2021届高考英语二轮专题训练第一篇专题一阅读理解第二部分题型应对策略第5讲篇章结构题课件

这是一份2021届高考英语二轮专题训练第一篇专题一阅读理解第二部分题型应对策略第5讲篇章结构题课件，共60页。PPT课件主要包含了命题解读·备考导航，技法探究·素养提升，新题精练·素养应用，专题能力提升练等内容，欢迎下载使用。

近几年全国卷均未对篇章结构题进行考查, 但近几年地方卷偶有涉及, 供有需求的考生灵活选用。
【明命题方式】1. Which f the fllwing shws the structure f the passage?2. Which f the fllwing shws the rganizatin f the passage?3. Which f the fllwing shws the develpment f ideas in the passage?
【晓解题捷径】 篇章结构题主要针对文章的整体篇章结构或某一段落的展开层次所设置问题。高考阅读理解文章的主要逻辑结构有:
1. 记叙文的基本结构(Narrative writings)
2. 说明文的基本结构(Descriptive writing)
3. 议论文的基本结构(Argumentatin)
【典例】　　Technlgy activists are appealing t tech cmpanies and their leaders t build a future in which the effect f machinery n humans is lessened. Rbts nw are ding mre wrk than ever befre. Lasers are being used t cut clth at factries, while drne aircraft water crps. S sme wrkers have lng feared that machines are cming t take away their jbs.
　　Tim O’Reilly, head f a technlgy advisry service, says it is imprtant fr peple and machines t wrk tgether. He says mst cmputer sftware depends n human beings t keep it perating. “ It’s s imprtant that we have t think abut nt using technlgy t replace peple — but t augment them, t d smething that was previusly impssible, ” O’Reilly said. He spke last week at the cnference in H Chi Minh City, in Vietnam, Asia.
　　With mre skills, peple can wrk with machines, O’Reilly nted. Fr example, the ride-sharing cmpanies Lyft and Uber use sftware designed t help human drivers. Mst large airplanes are nw flwn by cmputers. But passengers will likely always want a human pilt n the plane.
　　O’Reilly said the wrld needs peple. He tld the cnference’s delegates that “all f yu, in sme sense, are inside the Internet. If yu g away, it stps wrking. It’s nt like a piece f sftware in the PC era where if yu had a cpy f Micrsft Windws running n yur persnal cmputer, it wuld keep running withut the riginal prgrammers. Almst all f the sftware we depend n tday is a service that depends n the wrk f peple like yu. ”
　　While sme experts believe rbts will help in the future, thers are wrried. In 2015 the cnsulting service McKinsey & Cmpany said machines will smeday perfrm 45 percent f the jbs humans nw d. That may be why many technlgy experts supprt the idea f universal guaranteed earnings. Under the plan, a small mnthly payment wuld be made t each persn, even if they d nt wrk. 　　Many delegates at the cnference supprt technlgy and the changes it will bring. But many are als starting t think abut its effect n humans and hw t help peple live in a wrld where machines d s much wrk.
Which f the fllwing best shws the structure f the passage?
【技法点金】第一步: 阅读题干, 找出题干关键信息: the structure f the passage第二步: 通读全文可知, 第一段阐述了现状——科技发展影响人们就业, 引出主题; 第二至五段分别阐述了人们对此的不同观点, 其中第二至四段是人们对科技发展的正面评价, 第五段是负面评价; 最后一段又是对全文的总结。第三步: 仔细对比选项, 故选__。
【加固训练】(北京卷)Wilderness “In wilderness(荒野)is the preservatin f the wrld. ” This is a famus saying frm a writer regarded as ne f the fathers f envirnmentalism. The frequency with which it is brrwed mirrrs a heated debate n envirnmental prtectin: whether t place wilderness at the heart f what is t be preserved.
As Jhn Sauven f Greenpeace UK pints ut, there is a strng appeal in images f the wild, the untuched; mre than anything else, they speak f the nature that many peple value mst dearly. The urge t leave the subject f such images untuched is strng, and the danger explitatin(开发)brings t such landscapes(景观) is real. Sme f these wildernesses als perfrm functins that humans need—the rainfrests, fr example, stre carbn in vast quantities. T Mr Sauven, these “ecsystem services” far utweigh the gains frm explitatin.
