chinese culture. 4. The American students also benefited much from the program. (美国学生也从中获益匪浅。)