2021届高考英语二轮复习之阅读理解“典型技巧”高效练典型技巧10文章写作手法的判断含解析202103052155

这是一份2021届高考英语二轮复习之阅读理解“典型技巧”高效练典型技巧10文章写作手法的判断含解析202103052155，共12页。


【考题示例】 (2020·唐山质检) 主题语境：学校生活与学习
Student lan (贷款) debt has becme a wrldwide prblem. In America, the cuntry's verall student debt reached a recrd f $1.6 trillin in 2019. The average persn with student lan debt wed between $20,000 and $25,000. A recent Japanese gvernment reprt says it has been lending ver $9 billin yearly t students since 2010. Similar cnditins exist in Africa and Suth America.
Several factrs accunt fr high student lan debt. One is that emplyers everywhere have increased their demands fr skilled wrkers, making higher educatin a requirement fr many jbs. The students, hwever, after graduatin, ften find that their cuntry's ecnmy is nt strng enugh t supprt their financial needs, s their ability t pay back the lan becmes a prblem.
T slve the prblem, many cuntries are seeking their ways. Australia has develped a system where students d nt have t pay anything back until they are earning at least $40,000 a year. In America, several candidates running fr president in the 2020 electin have ffered mre extreme slutins that all r at least sme f these lans will be frgiven.
Sme prfessrs in several universities recently studied what the effects f debt frgiveness might be. They fund that, verall, sudden debt relief greatly imprved the brrwers' lives. Nt nly did they have mre mney, but they were mre likely t mve t a new area and seek better paying wrk.
Yet the prfessrs' research desn't include what might happen t financial institutins r the verall ecnmy if debt were ttally frgiven. It nly lks at hw debt frgiveness wuld help the brrwers. They warn f sme ther pssible negative effects. If a brrwer knew that if he ran int any truble he wuld be saved because he culd get the debt relief, then he might actually becme mre reckless (轻率的) with his brrwing in the future.
N matter what, the prfessrs agree that if cuntries d decide t apprve sme student debt relief the neediest students shuld be helped first.
1.Hw des the authr intrduce the prblem f student lan?
A. By making a cmparisn.
B. By making classificatins.
C. By presenting sme statistics.
D. By setting dwn general rules.
2.What is the prfessrs' attitude t debt frgiveness?
A. Uncaring.B. Psitive.
C. Disapprving.D. Cautius.
答案与解析：1.C 2.D
1.第1段出现的$1.6 trillin, $20,000 and $25,000和ver $9 billin是作者引入学生债务的方法。
2.观点态度题。由最后两段教授们的研究中对债务减免的几个看法，可看出教授们的态度。
【技巧释义】把握文章脉络 理解段落层次 确定写作手法
---提出学生贷款债务问题(第1段)
多次出现的数据信息提示第1题答案
---说明导致高额学生债务的因素(第2段)
各国解决债务问题的方法
---债务减免的影响和教授们对债务减免的看法(第3～5段)
警示可能的消极作用
---首先帮助最需要帮助的学生(第6段)
【词汇积累】
verall adj.全面的
candidate n.应试者；候选人
financial adj.经济的
frgiveness n.宽恕
accunt fr说明……的原因
pay back偿还
debt frgiveness债务减免
【技巧演练】（建议用时：45分钟）
1
Every human being, n matter what he is ding, gives ff bdy heat. The usual prblem is hw t get rid f it. But the designers f the University f Pittsburgh set themselves the ppsite prblem-----hw t cllect bdy heat. They have designed a cllectin system which makes gd use f nt nly bdy heat, but the heat given ff by such bjects as electric lights and fridges as well. The system wrks s well that n fuel is needed t make the university’s six buildings warm and cmfrtable.
Sme parts f mst mdern buildings-----theaters and ffices as well as classrms are heated by peple and lights far mre than necessary, and smetimes they must be air-cnditined even in winter. The skills f saving heat and sharing it ut again in a different way is called “heat recvery.” A few mdern buildings recver heat frm sme buildings and reuse it in thers.
Alng the way, Pittsburgh has learned a great deal abut sme f its heat prducers. The harder a student studies, the mre heat his bdy gives ff. By students send ut mre heat than girl students, and the larger a student is, the mre heat he gives. The httest fr the Pittsburgh University wuld be a hardwrking, verweight by student wh is very clever in the university.
1.Accrding t this passage, the heat system f the Pittsburgh University is supplied by ________.