Lee Lane, a visiting fellw at the Hudsn Institute, takes the ppsing view.He acknwledges that wildernesses d prvide useful services, such as water cnservatin. But that is nt, he argues, a reasn t avid all human presence, r indeed cmmercial and industrial explitatin. There are ever mre peple n the Earth, and they reasnably and rightfully want t have better lives, rather than merely struggle fr survival. While the ways f using resurces have imprved, there is still a grwing need fr raw materials, and sme wildernesses cntain them in abundance. If they can be tapped withut
reducing the services thse wildernesses prvide, the argument ges, there is n further reasn nt t d s. Being untuched is nt, in itself, a characteristic wrth valuing abve all thers. I lk frward t seeing these views taken further, and t their being challenged by the ther participants. One challenge that suggests itself t me is that bth cases need t take n the questin f spiritual value a little mre directly. And there is a practical questin as t whether wildernesses can be explited withut harm.
This is a tpic that calls fr nt nly free expressin f feelings, but als the guidance f reasn. What psitin wilderness shuld enjy in the preservatin f the wrld bviusly deserves much mre serius thinking.
【文章大意】在资源日渐匮乏的今天, 人们又将目光投向了人烟罕至的荒野之地。是开发利用, 还是加以保护?人们给出了不同的观点。
1. Jhn Sauven hlds that ______.  A. many peple value nature t muchB. explitatin f wildernesses is harmfulC. wildernesses prvide humans with necessitiesD. the urge t develp the ecsystem services is strng【解析】选B。推理判断题。由第二段最后一句T Mr Sauven, these “ecsystem services” far utweigh the gains frm explitatin. 可知答案。
2. What is the main idea f Para. 3?A. The explitatin is necessary fr the pr peple. B. Wildernesses cannt guarantee better use f raw materials. C. Useful services f wildernesses are nt the reasn fr n explitatin. D. All the characteristics cncerning the explitatin shuld be treated equally. 【解析】选C。段落大意题。本段的主题句是第三句But that is nt, he argues, a reasn t avid all human presence, r indeed cmmercial and industrial explitatin. , 句中的that指的是上文中的useful services。
3. What is the authr’s attitude twards this debate?A. Objective. B. Disapprving. C. Sceptical. D. Optimistic. 【解析】选A。观点态度题。本文作者只是客观地给出了几种不同的观点, 并没有发表自己的看法。
4. Which f the fllwing shws the structure f the passage?
CP: Central Pint　　　　　P: PintSp: Sub-pint(次要点)C: Cnclusin【解析】选D。篇章结构题。本文第一段先提出了全文的主题: 是否该对荒野之地加以保护。第二、三段分别提出了保护和开发两种截然不同的观点。第四段提出了一个新的挑战: 能否毫无害处地进行开发。最后一段给出结论。
【长难句分析】While the ways f using resurces have imprved, there is still a grwing need fr raw materials, and sme wildernesses cntain them in abundance. 分析: 本句是复合句。while引导的是让步状语从句。主句是由and连接的并列句。译文: 虽然资源的利用方式已经得到了改善, 但是对于原材料的需求还在增长, 而且荒野之地在这方面储量丰富。
Passage 1　　Technlgical change is everywhere and affects every aspect f life, mstly fr the better. Hwever, scial changes brught abut by new technlgy are ften mistaken fr a change in attitudes.
An example at hand is the invlvement f parents in the lives f their children wh are attending cllege. Surveys (调查) n this tpic suggest that parents tday cntinue t be “very” r “smewhat”verly-prtective even after their children mve int cllege drmitries. The same surveys als indicate that the rate f parental invlvement is greater tday than it was a generatin ag. This is usually interpreted as a sign that tday’s parents are trying t manage their children’s lives past the pint where this behavir is apprpriate.
