2021届高考英语二轮复习之阅读理解“典型技巧”高效练典型技巧11文章大意的概括策略含解析202103052156

这是一份2021届高考英语二轮复习之阅读理解“典型技巧”高效练典型技巧11文章大意的概括策略含解析202103052156，共13页。

【真题再现】(2019·全国卷Ⅱ·C) 主题语境：社会生活
Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach's Bar Luie cunter by herself, quietly reading her e­bk as she waits fr her salad. What is she reading? Nne f yur business! Lunch is Bechtel's “me” time. And like mre Americans, she's nt alne.
A new reprt fund 46 percent f meals are eaten alne in America. Mre than half (53 percent) have breakfast alne and nearly half (46 percent) have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating tgether anymre, 74 percent, accrding t eq \a\vs4\al(statistics) frm the reprt.
“I prefer t g ut and be ut. Alne, but tgether, yu knw？” Bechtel said, lking up frm her bk. Bechtel, wh wrks in dwntwn West Palm Beach, has lunch with cwrkers smetimes, but like many f us, t ften wrks thrugh lunch at her desk. A lunchtime eq \a\vs4\al(escape) allws her t keep a bss frm eq \a\vs4\al(tapping) her n the shulder. She returns t wrk feeling eq \a\vs4\al(energized). “Tday, I just wanted sme time t myself，” she said.
Just tw seats ver, Andrew Mazleny, a lcal videgrapher, is finishing his lunch at the bar. He likes that he can sit and check his phne in peace r chat up the barkeeper with whm he's n a first­name basis if he wants t have a little interactin (交流). “I reflect n hw my day's gne and think abut the rest f the week，” he said. “It's a chance fr self­reflectin. Yu return t wrk eq \a\vs4\al(recharged) and with a plan.”
That freedm t chse is ne reasn mre peple like t eat alne. There was a time when peple may have felt eq \a\vs4\al(awkward) abut asking fr a table fr ne, but thse days are ver. Nw, we have ur smartphnes t keep us cmpany at the table. “It desn't feel as alne as it may have befre all the advances in technlgy，” said Laurie Demeritt, whse cmpany prvided the statistics fr the reprt.
1.What are the statistics in paragraph 2 abut?
A. Fd variety.B. Eating habits.
C. Table manners.D. Restaurant service.
2.Why des Bechtel prefer t g ut fr lunch?
A. T meet with her cwrkers.
B. T catch up with her wrk.
C. T have sme time n her wn.
D. T cllect data fr her reprt.
3.What d we knw abut Mazleny?
A. He makes vides fr the bar.
B. He's fnd f the fd at the bar.
C. He interviews custmers at the bar.
D. He's familiar with the barkeeper.
4.What is the text mainly abut?
A. The trend f having meals alne.
B. The imprtance f self­reflectin.
C. The stress frm wrking vertime.
D. The advantage f wireless technlgy.
答案与解析： 1.B 2.C 3.D 4.A
1.根据题干中的关键词statistics可观察原文第二段数据，三个数据涉及早、午、晚三餐独自就餐的数据，与人们就餐习惯有关。
2.由第三段最后一句中的“wanted sme time t myself”，比对选项确定答案。
3.该题解题关键是理解n a first­name basis的意思， first name意为“名”，如两个人称名不称姓，说明已很熟悉。
4.文章是总分结构，文章中多次出现eat alne，由此可判断文章主要的说明对象。
【技巧释义】定位关键词知文章大意
►速读首段，确定要说明的现象
越来越多的人选择自己吃饭，争取独处的时间
►通读全文确定文章结构
第2段：用数据说明独自就餐很普遍
第3、4段：举例说明独自用餐的趋势
第5段：分析独自用餐的原因
►确定全文关键词，词中应有与“alne”相关的表达，概括主旨
【词汇积累】
statistics n.统计
awkward adj.令人尴尬的；使人难堪的
energized adj.精力充沛的
recharge vt.恢复精力
escape n.解脱，消遣
tap vt.轻拍
chat up与……搭讪
reflect n沉思；认真考虑
【技巧演练】（建议用时：45分钟）
1
Grwing up in a city, a vast glbal survey has fund, has a lifelng negative impact n a persnas ability t navigate. When lking fr a half-remembered restaurant in a prly-lit side street, it seems a cuntryman wuld be a mre useful cmpanin.