A.human bdiesB.human bdies and electrical equipment
C.human bdies and fuelD.human bdies, electrical and fuel
2.Frm the passage, wh can we infer wuld prduce the least amunt f heat?
A.A fat by student wh is clever and studies hard.
B.A thin girl student wh is nt clever and des nt study hard
C.A thin by student wh is clever and studies nt study hard
D.A fat girl student wh is bth clever and hard-wrking
3.What des the passage mainly talk abut?
A.recvery f bys’ heat in the Pittsburgh University.
B.mdern buildings’ heat system f human being.
C.a new heat recvery system in the Pittsburgh University.
D.a best way t save fuel r electricity.
4.Hw is the passage develped?
A.By telling facts.B.By fllwing time rder.
C.By analyzing causes.D.By making cmparisn.
【答案】
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了匹兹堡大学的设计师们利用每个人都能发出体热的原理，设计了体能收集系统，为学校教学楼提供能源供给。
1.细节理解题。根据第一段“They have designed a cllectin system which makes gd use f nt nly bdy heat, but the heat given ff by such bjects as electric lights and fridges as well.”可知，他们设计了一个收集系统，不仅可以很好地利用人体热量，还可以利用电灯和冰箱等物体发出的热量。由此可知，根据这篇文章，匹兹堡大学的供热系统是由人体和电气设备提供的。故选B项。
2.推理判断题。根据最后一段“The harder a student studies, the mre heat his bdy gives ff. By students send ut mre heat than girl students, and the larger a student is, the mre heat he gives.”可知，学生学习越努力，身体散发的热量就越多。男生比女生散发出更多的热量，学生越大，他发出的热量就越多。由此判断出，B选项“不聪明、学习不努力的瘦弱女学生”会产生最少的热量。故选B项。
3.主旨大意题。通过读全尤其是第一段“But the designers f the University f Pittsburgh set themselves the ppsite prblem-----hw t cllect bdy heat. They have designed a cllectin system which makes gd use f nt nly bdy heat, but the heat given ff by such bjects as electric lights and fridges as well. The system wrks s well that n fuel is needed t make the university’s six buildings warm and cmfrtable.”可知，但是匹兹堡大学的设计师们却给自己设置了一个相反的问题——如何收集人体热量。他们设计了一个收集系统，不仅可以很好地利用人体热量，还可以利用电灯和冰箱等物体发出的热量。该系统运行良好，不需要燃料就可以使大学的六栋大楼温暖舒适。所以短文主要是关于匹兹堡大学的一种新的热回收系统。故选C项。
4.推理判断题。根据第一段“Every human being, n matter what he is ding, gives ff bdy heat.” 每个人，不管他在做什么，都会散发出体热。以及第二段“Sme parts f mst mdern buildings-----theaters and ffices as well as classrms are heated by peple and lights far mre than necessary, and smetimes they must be air-cnditined even in winter.” 大多数现代建筑的某些部分，如剧院、办公室和教室，用人和灯光取暖的程度远远超过了必要的程度，有时甚至在冬天也必须安装空调。由此判断出文章是通过讲事实展开行文的。故选A项。
2
Hw ften d yu get uncmfrtable? A cuple f years ag I bught a shirt as part f an adptin fundraiser. The frnt f the shirt said, "Life begins at the end f yur cmfrt zne.” That phrase has really resnated (产生共鸣) with me and has increasingly pushed me in many areas f my life s much that I really want 2018 t be a year when I challenge my cmfrt zne like never befre.
I believe the best things in life cme frm stretching(延伸，伸展) urselves and getting uncmfrtable.
Take health and fitness, fr example. It is s deliciusly tempting (诱人的) t sit n the sfa and watch a favrite Netflix series with a favrite sweet r salty snack in hand. That is cmfrtable, and physically unhealthy when dne repeatedly. A gd heart-punding, sweaty wrkut is uncmfrtable in the mment, and physically and emtinal strengthening when dne repeatedly.
Here’s anther example. My wife and I adpted a by with Dwn syndrme in April 2016 t add t ur family f three sns. It was a decisin that we cautiusly made and with sme level f fear and wnder as t what wuld happen. While we are still very early in this lifetime jurney with him and while the past nearly tw years have been mre challenging and harder than we certainly imagined, I have persnally never felt s much peace, jy and energy. In the many sacrifices (牺牲) required t raise ur wnderful sn, I believe I have fund s much mre that wuld have therwise been pssible.
