第4讲 非谓语动词 精讲精练 2022届准高三高考英语语法暑假专练

这是一份第4讲 非谓语动词 精讲精练 2022届准高三高考英语语法暑假专练，


1.不定式作状语
2.现在分词作状语
(1)现在分词作状语时其形式的选择
(2)现在分词作状语的语法功能
3.过去分词作状语
其逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语，且主语是过去分词动作的承受者，过去分词与主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系。过去分词(短语)作状语可表示时间、原因、让步、条件、伴随和方式，除了作方式或伴随状语时，不能转换为状语从句外，其他的都可转化为相应的状语从句。
非谓语动词作定语
非谓语动词作宾语
(1)下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：
(2)在某些动词如find，think，cnsider，feel，make，believe后，常用it作形式宾语，然后加宾语补足语，最后加不定式作真正的宾语。
2.动名词作宾语
(1)下列动词(短语)只能用动名词作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：
(2)由“动词＋介词”构成的短语，其后跟动名词作宾语，常见的有be/get used t (习惯于)，lk frward t (期盼)，feel like (想要)，insist n (坚持)，get dwn t (开始认真做某事)，devte ...(致力于……)，bject t (反对)，stick t (坚持)，give up (放弃)等。
(3)下列动词或词组既可以接动名词作宾语，也可以接不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别：
mean t d sth. 打算做某事
mean ding sth. 意味着做某事
frget t d sth. 忘记去做某事(未做)
frget ding sth. 忘记做过某事(已做)
regret t d sth. 对即将做的事表示遗憾(未做)
regret ding sth. 对做过的事表示遗憾/后悔(已做)
try t d sth. 尽力/努力去做某事
try ding sth. 试着做某事
g n t d sth. 继续做另外一件事
g n ding sth. 继续做原来做的事
remember t d sth. 记着去做某事(未做)
remember ding sth. 记得做过某事(已做)
非谓语动词作宾语补足语
非谓语动词作主语和表语
注意事项
非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子的主语的关系
1.非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语通常要与句子的主语保持一致。
[误]Fund him angry，I began t tell jkes.
[正]Finding him angry，I began t tell jkes.
发现他生气了，我开始讲笑话。
[误]Lking arund，there was n ne nearby.
[正]Lking arund，I fund there was n ne nearby.
环顾四周，我发现附近没有人。
2.若非谓语动词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，则要在非谓语动词前加上其自身的逻辑主语，“逻辑主语(名词/代词)＋非谓语动词”被称为独立主格结构。
具体形式如下：
(1)名词/代词＋现在分词。现在分词可有语态和时态的变化。如：
例 Winter cming，it gets clder and clder.
冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。
(2)名词/代词＋过去分词。构成过去分词的动词与名词/代词为动宾关系，且过去分词表示动作已完成。
例 The test finished，we began ur hliday.
考试结束了，我们的假期开始了。
(3)名词/代词＋不定式。不定式表示将来的动作，有语态的变化。
例 The tw bys said gdbye t each ther，ne t g hme，the ther t g t his friend’s.
两个男孩彼此道了别，一个回家，另一个去朋友家。
(4)有些分词/不定式短语作状语时，尽管它们的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，但也不作为语法错误来处理，称之为评注性状语。
①常见的这类分词短语有generally/frankly/rughly/strictly speaking，talking f，speaking f，judging frm，taking everything int cnsideratin等。
例 Generally speaking，girls are mre interested in literature than bys.
一般来说，女孩子比男孩子更喜欢文学。
②常见的这类不定式短语有t be frank，t be sure，t tell (yu) the truth，t be hnest，t make matters wrse等。
例 T tell yu the truth，it’s all Greek t me.
说实话，我对此一窍不通。
解题技巧
技巧一 分析句子结构，判断是谓语动词还是非谓语动词
首先判定所给提示词是否充当句子的谓语，如果句子不缺少谓语，就用非谓语动词。
典例 During the Mid-Autumn Festival，family members ften gather tgether (share) a meal，admire the mn and enjy mn cakes.