In the new study, scientists led by Antine Cutrt at the University f Nantes and Hug Spiers at University Cllege Lndn describe hw they used a data set gathered frm players f a cmputer game called "Sea Her Quest", which tests way-finding skills by asking players t memrise a map shwing the lcatin f checkpints and then measuring hw well players can guide a bat t find them. The game was released in 2016 and all players have since been asked fr basic infrmatin abut themselves, including their age, gender, hme cuntry, and whether r nt they grew up in a city.
Frm that database, Dr Spiers and his clleagues examined a subset f 442,000 players frm 38 cuntries. They fund that the strngest indicatr f a high scre was a player's age, lder peple perfrmed relatively prly. But the benefit f rural living was strng enugh t ffset sme f that. Data shwed that a 70-year-ld wh grew up in the cuntryside had the navigatinal abilities f an average 60-year-ld acrss the data set.
The gap between the navigatin skills f rural and city peple was the largest in America, and the researchers think they knw why. They gave each cuntry a cmplexity scre by analysing hw the streets were laid ut in its largest cities. And they fund that cuntries dminated by simple layuts f grid-based (基于网格的) cities (mst cmmn in America and Argentina) dragged dwn navigatin skills mre than grwing up in a city based arund mre cmplicated netwrks f streets, such as Prague.
Dr Spiers says that the brain's navigatinal abilities prbably weaken in the less challenging city envirnment because they are nt being used as much. Althugh cities may appear mre cmplicated, they als feature mre clues t help residents find their way, such as numbered streets. As many city peple n a visit t the cuntryside say, ne field tends t lk much the same as anther, s there are fewer external landmarks t help guide the way.
1.What did the players have t d when playing "Sea Her Quest" ?
A.Draw the right way t checkpints n a map.
B.Find ut the right map f checkpints as fast as pssible.
C.Chse the prper lcatins fr checkpints n a map.
D.Find checkpints relying n their mental map.
2.What des the underlined wrd "ffset" in Paragraph 3 mean?
A.Wrsen.B.Display.C.Cnfirm.D.Balance.
3.What may help imprve the navigatin skills f peple in Prague?
A.The grid f streets.B.The clear street signs.
C.The cmplex layut f streets.D.The similar street views.
4.What des the last paragraph mainly talk abut?
A.Differences between city streets and cuntry rads.B.A pssible explanatin fr the findings.
C.Effective ways t imprve navigatinal abilities.D.A practical applicatin f the findings.
【答案】
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。一项大规模的全球调查发现，在城市长大会对一个人的导航能力产生终生的负面影响。文章介绍了这项研究开展的过程，研究中的发现以及对这些发现的解释。
1.细节理解题。根据第二段中“In the new study, scientists led by Antine Cutrt at the University f Nantes and Hug Spiers at University Cllege Lndn describe hw they used a data set gathered frm players f a cmputer game called "Sea Her Quest", which tests way-finding skills by asking players t memrise a map shwing the lcatin f checkpints and then measuring hw well players can guide a bat t find them.(在一项发布到在线存储库biRxiv的新研究中,以法国南特大学的Antine Cutrt和伦敦大学学院的Hug Spiers为首的一群科学家讲述他们如何使用一个从一款叫做航海英雄的游戏上的四百万用户中手机到的数据库的。这款游戏主要是测试玩家的寻路技巧的，这首先要求玩家记住特定点的位置，然后测试他们如何根据自己的记忆驾船找到这些点。)”可知，玩家在玩“航海英雄”时必须根据他们心里记忆的地图找到检查点。故选D。