　　Hwever, greater parental invlvement des nt necessarily indicate that parents are failing t let g f their “adult” children. 　　In the cntext (背景) f this discussin, it seems valuable t first find ut the cause f change in the case f parents’ invlvement with their grwn children. If parents f earlier generatins had wanted t be in tuch with their cllege-age children frequently, wuld this have been pssible? Prbably nt. On the ther hand, des the pssibility f frequent cmmunicatin tday mean that the urge t d s wasn’t present a generatin ag? Many studies shw that lder parents—tday’s grandparents—wuld have called their children mre ften if the means and cst f ding s had nt been a barrier.
Furthermre, studies shw that finances are the mst frequent subject f cmmunicatin between parents and their cllege children. The fact that cllege students are financially dependent n their parents is nthing new; nr are requests fr mre mney t be sent frm hme. This phenmenn is neither gd nr bad; it is a fact f cllege life, tday and in the past.
Thanks t the advanced technlgy, we live in an age f better cmmunicatin. This has many implicatins well beynd the rle that parents seem t play in the lives f their children wh have left fr cllege. But it is useful t bear in mind that all such changes cme frm the technlgy and nt sme imagined desire by parents t keep their children under their wings. 【文章大意】文章以父母对于上大学的成年子女过度保护的问题为例, 提出了科技带来的一些改变容易被误认为态度的改变的论点。
1. The surveys infrm us f______.  A. the develpment f technlgyB. the changes f adult children’s behavirC. the parents’ ver-prtectin f their cllege childrenD. the means and expenses f students’ cmmunicatin【解析】选C。细节理解题。由第二段中parents tday cntinue t be “very” r“smewhat”verly-prtective even after their children mve int cllege drmitries. 可知调查显示现在在某种程度上家长过度保护子女。
2. The writer believes that______.  A. parents tday are mre prtective than thse in the pastB. the disadvantages f new technlgy utweigh its advantagesC. technlgy explains greater invlvement with their childrenD. parents’ changed attitudes lead t cllege children’s delayed independence【解析】选C。推理判断题。第三段作者提出调查的结果并不能理解为现在的家长对孩子不放手, 接下来的两段作者论述了出现这种结果的真正原因是科技的发展使得交流手段更丰富, 成本更低廉。最后一段更是再次强调了这种观点。
3. What is the best title fr the passage?A. Technlgy r AttitudeB. Dependence r IndependenceC. Family Influences r Scial ChangesD. Cllege Management r Cmmunicatin Advancement【解析】选A。主旨大意题。由第一段第二句可知这种科技的改变容易被误认为态度的改变。第二至五段讨论到底是科技还是态度的改变。第六段再次明确表示是科技的改变。
4. Which f the fllwing shws the develpment f ideas in this passage?
I: Intrductin　P: Pint　Sp: Sub-pint(次要点)C: Cnclusin【解析】选B。文章结构题。文章第一段是Intrductin, 第二段是第一个论点, 指出父母在子女生活中参与度提高的现象。第三段是第二个论点(关键词Hwever), 指出通过调查并不能推断出父母未能对子女放手, 分论点一是科技的进步导致父母对子女生活更多地参与, 分论点二(关键词Furthermre)是子女经济不独立导致父母对子女生活的过多参与。最后一段总结。故选B。
Passage 2The Diet Zne: A Dangerus Place　　Diet Cke, diet Pepsi, diet pills, n-fat diet, vegetable diet. . . We are surrunded by the wrd “diet” everywhere we lk and listen. We have s easily been attracted by the prmise and ptential f diet prducts that we have stpped thinking abut what diet prducts are ding t us. We are paying fr prducts that harm us psychlgically and physically.
Diet prducts significantly weaken us psychlgically. On ne level, we are nt allwing ur brain t admit that ur weight prblems lie nt in actually lsing weight, but in cntrlling the cnsumptin f fatty, high-calrie, unhealthy fds. Diet prducts allw us t jump ver the thinking stage and g straight fr the scale(秤)instead. All we have t d is t swallw r recgnize the wrd “diet” in fd labels.
On anther level, diet prducts have greater psychlgical effects. Every time we have a zer-calrie drink, we are telling urselves withut ur awareness that we dn’t have t wrk t get results. Diet prducts make peple believe that gain cmes withut pain, and that life can be withut resistance and struggle.  