My gal is t stretch my cmfrt zne in all that I d as a husband, father, family member, and emplyee. We nly live nce and it will be dne befre we knw it. I want t make as much difference as I can in the time that I have here befre it all ends. And I really believe that begins with pushing past my cmfrt zne.
Perhaps yu shuld challenge yurself t get uncmfrtable and see where the adventure takes yu.
5.What inspired the authr t challenge his cmfrt zne?
A.Being an adptin fundraiser.B.Sme wrds n a shirt.
C.Being physically unhealthy.D.The cming f 2018.
6.The authr hlds the view that his adpted sn ______.
A.makes him happy and energeticB.seldm brings truble t his family
C.sets a gd example fr his ther snsD.hardly affects his lifetime jurney
7.What des the authr prbably advise readers t d?
A.Treasure yur cmfrtable zne.B.Relax yurself by watching TV.
C.Slve prblems by yurself.D.Risk living an uncmfrtable life.
8.Hw des the authr mainly develp the text?
A.By setting dwn general rules.B.By making cmparisns.
C.By giving examples.D.By presenting research findings.
【答案】
【分析】
这是一篇议论文。文章通过举例子的方式证明了走出生活舒适区能给人带来更多的快乐和活力。
5.细节理解题。根据第一段中“The frnt f the shirt said, "Life begins at the end f yur cmfrt zne.” That phrase has really resnated (产生共鸣) with me and has increasingly pushed me in many areas f my life s much that I really want 2018 t be a year when I challenge my cmfrt zne like never befre.（衬衫的正面写着:“生活从舒适区的尽头开始。”这句话真的与我产生了共鸣，并在生活的许多领域不断地推动着我，以至于我真的希望2018年成为挑战我的舒适区前所未有的一年。）”可知，作者是受了一件衬衫上的一句话的激励，才想挑战自己的舒适区。故选B项。
6.细节理解题。根据第四段中“while the past nearly tw years have been mre challenging and harder than we certainly imagined, I have persnally never felt s much peace, jy and energy.（虽然过去近两年的日子比我们想象的要充满挑战和艰辛，但我个人却从未感受过这么多的平静、快乐和活力。）”可知，作者认为他的养子使他非常的快乐和充满活力。故选A项。
7.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Perhaps yu shuld challenge yurself t get uncmfrtable and see where the adventure takes yu.（也许你应该挑战自己，让自己感到不舒服，然后看看冒险会把你带到哪里。）”可知，作者建议读者挑战生活在不舒适区，看看冒险会带来什么结果。故选D项。
8.推理判断题。根据文章第三段段首“Take health and fitness, fr example.（以健康和健身为例。）”和第四段段首“Here’s anther example.（这是另一个例子。）”可知，作者在文章中用了大量的篇幅去举例子，从而证明走出舒适区给他带来的惊喜和挑战。故选C项。
3
New research linked utdr air pllutin t an increased risk f diabetes (糖尿病) glbally, accrding t a study frm Washingtn University in St. Luis and the Veterans Affairs (VA) St. Luis Health Care System. The findings raised the pssibility that reducing pllutin might lead t a drp in diabetes cases.
“Our research shws a significant link between air pllutin and diabetes glbally,” said Ziyad Al-Aly, a prfessr at Washingtn University. “We fund an increased risk, even at lw levels f air pllutin currently cnsidered safe by the US Envirnmental Prtectin Agency (EPA) and the Wrld Health Organizatin (WHO). This is imprtant because many industry grups argue that current levels are t strict. Evidence shws that current levels are still nt sufficiently safe and need tightening.” The findings were published n June 29 in The Lancet Planetary Health.
T evaluate utdr air pllutin, the researchers lked at small pieces f dust, smke and liquid drplets. In diabetes, pllutin was thught t reduce insulin (胰岛素) prductin and prevent the bdy frm changing bld glucse (葡萄糖) int energy that the bdy needed t maintain health.
The researchers als fund that pverty-stricken cuntries faced a higher diabetes-pllutin risk including Afghanistan, Papua New Guinea and Guyana, while richer cuntries such as France, Finland and Iceland experienced a lwer risk. The US experienced a middle risk f pllutin-related diabetes.
In the US, the EPA’s pllutin limit was 12 micrgrams per cubic meter f air, the highest level f air pllutin cnsidered safe fr the public, as was set by the Clean Air Act f 1990 and was updated in 2012. Hwever, using mathematical mdels, Al-Aly’s team set an increased diabetes risk at 2.4 micrgrams per cubic meter f air. Based n VA data, amng a sample f citizens expsed t pllutin at a level f between 5 t 10 micrgrams per cubic meter f air, abut 21 percent develped diabetes.