t share
解析 句意为：在中秋节期间，家庭成员常常欢聚一堂，享受大餐、赏月并品尝月饼。分析句子结构可知，句子为简单句，且谓语动词为gather，故空处应填非谓语动词；再根据句意可知，此处应用不定式作目的状语。
技巧二 找逻辑主语，再判断与动词之间的关系
非谓语动词作定语时，其逻辑主语是被修饰词；作状语时，其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语；作补语时，其逻辑主语是动词或介词的宾语。
分析非谓语动词与其逻辑主语(逻辑上的动作执行者)之间是主谓关系还是动宾关系(也就是看其逻辑主语是动作的发出者还是承受者)。如果逻辑主语与非谓语动词之间是主谓关系，则用现在分词；如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是动宾关系，则用过去分词。但是当含有被动意义时，如果非谓语动词表示的动作尚未发生，则用不定式的被动式；如果非谓语动词表示的动作正在进行，则用现在分词形式的被动式。
典例 Jim has retired，but he still remembers the happy time (spend) with his students.
spent
解析 句意为：吉姆已经退休，但他仍记得与学生们一起度过的快乐时光。根据句意并分析句子结构可知，the happy time与spend是逻辑上的动宾关系，且此处表示一个已完成的动作，所以用过去分词短语作后置定语。
技巧三 判断所给动词与谓语动词发生的先后顺序
根据非谓语动词与谓语动词表示的动作发生的先后顺序确定用一般式还是完成式。如t have dne，having dne表示该动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前；t be ding，ding表示该动作与谓语动词表示的动作(几乎)同时发生。
典例 He is thught (act) flishly.Nw he has n ne but himself t blame fr lsing the jb.
t have acted
解析 句意为：他被认为是举止愚蠢的，现在失去这份工作他只能责怪自己，不能怨别人。be thught t d sth. 表示“被认为做了某事”；由句意可知，act的动作发生在think之前，故用不定式的完成式。
真题感悟
一、单句语法填空
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)Chinese researchers hpe t use the instruments nbard Chang'e­4 ________ (find) and study areas f the Suth Ple­Aitken basin.
答案：t find 句意：中国的研究者希望使用嫦娥四号上的设备来发现和研究南极艾特肯盆地。此处表示目的，应使用不定式作目的状语。
2．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)They represent the earth ________ (cme) back t life and best wishes fr new beginnings.
答案：cming 句意：它们代表着大地的复苏和对新开端的美好祝愿。represent sb/sth ding sth “展示某人/某物做某事”，故填cming。
3．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)They make great gifts and yu see them many times ________ (decrate) with red envelpes and messages f gd frtune.
答案：decrated 句中them与decrate之间为被动关系，所以用过去分词作宾语补足语。
4．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)They are easy ________ (care) fr and make great presents.
答案：t care 句意：它们很容易照料，也很适合作为礼物。此处为“be＋形容词＋t d”结构。
5．(2019·北京高考)Earth Day, ________ (mark) n 22 April, is an annual event aiming t raise public awareness abut envirnmental prtectin.
答案：marked 句意：地球日定于4月22日，是一项旨在提高公众环保意识的年度活动。设空处作名词Earth Day的后置定语，且与Earth Day是被动关系，故用过去分词短语作定语。
6．(2019·天津高考)________ (learn) t think critically is an imprtant skill tday's children will need fr the future.
答案：Learning 设空处在主句中作主语，应该用动名词形式，因此填Learning。
7．(2019·天津高考)Mst clleges nw ffer first­year students a curse specially ________ (design) t help them succeed academically and persnally.
答案：designed a curse与design是被动关系，因此用过去分词作后置定语。
8．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)And when he saw the mists rising frm the river and the sft cluds ________ (surrund) the muntain tps, he was reduced t tears.
答案：surrunding 句意：当他看到雾气从河上升起，山顶上乌云环绕，他不禁流下了眼泪。surrund在句中应用非谓语动词形式，与逻辑主语cluds构成主动关系，故应用现在分词。
9．(2020·浙江高考)Agriculture gave peple their first experience f the pwer f technlgy________ (change) lives.
答案：t change 句意：农业让人们第一次体验到技术改变生活的力量。结合句意可知此处应用不定式表示目的。
10．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Yu may drink, smke, be verweight and still reduce yur risk f ________ (die) early by running.