2.词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“They fund that the strngest indicatr f a high scre was a player's age, lder peple perfrmed relatively prly.(他们发现得分最高的指标是玩家的年龄，年龄较大的人表现相对较差)”；“But the benefit f rural living was strng enugh t”以及后文“Data shwed that a 70-year-ld wh grew up in the cuntryside had the navigatinal abilities f an average 60-year-ld acrss the data set.(数据显示，一个在农村长大的70岁老人在数据集上的导航能力相当于一个60岁的普通人)”可知，虽然年龄较大的人表现较差，但是农村生活的好处平衡了其中的一部分差距，即画线词意思为“平衡”。A. Wrsen.恶化；B. Display.展示；C. Cnfirm.确认；D. Balance.平衡。故选D。
3.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“And they fund that cuntries dminated by simple layuts f grid-based (基于网格的) cities (mst cmmn in America and Argentina) dragged dwn navigatin skills mre than grwing up in a city based arund mre cmplicated netwrks f streets, such as Prague.(而且他们发现，与在布拉格等基于更复杂的街道布局的城市中成长的人相比，生活在以简单的网格化城市布局为主的国家的人——在美洲和阿根廷最常见——其城市布局降低了他们的导航技能)”可知，街道的复杂布局可以帮助提高布拉格人的导航能力。故选C。
4.主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Dr Spiers says that the brain's navigatinal abilities prbably weaken in the less challenging city envirnment because they are nt being used as much. Althugh cities may appear mre cmplicated, they als feature mre clues t help residents find their way, such as numbered streets. As many city peple n a visit t the cuntryside say, ne field tends t lk much the same as anther, s there are fewer external landmarks t help guide the way.( 但Spiers博士说，大脑的方向感在不太具有挑战性的城市环境中可能会减弱，因为它们没有被充分利用。虽然城市可能看起来更复杂，但它们也提供了更多帮助居民找到路的线索，比如编号的街道。正如许多城市居民在乡村旅行时可以证明的那样，一个地方看起来和另一个地方非常相似，所以很少有外部的路标来帮助人们·指引方向。)”可知，最后一段主要讲了对这些发现可能的解释。故选B。
2
Bill Gates said his three children understand why he has prmised t leave his £70 billin frtune t charity when he dies.
In a revealing insight int his private life, the Micrsft funder, 60, said his children are “prud” f his decisin t devte his mney t helping the wrld's prest.
Gates said that instead f billin-dllar trust funds, his tw daughters and sn will be given a “great educatin” t help kick-start their wn careers.
But the business mgul did say there wuld still be a financial safety net in place, adding, “They are never ging t be prly ff”.
Gates and his wife Melinda, 52, have three children tgether, Jennifer, 20, Rry, 17, and Phebe, 14.
Jennifer is in her secnd year at prestigius Stanfrd University, Califrnia, where her father dnated £5millin t the cnstructin f a cmputer science building in his name. She is als an accmplished equestrian, riding in natinal cmpetitins.
The Gates will nly pass n a fractin f their vast wealth t their children. The rest will g t their charity, the Bill and Melinda Gates Fundatin, which funds health and educatin prjects arund the wrld.
He said, “This mney is dedicated t helping the prest. They knw that, they are prud f that, they g n trips with us t see the wrk that's being dne.”
5.What will Bill Gates' children be given?
A.billin-dllar trust fundsB.gd educatin
C.vast wealthD.nthing
6.What may be the name f the cmputer science building Bill Gates dnated £5 millin t cnstruct?
A.Bill GatesB.JenniferC.RryD.Phebe
7.What's the main idea f this passage?