The danger f diet prducts lies nt nly in the psychlgical effects they have n us, but als in the physical harm that they cause. Diet fds can indirectly harm ur bdies because cnsuming them instead f healthy fds means we are preventing ur bdies frm having basic nutrients(营养成分). Diet fds and diet pills cntain zer calrie nly because the diet industry has created chemicals t prduce these wnder prducts. Diet prducts may nt be nutritinal, and the chemicals that g int diet prducts are ptentially dangerus.
Nw that we are aware f the effects that diet prducts have n us, it is time t seriusly think abut buying them. Lsing weight lies in the pwer f minds, nt in the pwer f chemicals. Once we realize this, we will be much better able t resist diet prducts, and therefre prevent the psychlgical harm that cmes frm using them. 【文章大意】本文主要说明了减肥产品对我们的心理和身体都会带来一定的影响。我们应该意识到减肥在于心智的力量, 而不是化学物质的力量。
5. Frm Paragraph 1, we learn that ______.  A. diet prducts fail t bring ut peple’s ptentialB. peple have difficulty in chsing diet prductsC. diet prducts are misleading pepleD. peple are fed up with diet prducts【解析】选C。推理判断题。由第一段中We are paying fr prducts that harm us psychlgically and physically可知我们正在为那些伤害我们身心的产品买单, 它们在误导我们。
6. One psychlgical effect f diet prducts is that peple tend t______.  A. try ut a variety f diet fdsB. hesitate befre they enjy diet fdsC. pay attentin t their wn eating habitsD. watch their weight rather than their diet【解析】选D。推理判断题。由第二段中On ne level, we are nt allwing ur brain t admit that ur weight prblems lie nt in actually lsing weight, but in cntrlling the cnsumptin f fatty, high-calrie, unhealthy fds. 可知在某种程度上, 我们不允许我们的大脑承认我们的体重问题实际不在于减肥, 而在于控制脂肪、高热量、不健康的食物的消耗。
7. In Paragraph 3, “gain cmes withut pain” prbably means______.  A. lsing weight is effrtlessB. it csts a lt t lse weightC. diet prducts bring n painD. diet prducts are free frm calries【解析】选A。词义猜测题。由第三段可知每次我们喝一杯零热量的饮料, 我们都在不知不觉中告诉自己, 我们不必为取得结果而努力, 减肥是没有效果的。
8. Diet prducts indirectly harm peple physically because such prducts ______.  A. are ver-cnsumed　　　B. lack basic nutrientsC. are shrt f chemicalsD. prvide t much energy【解析】选B。细节理解题。由第四段可知饮食可以间接伤害我们的身体, 因为吃这些食物而不是健康的食物意味着我们正在阻止我们的身体拥有基本的营养。
9. Which f the fllwing shws the structure f the passage?
CP: Central Pint　P: Pint　Sp: Sub-pint(次要点)C: Cnclusin【解析】选B。篇章结构题。文章第一段是Central Pint, 第二段是第一个论点, 指出减肥产品在心理上明显削弱了我们。分论点一关键词是On ne level, 大脑拒绝承认, 分论点二关键词是On anther level, 减肥产品有更大的心理影响。第四段是第二个论点(关键词nt nly, but als), 指出减肥产品的危险还在于它们所造成的身体伤害。最后一段总结。故选B。
专题能力提升练 十一限时25分钟Passage 1(2020 ·上海二模) Families shuld reduce expsure t synthetic chemicals fund in fd clrings, preservatives and packaging materials as a grwing bdy f research shws they may harm children’s health, accrding t a plicy statement and technical reprt frm the American Academy f Pediatrics released nline.
The statement als suggests imprvements t the fd additives regulatry system, including updating the scientific fundatin f the U. S. Fd and Drug Administratins safety assessment retesting all previusly apprved chemicals. Lenard Trasande, the authr f the plicy statement, is t tell us mre abut these cncerns. Q: What are the grwing number f studies shwing us? A: Over the past tw decades, an accumulating bdy f science suggests sme fd additives can interfere with a child’s hrmnes, grwth and develpment.