答案：dying 作介词f的宾语，使用动名词，故填dying。
11．(2018·天津高考)I need a new passprt s I will have t have my phtgraph ________ (take)．
答案：taken have sth dne “让……被做”，phtgraph与take之间为被动关系，故用taken。
12．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I quickly lwer myself, ducking my head t avid ________ (lk) directly int his eyes s he desn't feel ________ (challenge)．
答案：lking; challenged avid后接动名词作宾语，avid ding sth 意为“避免做某事”。feel为系动词，后接形容词，此处表“被挑战的”，修饰人，故用challenged。
13．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)He was just saying：“I'm king f this frest, and here is yur reminder！” Once his message was delivered, he allwed me ________ (stay) and watch.
答案：t stay 此处allw sb t d sth是固定结构，意为“允许某人做某事”，因此应填t stay。
14．(2018·浙江高考)While regularly eating ut seems t ________ (becme) cmmn fr many yung peple in recent years, it's nt withut a cst.
答案：have becme 此处seem t后面跟动词原形，但是从后面的“in recent years”可知填不定式的完成式，故填have becme。
15．(2018·北京高考)Ordinary sap, ________ (use) crrectly, can deal with bacteria effectively.
答案：used 句意：普通肥皂，如果正确地使用，能够有效地对付细菌。设空处的动词use与前面的sap构成动宾关系，指肥皂被使用，故填used作状语。
16．(2018·天津高考)I didn't mean ________ (eat) anything but the ice cream lked s gd that I culdn't help ________ (try) it.
答案：t eat; trying 句意：我不打算吃任何东西，但是这冰激凌看起来如此好以至于我忍不住吃了它。固定短语：mean t d “打算做”， culdn't help ding “忍不住做”。
17．(2018·江苏高考)Arund 13,500 new jbs were created during the perid, ________ (exceed) the expected number f 12,000 held by market analysts.
答案：exceeding 句意：在这期间，新增就业岗位约13,500个，超过市场分析师认为的预期数量12,000。此处指前一件事情所带来的自然而然的结果，故用现在分词作结果状语。故填exceeding。
18．(2019·江苏高考)China's image is imprving steadily, with mre cuntries ________ (recgnize) its rle in internatinal affairs.
答案：recgnizing 句意：中国的形象正在稳步提升，更多的国家认识到中国在国际事务中的作用。mre cuntries与recgnize 之间是主动关系，故用现在分词作with复合结构中的宾语补足语。
二、单句改错
19．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)My mm tld me hw t preparing it.
________________________________________________________________
答案：preparing→prepare 句意：我妈妈告诉我如何准备这道菜。“hw＋不定式”作tld的宾语，t后应接动词原形，故将preparing改为prepare。
20．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)I like eating frying tmates with eggs, and I thught it must be easy t ck.
________________________________________________________________
答案：frying→fried 动词fry与tmates之间是动宾关系，所以此处应用过去分词作定语。
21．(2018·北京高考)In my first P．E. class, the teacher required us run laps and then hit a sftball.
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答案：run前加t require sb t d sth “要求某人做某事”，此处使用不定式作宾语补足语。
22．(2018·江苏高考)With a new farm bill debating in Cngress, cnsumers must take a stand with yung farmers.
________________________________________________________________
答案：debating→t be debated 此处为“with＋名词＋不定式”的复合结构。bill与debate之间存在着被动关系，且表动作还未发生，故用不定式的被动式。
23．(2018·浙江高考)Mve int a new hme in a new neighbrhd is an exciting experience.
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答案：Mve→Mving 此处用动名词作主语，表示一般性的概念或经验，故将Mve改为Mving。
24．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Everyne was silent, wait t see wh wuld be called upn t read his r her paragraph alud.
________________________________________________________________
答案：wait→waiting 主语Everyne与wait之间为主动关系，故用现在分词作状语，因此将wait改成waiting。
25．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)When being cmbined with berries r slices f ther fruits, frzen bananas make an excellent base fr thick, cling fruit shakes and lw fat “ice cream”．
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答案：去掉being 因为cmbine与其逻辑主语frzen bananas之间是被动关系，用过去分词cmbined，故being多余。
26．(2019·江苏高考)A city is the prduct f the human hand and mind, reflects man's intelligence and creativity.
________________________________________________________________
答案：reflects→reflecting 句意：城市是人类双手和思想的产物，反映了人类的智慧和创造力。句子已有谓语is，且无连词，再次出现动词需用非谓语形式。reflect与其逻辑主语A city之间为主动关系，故用现在分词作状语。
非谓语加强练
1. (encurage) by the advances in technlgy, many farmers have set up wind farms n their land.