A.Bill Gates experienceB.Hw Bill Gates allcates his wealth
C.Bill Gates and his childrenD.Bill Gates frtune
【答案】
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了比尔盖茨称他的三个儿女理解他承诺死后将700亿英镑财产捐给慈善事业的行为。文章介绍了他三个孩子的情况，以及盖茨夫妇对于他们巨额财富的分配方案。
5.细节理解题。根据第三段“Gates said that instead f billin-dllar trust funds, his tw daughters and sn will be given a “great educatin” t help kick-start their wn careers.(盖茨表示，他的两个女儿和儿子将接受“良好的教育”，以帮助他们开启自己的事业，而不是数十亿美元的信托基金)”可知，比尔·盖茨的孩子将得到良好的教育。故选B。
6.细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中“Jennifer is in her secnd year at prestigius Stanfrd University, Califrnia, where her father dnated £5millin t the cnstructin f a cmputer science building in his name.(珍妮弗是加州著名的斯坦福大学的大二学生，她的父亲给斯坦福大学捐赠了500万英镑，用他的名字建造了一座计算机科学大楼)”可知，比尔·盖茨捐赠了500万英镑建造的计算机科学大楼叫“Bill Gates”。故选A。
7.主旨大意题。根据倒数第二段“The Gates will nly pass n a fractin f their vast wealth t their children. The rest will g t their charity, the Bill and Melinda Gates Fundatin, which funds health and educatin prjects arund the wrld.(盖茨夫妇只会将其巨额财富的一小部分留给子女。剩下的钱将捐给他们的慈善机构比尔和梅琳达·盖茨基金会，该基金会为世界各地的健康和教育项目提供资金)”结合文章主要说明了比尔盖茨称他的三个儿女理解他承诺死后将700亿英镑财产捐给慈善事业的行为。文章介绍了他三个孩子的情况，以及盖茨夫妇对于他们巨额财富的分配方案。可知，这篇文章主要讲述比尔盖茨如何分配他的财富。故选B。
3
In the fall f 2017, when Nami needed t get a jb, she fund herself at a crssrads. The 50-year-ld wasn’t sure she wuld ever wrk again, due t health issues.
But Nami’s life and career jurney started t turn arund after she cnnected with Bestwill f Central Iwa’s skills training prgrams. These prgrams are tailred t help peple develp the kind f specific, real-wrld skills they need t get r keep a jb, thrugh a cmbinatin f detailed instructins and hands-n experience.
When Nami first cnnected with Bestwill in September 2017, she was dealing with several barriers t immediate emplyment. Transprtatin was challenging, as she didn’t have a driver’s license r wn a car. Nami als had a limited wrk histry with lng emplyment gaps, meaning she missed ut n learning imprtant skills, such as wrking a credit card machine. On tp f that, her physical health issues were als a prblem.
Accrding t Duff, a career specialist at Bestwill f Central Iwa, the biggest barrier Nami had t vercme was frm within. “She said utwardly that she had all f this cnfidence and that she knew hw strng a wrker she was, but I dn’t think she truly believed it herself.”
Thankfully, Nami had plenty f peple n her side t prvide mtivatin and guidance. She riginally started ff in the fd service training prgram but was eager t enter the retail skills prgram, since she had previusly wrked at the Salvatin Army and Subway. When Nami mentined her interest in retail, Duff recgnized that her g-getting attitude wuld be a perfect match fr the prgram.
The seven-week retail skills training is a systematic prgram cmbining classrm instructins with n-the-jb experience at a Gdwill stre. As Nami prgressed and graduated frm the prgram, she became mre cnfident in her abilities.
Duff said it was great t see hw Nami grew int the devted, driven wrker she is tday. “She has this strng desire, this lnging t succeed. And she knws that she’s able t d that, althugh she has fallen shrt in the past.”
8.What can be learned abut Bestwill’s training prgrams?
A.They were established in the autumn f 2017.
B.They guarantee a gd jb fr participants.
C.They are designed nly fr the unemplyed.
D.They cmbine directins with practice.
9.What was the biggest prblem Nami faced accrding t Duff?
A.Pr health.B.Pr wrking skills.
C.A lack f cnfidence.D.A lack f a driver’s license.
10.Why did Nami change her training prgram?
A.She fllwed Duff’s advice.
B.She was mre interested in retail.
C.She wanted t gain sme hands-n experience.
D.She wanted t attend a mre systematic prgram.
11.What’s the main idea f the text?
A.Bestwill springs up arund the wrld.
B.A 50-year-ld devtes herself t Bestwill.
C.Success is linked t apprpriate training prgrams.
D.Bestwill helps a 50-year-ld turn her life arund.