Ptentially harmful effects f fd additives are f special cncern fr children because they are mre sensitive t chemical expsures because they eat and drink mre relative t bdy weight than adults d and are still grwing and develping. An early injury t their rgan systems can have lifelng and permanent cnsequences. Q: What additives des the statement highlight? A: The additives f mst cncern, based n rising research evidence cited in the reprt, include:
Bisphenls, such as BPA, used t harden plastic cntainers and line metal cans, can act like estrgen(雌激素)in the bdy which may ptentially change the timing f puberty, decrease fertility, increase bdy fat and affect the nervus and immune systems. BPA is nw banned in baby bttles. Phthalates, which make plastic and vinyl tubes used in industrial fd prductin flexible, may affect male genital develpment, increase childhd besity and cntribute t cardivascular disease. In 2017, the Cnsumer Prduct Safety Cmmissin banned the use r sme phthalates in child-care prducts such as teething rings.
【文章大意】这是一篇介绍说明类的文章。研究表明, 食品添加剂对儿童健康有巨大的危害。研究建议家庭应该减少接触食品色素, 还建议改进食品添加剂监管体系。
1. Accrding t the American Academy f Pediatrics’s reprt, peple shuld ______t cpe with the prblem f fd additives.  A. try t avid fd additives in daily life and revise relevant rules n fd additivesB. update the fd safety assessment prgram and check the apprved chemicals againC. imprve the fd additives regulatry system and retest all apprved chemicalsD. reduce the usage f fd additives and establish new fd prtectin system
【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据第一段和第二段可知, 美国儿科学会在网上发布的一份政策声明和技术报告显示, 越来越多的研究表明, 家庭应该减少接触食品色素、防腐剂和包装材料中的合成化学物质……声明还建议改进食品添加剂监管体系。
2. Lenard Trasande hlds the view that fd additives d mre harm t children than adults because study shws ______.  A. children are mre sensitive t what they eat and drink than adultsB. children usually eat and drink mre unhealthy fd than adultsC. children are just t yung and weak t prtect themselvesD. children’s rgans are easier t be damaged and hard t recver
【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据文中的“Ptentially harmful effects f fd additives are f special cncern fr children because they are mre sensitive t chemical expsures. . . An early injury t their rgan systems can have lifelng and permanent cnsequences. ”可知, 食品添加剂的潜在有害影响是我们要特别关注的儿童问题, 因为他们对化学品接触更加敏感。早期损伤他们的器官系统可能会带来终身和永久的后果。也就是说, 儿童器官容易受损, 不易恢复。
3. Hw many specific kinds f harmful effects caused by the additives are mentined in the passage?A. 2. 　　　B. 7. 　　　C. 8. 　　　D. 10. 【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据最后两段可知, 双酚类化合物, 如双酚A……这可能会改变青春期到来的时间, 降低生育能力, 增加身体脂肪, 并影响神经系统和免疫系统。邻苯二甲酸酯……可能影响男性生殖器官的发育, 增加儿童肥胖, 并导致心血管疾病。很明显, 一共提到7种有害影响。
Passage 2 Mve ver, helicpter parents. “Snwplw(扫雪机) parents” are the newest reflectin f a hyper-intensive(高强度的) parenting style that can include parents bking their adult children haircuts, texting their cllege kids t wake them up s they dn’t sleep thrugh a test, and even calling their kids’ emplyers.
Helicpter parenting, the practice f wandering anxiusly near ne’s children, mnitring their every activity, is s 20th century. Sme rich mthers and fathers nw are mre like snwplws: machines mving ahead, clearing any difficulties in their children’s path t success, s they dn’t have t suffer failure, frustratin(挫折)r lse pprtunities. It starts early, when parents get n wait lists fr excellent preschls befre their babies are brn and try t make sure their kids never d anything that may frustrate them. It gets mre intense when schl starts: running frgtten hmewrk t schl r calling a cach t request that their children make the team.
Rich parents may have mre time and mney t devte t making sure their children dn’t ever meet with failure, but it’s nt nly rich parents practicing snwplw parenting. This intensive parenting has becme the mst welcme way t raise children, regardless f incme, educatin, r race. Yes, it’s a parent’s jb t supprt the children, and t use their adult wisdm t prepare fr the future when their children aren’t mature enugh t d s. That’s why parents hide certain tys frm babies t avid getting angry r take away a teenager’s car keys until he finishes his cllege applicatins.