“The team in St. Luis is ding imprtant research t firm up links between pllutin and health cnditins such as diabetes,” said cmmissin member Philip J. Landrigan, MD, a pediatrician and epidemilgist at Munt Sinai Schl f Medicine in New Yrk. “I believe their research will have a significant glbal effect.”
9.What can we knw frm the first tw paragraphs?
A.Diabetes had little t d with utdr air pllutin.
B.Reducing pllutin might lead t a lt f diabetes cases.
C.Air pllutin cntributed significantly t diabetes glbally.
D.Lw-level air pllutin was always cnsidered safe by WHO.
10.Hw did the researchers assess the air pllutin?
A.By reducing insulin prductin.
B.By analyzing small matter in the air.
C.By cnnecting diabetes and pllutin.
D.By checking bld glucse in the bdy.
11.Why des the authr list sme figures in paragraph 5?
A.T present a result.B.T supprt his idea.
C.T make a cmparisn.D.T draw a cnclusin.
【答案】
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了通过研究发现糖尿病患病率与污染有重要关系。
9.推理判断题。根据文中“ The findings raised the pssibility that reducing pllutin might lead t a drp in diabetes cases.”（这些发现提高了减少污染可能会导致糖尿病病例的下降的可能性。）可知，污染和糖尿病例是有着一定关系的，所以A项Diabetes had little t d with utdr air pllutin.（糖尿病与户外空气污染没关系。）错误 ；同时B项Reducing pllutin might lead t a lt f diabetes cases.（减少污染也会导致大量的糖尿病病例。）与原文文意不符，所以错误。又根据文中“Our research shws a significant link between air pllutin and diabetes glbally.”（我们的研究表明空气污染与全球糖尿病有着重要关系。）可知C项Air pllutin cntributed significantly t diabetes glbally.（空气污染对全球糖尿病发病有重要影响。）正确；根据文中“even at lw levels f air pllutin currently cnsidered safe by the US Envirnmental Prtectin Agency (EPA) and the Wrld Health Organizatin (WHO).”（即使是EPA和WHO组织现阶段认为的安全的低水平的空气污染。）可知D项Lw-level air pllutin was always cnsidered safe by WHO.（低水平污染总是被WHO认为是安全的，与文章不符，文章中只是说现在，所以D项错误。故选C项。
10.细节理解题。根据文中“T evaluate utdr air pllutin, the researchers lked at small pieces f dust, smke and liquid drplets.”（为了评估室外空气污染，研究者观察了小块的灰土，烟和液体飞沫。）可知，研究者评估空气污染是通过分析空气中的小物质，故选B项。
11.推理判断题。根据第五段数据展示，美国1990设定的污染限制到2012再次将污染限制更新后，已经是美国公认的安全了，但是通过Al-Aly的团队的发现，将患糖尿病的风险设定为每立方米空气2.4微克，但是后来在每立方米空气污染水平为5至10微克的公民样本中，约有21% 患上了糖尿病。所以根据第五段数据展示，作者是想要证明第四段最后一句话“The US experienced a middle risk f pllutin-related diabetes.”（美国经历了污染引起糖尿病的中度风险。）的这个观点，故选B项。
4
Chinese scientists have created the wrld's first light-based quantum (量子)cmputer named Jiuzhang. It is a milestne in which a quantum machine can slve a prblem n classical supercmputer can tackle within a reasnable amunt f time.
Experts recgnized the Chinese machine as a “state-f-the-art experiment”. Fabi Sciarrin, a quantum physicist at Sapienza University f Rme, tld Science News that his first impressin f the Chinese quantum cmputer was, simply, “ww”. Antn Zeilinger, nted quantum physicist and president f the Austrian Academy f Sciences, said that, fllwing this experiment, he predicts there is a very gd chance that quantum cmputers may be used very bradly smeday.
Quantum cmputers stand ut at running simulatins that are impssible fr cnventinal cmputers. Quantum machines can take cmputatinal shrtcuts when simulating extremely cmplex situatins, while cnventinal cmputers have t frce their way t a slutin, taking significantly mre time in the prcess. Mrever, it can perfrm an extreme calculatin, called Gaussian bsn sampling, in 200 secnds. The same task wuld take the wrld's fastest classical supercmputer, Fugaku, arund 600 millin years.