2. (apprach) the city center, we saw a stne statue f abut 10 meters in height.
3. He had a wnderful childhd, (travel) with his mther t all crners f the wrld.
4. (lk) at my classmates’ faces, I read the same excitement in their eyes.
5. The lady walked arund the shps, (keep) an eye ut fr bargains.
6. I have a lt f readings (cmplete) befre the end f this term.
7. It rained heavily in the suth， (cause) serius flding in several prvinces.
8. A great number f students (questin) said they were frced t practise the pian.
9. Mrs.White shwed her students sme ld maps (brrw) frm the library.
10. With Father’s Day arund the crner, I have taken sme mney ut f the bank (buy) presents fr my dad.
11. (see) frm the tp f the twer, the suth ft f the muntain is a sea f trees.
12. With the gvernment’s aid, thse (affect) by the earthquake have mved t the new settlements.
13. (cmplete) the prject in time, the staff were wrking at weekends.
14. The news shcked the public, (lead) t great cncern abut students’ safety at schl.
15. Lts f rescue wrkers were wrking arund the clck, ( send) supplies t Yushu, Qinghai Prvince after the earthquake.
16. (bite) twice, the pstman refused t deliver ur letters unless we chained ur dg.
17. (remind) nt t miss the flight at 15:20, the manager set ut fr the airprt in a hurry.
18. (give) the right kind f training, these teenage sccer players may ne day grw the internatinal stars.
19. The children all turned (lk) at the famus actress as she entered the classrm.
20. A small plane crashed int a hillside five miles east f the city, (kill) all fur peple n bard.
21. Michael’s new huse is like a huge palace, (cmpare) with his ld ne.
22. — Did the bk give the infrmatin yu needed?— Yes. But (find) it，I had t read the entire bk.
23. (thrw) their hats int the air，the fans f the winning team let ut lud shuts f victry.
24. We finished the run in less than half the time (allw).
25. The trees (blw) dwn in the strm have been mved ff the rad.
26. (cmplete) the prject as planned，we’ll have t wrk tw mre hurs a day.
27．I’m tired ut．I stayed up the whle night, (study) fr my midterm math exam．
28. (raise) peple’s living standards, the central gvernment will take mre measures in the cming years.
29. He tld me t start early, (remind) me that the rads wuld be crwded.
30. (imprt) frm ther cuntries, sand painting is nw being recgnized in China fr its uniqueness and creativity.
31． (live) in the cuntry, we had few scial activities．
32. She seems t prefer (watch) American TV Shws t talking t me．
33． (cntrl) her emtin, she buried her face in her hands．
34. The reprter aplgized fr any misunderstandings (cause) by his article n that film star.
35. (lwer) the husing price, several measures have been adpted in the last tw years.
36. Prgrammes, (design) t bring the ld and the yung tgether, are grwing in ppularity all ver the wrld．
37. (gain) valuable experience, he asked t be sent t remte areas.
38. The seats (reserve) fr children and senirs are right at the frnt f the buses.
39．Many things such as ging abrad and wning a car, (cnsider) impssible in the past, are nw very cmmn．
40. After a lng absence, I went back t cllege, (hpe) t pick up where I’d left ff.
41. Was it (hld) the internatinal cnference that made the city the fcus f this area?
42. I’m srry I was late. (make) up fr it, let me treat yu t a meal.
43. (save) pwer, turn ff the ht water after yu are dne shwering.
44. A persn, when (challenge), can ften d what is nrmally beynd his ability.
45. (ffer) a better psitin at IBM, he became mre and mre cnfident f his ability.