【答案】
【分析】
本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲了爱荷华州中部的技能培训项目帮助了50岁的内奥米获得工作技能，从而使她的职业生涯出现转机。
8.细节理解题。根据第二段“These prgrams are tailred t help peple develp the kind f specific, real-wrld skills they need t get r keep a jb, thrugh a cmbinatin f detailed instructins and hands-n experience.（这些项目通过将详细的指导和亲身的实践经验相结合，帮助人们发展获得或保住一份工作所需的特定的、现实世界的技能。）”可知这些训练主要是帮助人们将理论的指导与实践结合起来，从而获得真正的工作技能，结合选项可知选项D. They cmbine directins with practice.( 他们把指导和实践结合起来。)符合题意。故选D。
9.细节理解题。根据第四段“Accrding t Duff, a career specialist at Bestwill f Central Iwa, the biggest barrier Nami had t vercme was frm within. “She said utwardly that ……but I dn’t think she truly believed it herself.”（ 达夫是爱荷华州中部百事威尔的职业专家，据他说，内奥米必须克服的最大障碍就是内在的。”她表面上说... ... 但我不认为她真的相信她自己”）”可知内奥米面对的最大问题是来自于内心的不太自信，即缺乏自信。故选C。
10.细节理解题。根据第5段“When Nami mentined her interest in retail, Duff recgnized that her g-getting attitude wuld be a perfect match fr the prgram.（当内奥米提到她对零售业的兴，达夫意识到她热切的态度，正好适合这个项目。）”可知内奥米改变她的培训项目是因为她对零售业的兴趣。故选B。
11.主旨大意题。根据文章的第一段“when Nami needed t get a jb, she fund herself at a crssrads. The 50-year-ld wasn’t sure she wuld ever wrk again, due t health issues.（当内奥米需要找工作的时候，她发现自己处在一个十字路口。50岁的她不确定自己还能不能工作，因为健康问题。）”及第二首句“But Nami’s life and career jurney started t turn arund after she cnnected with Bestwill f Central Iwa’s skills training prgrams.（但是内奥米的生活和职业生涯，在她与爱荷华州中部的技能培训项目的最佳意愿中心联系后，开始出现转机。）”在结合下文就如何如何帮助内奥米的细节描述可知文章主要讲最佳意愿中心帮助50岁的内奥米获得工作技能，从而使她的职业生涯出现转机，结合选项可知选项D. Bestwill helps a 50-year-ld turn her life arund.( 最佳意愿中心帮助一个50岁的女人重获人生新转机。)概括较为全面准确。故选D。
4
We’ve knwn that sitting fr lng perids f time every day has cuntless health cnsequences, like a higher risk f heart disease. But nw a new study has fund that sitting is als bad fr yur brain.
A study published last week, cnducted by Dr. Prabha Siddarth at the University f Califrnia, shwed that sedentary (久坐的) behavir is assciated with reduced thickness f the medial tempral lbe, a brain area that is critical t learning and memry.
The researchers asked a grup f 35 healthy peple, ages 45 t 70, abut their activity levels and the average number f hurs each day spent sitting and then scanned their brains. They fund that the subjects wh reprted sitting fr lnger perids had the thinnest medial tempral lbes. It means that the mre time yu spend in a chair, the wrse it is fr yur brain health, resulting in pssible damage t learning and memry.
What is als interesting is that this study did nt find a significant assciatin between the level f physical activity and thickness f this brain area, suggesting that exercise, even severe exercise, may nt be enugh t prtect yu frm the harmful effects f sitting.
It then surprisingly turned ut that yu dn’t even have t mve much t imprve cgnitin; just standing will d the trick. Fr example, tw grups f subjects were asked t cmplete a test while either sitting r standing. Participants are presented with cnflicting stimuli, like the wrd “green” in blue ink, and asked t name the clr. Subjects thinking n their feet beat thse wh sat by a 32-millisecnd margin.
The cgnitive effects f severe physical exercise are well knwn. But the pssibility that standing mre and sitting less imprves brain health culd lwer the bar fr everyne.
I knw, this all runs cunter t received ideas abut deep thught, frm ur grade schl teachers, wh tld us t sit dwn and fcus, t Rdin’s famus “Thinker,” sitting with chin n hand.