Pan Jianwei, wh is recgnized as China's tp quantum scientist and ne f the key researchers behind Jiuzhang, said the calculatins they carried ut can nt nly shwcase the machine's cmputing pwer but als demnstrate ptential practical applicatins in machine learning and quantum chemistry.
“Quantum cmputing has already becme a fierce cmpetitin area amng the United States, Eurpe and ther develped regins, ” Pan said, adding that China's quantum cmputatinal advantage tk abut 7 t 10 years t achieve, since the team first decided t tackle the prblem arund 2013.
Hwever, Pan stressed that the quantum cmputer is a highly specialized machine, and is currently nly prgrammed t d bsn sampling. “It is nt a general-purpse quantum cmputer, ” he said. In the near future, scientists may increase Jiuzhang's pssible utput states—a key indicatr f cmputing pwer—frm 10 t the 30th pwer t 10 t the 40th pwer.
12.What is the Antn Zeilingefs attitude twards quantum cmputer?
A.Negative.B.Optimistic.C.Dubtful.D.Satisfied.
13.Hw des the authr supprt his pinin in Paragraph 3 ?
A.By making cntrasts.B.By presenting reasns.
C.By analyzing figures.D.By cnducting experiments.
14.What may be the next main fcus in develping Jiuzhang?
A.Capacity.B.Prgramme.C.Strage.D.Applicatin.
15.What des the text mainly talk abut?
A.High recgnitin f Chinese experts in the wrld.
B.Fierce cmpetitin in Bsn sampling all ver the wrld.
C.Appearance f the wrld's first light-based quantum cmputer.
D.Distinctins between quantum cmputer and cnventinal cmputer.
【答案】
【分析】
本文是一篇新闻报道。中国科学家构建的量子计算原型机“九章”，求解数学算法高斯玻色取样只需200秒，这一突破使我国成为全球第二个实现“量子优越性”的国家。文章介绍了九章的优势，发展前景，以及目前的局限。
12.推理判断题。根据第二段的“Antn Zeilinger, nted quantum physicist and president f the Austrian Academy f Sciences, said that, fllwing this experiment, he predicts there is a very gd chance that quantum cmputers may be used very bradly smeday.”（奥地利科学院院长，著名量子物理学家Antn Zeilinger说，通过这次实验，他预测量子计算机有很大的机会得到广泛的应用）可推知，Antn Zeilinger对量子计算机很乐观。故选B。
13.推理判断题。根据第三段的“Quantum machines can take cmputatinal shrtcuts when simulating extremely cmplex situatins, while cnventinal cmputers have t frce their way t a slutin, taking significantly mre time in the prcess. Mrever, it can perfrm an extreme calculatin, called Gaussian bsn sampling, in 200 secnds. The same task wuld take the wrld's fastest classical supercmputer, Fugaku, arund 600 millin years.”（在模拟特别复杂的场景时，量子计算机可以采用计算捷径，而传统计算机必须一步步地找解决方案，在过程中花费更多时间。此外，它可以在200秒内完成一个极端的计算，即高斯玻色子采样。同样的任务需要世界上最快的传统计算机Fugaku大约6亿年才能完成）可推知，作者主要采用把量子计算即和传统计算机进行对比来支持自己的观点。 故选A。
14.推理判断题。根据最后一段的“In the near future, scientists may increase Jiuzhang's pssible utput states—a key indicatr f cmputing pwer—frm 10 t the 30th pwer t 10 t the 40th pwer.”（在不久的将来，科学家会增加九章潜在的输出态——这是计算机能力的一个关键的指标——从10的30次方到10的40次方）可推知，科学家下一步的发展重点是量子计算的潜在输出态，即它的容量。故选A。
15.主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，尤其第一段的“Chinese scientists have created the wrld's first light-based quantum （量子）cmputer named Jiuzhang. It is a milestne in which a quantum machine can slve a prblem n classical supercmputer can tackle within a reasnable amunt f time.”（中国科学家构建了世界上首台光量子计算机“九章”。这是一个里程碑，量子计算机可以解决传统计算机无法在合理的时间内解决的问题）可知，本文主要讲述了第一台光量子计算机的问世。故选C。
考情分析
写作手法判断类的试题常出现在学校生活类说明文中，此类文章常涉及记叙文、说明文或议论文三种体裁，文章难度中等，结构层次清晰，做题时应注意全文或某个段落所运用的写作手法。
考查角度
常考查细节推断题、隐含推断题、写作意图题、观点态度题或写作手法题。