46. Tday, peple are paying mre and mre attentin t their health, (make) bks n keeping healthy extremely ht．
47. Mre than a quarter f the energy (use) in the United States ges t mving peple and gds frm ne place t anther.
48. The reprter aplgized fr any misunderstandings (cause) by his article n that film star.
49. Sme seemingly harmless blgs might becme harmful when (read) n the Internet by millins f peple.
50. Nt (impress) with the quality f yur gds, I will certainly nt advise thers t buy them．
1. Encuraged 2. Appraching
3.Traveling/Travelling 4. Lking
5. keeping 6. t cmplete
7. causing 8. questined
9. brrwed 10. t buy
11. Seen 12. affected
13. T cmplete 14. leading
15. sending 16. Bitten
17. Reminded 18. Given
19. t lk 20. killing
21. cmpared 22. t find
23. Thrwing 24. allwed
25. blwn 26. T cmplete
27. studying 28. T raise
29. reminding 30. Imprted
31. Living 32. watching
33. T cntrl 34. caused
35. T lwer 36. designed
37. T gain 38. reserved
39. cnsidered 40. hping
41. hlding 42. T make
43. T save 44. challenged
45. Offered 46. making
47. used 48. caused
49. read 50. impressed
不定式作状语
1.动词不定式作目的状语时，常位于句首或句中，形式上可用in rder t d，s as t d，t d等，但s as t d不能置于句首。
2.动词不定式作结果状语时常用于 d，enugh t， t结构中。nly/just t d常表示出乎意料的结果。
3.在be happy/glad/srry/sad/surprised t d sth. 结构中作原因状语。
形式
内在含义
ding
与句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，与句中谓语动作同时发生，或几乎同时发生。
having dne
与句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，且先于谓语动作发生。
having been dne
与句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且先于谓语动作发生。
现在分词作状语
用法
作时间状语
相当于when，while，after等引导的时间状语从句。
作原因状语
相当于as，since，because引导的原因状语从句。
作条件状语
相当于if引导的条件状语从句。
作让步状语
相当于thugh，althugh等引导的让步状语从句。
作结果状语
表示自然而然的结果，既可扩展为一个含并列谓语的简单句，也可扩展为一个并列句或定语从句。
作方式或伴随状语
表示与谓语动作同时发生的次要(或伴随)的动作，通常可扩展为并列分句。
动词不定式作定语
动词不定式作定语，通常置于所修饰的名词或代词之后，与所修饰的词之间构成逻辑上的主谓、动宾或同位关系。
分词作
定语
1.作定语的及物动词的分词形式为ding，being dne和dne。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时，用ding；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示分词动作正在进行时，用being dne；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示分词动作已完成时，用dne。
2.作定语的不及物动词的分词形式为ding和dne，ding表示正在进行；dne表示已经完成。
动名词作定语
动名词可置于名词前作定语，表示被修饰的名词的用途和性能。
决心学会想希望，拒绝设法敢假装
decide/determine，learn，want，expect/hpe/wish；refuse，manage，dare，pretend
主动答应选计划，同意请求未能帮一帮
ffer，prmise，chse，plan; agree，ask/beg，fail，help
考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想
cnsider，suggest/advise，lk frward t，excuse/pardn; admit，delay/put ff，fancy
避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏
avid，miss，keep/keep n，practice; deny，finish，enjy/appreciate
禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡
frbid，imagine，risk; can’t help(禁不住)，mind，allw/permit，escape
不定式作宾语补足语
1.在很多动词后都可以用不定式作宾语补足语，如ask，want，invite，get，frce，expect，allw，persuade，rder，warn，remind，prefer，cause，permit，frbid，advise，teach等。
2.下列动词(短语)接省略t的动词不定式作宾语补足语：一感(feel)，二听(hear，listen t)，三使(let，have，make)，五看 (see，ntice，bserve，watch，lk at)，半帮助(help)，但在变为被动语态时需加t。
分词作宾语补足语
1.感官动词或短语see，watch，bserve，lk at，listen t，ntice及keep，find等词可跟分词作宾语补足语。现在分词作宾语补足语时，宾语与宾语补足语之间在逻辑上是主谓关系；过去分词作宾语补足语时，宾语与宾语补足语之间在逻辑上是动宾关系。
2.have，get后可接现在分词或过去分词作宾语补足语。
with/withut复合结构
1.“with/withut＋名词/代词＋现在分词”中的现在分词表主动且进行，或表特征。
2.“with/withut＋名词/代词＋过去分词”中的过去分词表被动且完成，或表状态。
3.“with/withut＋名词/代词＋动词不定式”中的不定式表示动作尚未发生。
非谓语动词作主语
1.不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用it作形式主语，常用于“It is/was＋adj.＋fr/f sb. t d sth. ”结构中。
2.动名词短语作主语时，有时用it作形式主语，常用于It is/was a waste (f...)/n use/n gd ding sth. 结构中。
非谓语动词作表语
非谓语动词中能作表语的有现在分词、过去分词、动名词和不定式，注意现在分词interesting，exciting，disappinting等作表语意为“令人……的”；而过去分词interested，excited，disappinted等作表语意为“感到……的”。