They were wrng. Yu can nw all stand up.
12.What can we infer frm Paragraphs 3 and 4?
A.Severe exercise can lessen the damage f sitting.
B.Severe exercise can greatly imprve ur brain health.
C.Sedentary behavir will pssibly damage ur brain.
D.Brain health has nthing t d with sedentary behavir.
13.What des the underlined wrd “margin” in Paragraph 5 mean?
A.Blank.B.Edge.C.Increase.D.Difference.
14.What is the received idea abut deep thught?
A.Sitting mre is gd fr ur mental health.B.Sitting is better when we think.
C.Thinking mre can imprve ur cgnitin.D.We shuld stand while thinking.
15.What des the text mainly tells us?
A.Peple tend t sit while thinking.
B.Standing mre can make ur brain healthier.
C.Physical exercise can imprve ur brain health.
D.Sedentary behavir leads t cuntless health prblems.
【答案】
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。我们知道，每天长时间坐着对健康有无数的影响，比如患心脏病的风险更高。但现在一项新研究发现，久坐也对大脑有害。文章主要说明了研究发现站着思考能够使人的大脑更加健康、思维更加敏捷的这一现象，介绍了这一研究过程和研究意义。
12.推理判断题。根据第三段中“It means that the mre time yu spend in a chair the wrse it is fr yur brain health, resulting in pssible damage t learning and memry.(这意味着，你在椅子上坐的时间越久，就越不利于你的大脑健康，可能会导致学习和记忆受损)”以及第四段中“What is als interesting is that this study did nt find a significant assciatin between the level f physical activity and thickness f this brain area, suggesting that exercise, even severe exercise, may nt be enugh t prtect yu frm the harmful effects f sitting.(有趣的是，这项研究没有发现身体活动水平和大脑区域厚度之间有显著的关联，这表明运动，甚至是剧烈运动，可能不足以保护你免受坐姿的有害影响)”可推知，久坐的行为可能会损害我们的大脑。故选C。
13.词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“Fr example, tw grups f subjects were asked t cmplete a test while either sitting r standing. Participants are presented with cnflicting stimuli, like the wrd “green” in blue ink, and asked t name the clr.(例如，两组受试者被要求在坐着或站着时完成一项测试。受试者看到相互矛盾的刺激物，比如用蓝色墨水写的单词“绿色”，然后被要求说出这种颜色)”以及“Subjects thinking n their feet beat thse wh sat by a 32-millisecnd”可知，站着思考的受试者会以32毫秒的差异击败坐着的受试者，故margin在此处意为“差异”。A. Blank. 空白；B. Edge.边缘；C. Increase.增加；D. Difference.差异。故选D。
14.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“I knw, this all runs cunter t received ideas abut deep thught, frm ur grade schl teachers, wh tld us t sit dwn and fcus, t Rdin’s famus “Thinker,” sitting with chin n hand.(我知道，这一切都与我们从小学老师那里得到的关于深思熟虑的想法背道而驰，他们让我们坐下集中注意力，还有罗丹著名的“思想者”，手托下巴坐着)”可知，我们以前接受的关于深思熟虑的想法是坐着思考更好。故选B。
15.主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“But nw a new study has fund that sitting is als bad fr yur brain.(但现在一项新的研究发现，坐着对大脑也有害)”以及第三段最后一句“It means that the mre time yu spend in a chair the wrse it is fr yur brain health, resulting in pssible damage t learning and memry.(这意味着，你在椅子上坐的时间越久，就越不利于你的大脑健康，可能会导致学习和记忆受损)”结合文章主要说明了研究发现站着思考能够使人的大脑更加健康、思维更加敏捷的这一现象，介绍了这一研究过程和研究意义。可知，文章主要告诉我们多站可以使我们的大脑更健康。故选B。
考情分析
概括大意类试题常出现在社会生活类说明文中，此类文章是高考阅读中常涉及的，篇首常以个例形式引入现象，下文会围绕该现象从几个方面进行说明。
考查角度
常考查隐含推断题、观点态度题与主旨大意题。