But snwplw parents can take it t far, sme experts say. If children have never faced a difficulty, what happens when they get int the real wrld? “Slving prblems, taking risks and vercming frustratin are key life skills, ” many child develpment experts say, “and if parents dn’t let their children experience failure, the children dn’t acquire them. ”【文章大意】这是一篇新闻报道。短文报道了这样一个群体——“扫雪机父母”, 这种父母就像扫雪机一样披荆斩棘, 为孩子清除人生路上的一切障碍。但是专家表示, 这种做法是不明智的, 父母们预先给孩子解决所有问题会让孩子在现实世界中失去解决问题的能力。
4. What d we knw abut snwplw parenting?A. It appeared befre helicpter parenting. B. It csts parents less than helicpter parenting. C. It was a typical phenmenn f the 20th century. D. It prvides mre than enugh services fr children. 【解析】选D。细节理解题。由第一段可知, 如今是“扫雪机父母”的天下了。采取这种高强度育儿方式的父母会给成年子女预约理发, 给上大学的孩子发短信叫他们起床以免睡过头错过考试, 甚至会给孩子的雇主打电话。所以“扫雪机父母”为孩子提供了足够的服务。
5. What des the furth paragraph mainly say abut snwplw parenting?A. Its cst. B. Its benefits. C. Its ppularity. D. Its ending time. 【解析】选C。段落大意题。由第四段可知, 不是只有富人才会做扫雪机父母。无论收入、教育或种族如何, 这种高强度育儿方式已经成为最受欢迎的养育孩子的方式。所以第四段主要讲“扫雪机父母”育儿方式的受欢迎程度。
6. Why des the authr mentin parents’ taking away car keys?A. T shw teenagers are n better than babies. B. T advise teenagers nt t treat their cars as tys. C. T advise parents nt t buy cars fr their teenagers. D. T shw it’s crrect t help children when necessary. 【解析】选D。推理判断题。由第五段“Yes, it’s a parent’s jb t supprt the children, and t use their adult wisdm t prepare fr the future when their children aren’t mature enugh t d s”可知父母在必要时帮助孩子是正确的。
7. What’s the pssible result f snwplw parenting accrding t the experts?A. Children lacking prblem-slving ability in reality. B. Children mastering mre key life skills than parents. C. Children gaining great success in every aspect f life. D. Children meeting n prblems r frustratin after grwing up. 【解析】选A。推理判断题。由最后一段可知, 解决问题、去冒险和克服挫折是关键的生活技能, “扫雪机父母”的教育结果会让孩子在现实世界中失去解决问题的能力。
【语篇二次运用】Passage 2——语法填空 Mve ver, helicpter parents. “Snwplw(扫雪机) parents” are the newest 1. __________(reflect) f a hyper-intensive(高强度的) parenting style that can include parents bking their adult children haircuts, texting their cllege kids t wake them up s they dn’t sleep thrugh a test, and even calling their kids’ emplyers.  
Helicpter parenting, the practice f wandering 2. _______ (anxius) near ne’s children, 3. _______ (mnitr)their every activity, is s 20th century. Sme rich mthers and fathers nw are mre like snwplws: machines mving ahead, clearing any difficulties in their children’s path 4. _______ success, s they dn’t have t suffer failure, frustratin(挫折)r lse pprtunities.
It starts early, 5. __________parents get n wait lists fr excellent preschls befre their babies are brn and try t make sure their kids never d anything that may frustrate them. It gets mre intense when schl starts: running 6. _______ (frget) hmewrk t schl r calling a cach t request that their children make the team.  
Rich parents may have mre time and mney t devte t making sure their children dn’t ever meet with failure, but it’s nt nly rich parents practicing snwplw parenting. This intensive parenting has becme the mst welcme way 7. _______ (raise) children, regardless f incme, educatin, r race. Yes, it’s a parent’s jb t supprt the children, and t use their adult 8. __________(wise)t prepare fr the future when their children aren’t mature enugh t d s. That’s why parents hide certain tys frm babies t avid getting angry r take away a teenager’s car keys 9. __________ he finishes his cllege applicatins.